猪胃肠道微生物菌群的研究现状及调控技术进展

动物正常的消化吸收与其胃肠道内的微生物菌群有着直接的联系,而胃肠道微生物菌群与宿主胃肠道环境和宿主所处的外界环境密切相关,形成统一的整体.论文就猪胃肠道微生物菌群的组成和分布、胃肠道微生物菌群的作用、影响猪胃肠道微生物菌群的因素、动物胃肠道微生物菌群的研究手段及猪胃肠道微生物菌群的调控等五个方面进行综述,对进一步研究猪...     

动物胃肠道微生物研究技术的应用进展

随着现代分子生物学技术的快速发展,动物胃肠道微生物领域的研究技术也进入了一个新的阶段。文章从传统及现代分子生物学两方面介绍了几种常用的研究动物胃肠道微生物技术及其应用进展,主要包括:传统微生物培养技术、16S r DNA序列分析技术、16S rRNA序列分析技术[变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、温度梯度凝胶电泳(TGGE)、单链构象多肽性(PCR-SSCP)、末段限制性长度多态性(T-RFLP)]、ERIC-PCR技术、RAPD技术等,并对动物肠道微生物研究技术的发展进行了展望。     

幼龄反刍动物胃肠道发育与微生物演变及其调控

反刍动物胃肠道发育与微生物区系的演变都呈现一定规律,而且胃肠道发育与微生物定植的关系表现为相辅相成|然而,幼龄反刍动物胃肠道发育不完善,随着日龄增长和外界因素的刺激,逐渐由非反刍阶段向反刍阶段转变|本文概述了幼龄反刍动物胃肠道发育规律与微生物区系演变过程,从饲粮形态及营养水平、添加剂、饲养管理以及微生物移植等方面综述了幼龄反刍动物胃肠道发育及微生物区系的调控进展,旨在为深入开展幼龄反刍动物相关研究提供基础。 [关键词] 幼龄反刍动物|胃肠道发育|胃肠道微生物区系|调控     

免疫球蛋白调控动物胃肠道健康及微生物功能的研究进展

动物胃肠道被视为抵御外界病原体的一道重要屏障,胃肠道健康与动物机体健康密不可分。动物胃肠道中栖息着大量多样性的微生物种群,微生物之间的相互作用复杂且多样,微生物的功能和种类组成影响着胃肠道的稳态平衡。微生物群通过定植在胃肠道黏膜,在黏膜免疫系统发育中起着至关重要的作用,同时也对胃肠道健康与功能起着重要作用。调控胃肠道健康的方式有很多种,目前主要通过添加益生元、益生素等非营养物质和营养调控剂来调控胃肠道功能和维护胃肠道健康。但相较于其他营养调控剂来说,免疫球蛋白调控胃肠道的研究报道较少,属于新的免疫调控技术,其具有特异专一性、易生产且成本低、效果显著等优点。免疫调节是一种高效且相对安全的调节方式。作者介绍了4种免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgY、纳米抗体)的主要理化性质,总结了现阶段免疫球蛋白对胃肠道功能调节的进展及展望,从而为应用免疫球蛋白调控动物胃肠道健康和促进营养代谢提供指导。     

马属动物胃肠道微生物多样性区系影响因素的研究进展

马属动物胃肠道中的微生物群在营养消化、维持健康和福利等方面起着至关重要的作用。随着对肠道微生物研究的日益重视，前人对马属动物胃肠道微生物菌群组成进行了大量的研究。本文综述了品种、年龄、饮食和疾病等对马驴胃肠道微生物群的影响，为改善马驴胃肠道微生态环境、预防与控制疾病的发生等提供参考。     

牦牛胃肠道微生物影响因素的研究进展

胃肠道是牦牛重要的消化吸收器官，瘤胃和肠道中的微生物对牦牛的健康生长和繁殖发育具有重要作用。目前，大多基于高通量测序技术分析牦牛胃肠道微生物群落的组成、分布、多样性和功能预测等。本文综述了国内外有关牦牛胃肠道微生物的研究性论文，阐述了不同饲粮、年龄、海拔等对牦牛胃肠道微生物的影响，以期为牦牛的生产养殖提供理论依据。     

猪粪样DNA提取方法的比较

哺乳动物胃肠道中存在约30个属500多种不同的细菌,约1×1014个活细菌,其形成了复杂而动态平衡的微生态系统,对宿主营养物质的消化、吸收及免疫机制激活等起着十分重要的作用[1].这微生态平衡失调,机体正常的生理功能就会发生紊乱,导致疾病的发生、流行,对畜牧养殖业尤其是规模化养殖等带来极大的潜在威胁.因而,近年来对胃肠道微生物区系结构及其多样性研究成为热点,但由于胃肠道的特殊生存环境,目前有60%～80%的微生物是无法用传统的分离培养技术进行研究, 从而阻碍了人们对胃肠道微生物结构及其多样性的客观认识.     

DGGE技市在动物胃肠道微生态研究中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)术是通过直接分离核酸片段对微生物群落进行研究,由于其具有可靠性强、重复性好、方便快捷等优点.被广泛应用于微生物群落多样性和动态性分析,并成为微生物分子生态学研究中的热点技术之一.本文主要介绍DGGE技术的原理、工作流程及优缺点.并着重分析了其在动物胃肠道微生态研究中的应用.     

浅析反刍动物胃肠道微生物通过肠道－脑轴对宿主的影响

反刍动物胃肠道中存在着众多微生物,如细菌、真菌、原虫和古细菌等。胃肠道微生物对于动物的能量代谢发挥着重要作用,同时对于动物的中枢神经正常功能的发挥也扮演着重要角色。肠道微生物可以与肠道细胞直接接触,不仅产生激活内源性中枢神经系统信号传导机制的代谢物,还可以独立地产生或促成许多神经活性分子的产生。微生物代谢产物和神经活性分子通过神经信号通路、胃肠道内分泌信号通路、免疫系统等关键途径共同形成一个复杂的反射网络,即胃肠道微生物与代谢产物通过传入神经元将信号传导至中枢神经系统。胃肠道微生物与宿主之间通过主要的信号通路相互作用,影响机体胃肠道屏障、营养代谢、免疫应答等生理机能和摄食行为。作者主要从反刍动物胃肠道微生物的种类、微生物通过肠道-脑轴的"自下而上"的传导途径、微生物及其代谢产物通过肠道-脑轴对宿主疾病和行为起到的作用、胃肠道微生物-肠道-脑轴可能的影响因素进行浅析,并对反刍动物胃肠道微生物-肠道-脑轴的研究进行了展望。     

微生物代谢产物调控胃肠道发育的机制

动物胃肠道中栖息着大量微生物,这些微生物通过代谢产物参与调控宿主新陈代谢、生理免疫和发育过程等。深入了解胃肠道微生物及代谢产物的调控机制,有利于人们采用相应技术手段促进胃肠道健康发育,提高动物生产性能。文章综述了胃肠道微生物产生的不同种类的代谢产物,介绍了这些代谢产物在调控宿主发育中的作用及其机制,以期为通过营养途径调节微生物代谢产物促进动物胃肠道发育提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar: macronutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal tolerance,fecal metabolites,and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs and in vitro genotoxicity assays

Milk oligosaccharides (MO) are bioactive compounds in mammalian milk that provide health benefits to neonates beyond essential nutrients. GNU100, a novel animal MO biosimilar, was recently tested in vitro, with results showing beneficial shifts in microbiota and increased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, but other effects of GNU100 were unknown. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the safety, palatability, and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of GNU100. In study 1, the mutagenic potential of GNU100 was tested using a bacterial reverse mutation assay and a mammalian cell micronucleus test. In study 2, palatability was assessed by comparing diets containing 0% vs. 1% GNU100 in 20 adult dogs. In study 3, 32 adult dogs were used in a completely randomized design to assess the safety and GI tolerance of GNU100 and explore utility. Following a 2-wk baseline, dogs were assigned to one of four treatments and fed for 26 wk: 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% GNU100. On weeks 2, 4, and 26, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure stool quality, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin, and blood samples were collected to measure serum chemistry, inflammatory markers, and hematology. On weeks 2 and 4, fresh fecal samples were collected to measure metabolites and microbiota. On week 4, total feces were collected to assess apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility. Although revertant numbers were greater compared with the solvent control in tester strain WP2uvrA(pKM101) in the presence of metabolic activation (S9) in the initial experiment, they remained below the threshold for a positive mutagenic response in follow-up confirmatory tests, supporting that GNU100 is not mutagenic. Similarly, no cytotoxicity or chromosome damage was observed in the cell micronucleus test. The palatability test showed that 1% GNU100 was strongly preferred (P < 0.05; 3.6:1 consumption ratio) over the control. In study 3, all dogs were healthy and had no signs of GI intolerance or illness. All diets were well accepted, and food intake, fecal characteristics, metabolite concentrations, and macronutrient digestibilities were not altered. GNU100 modulated fecal microbiota, increasing evenness and Catenibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella (SCFA producers) and reducing Collinsella. Overall, the results suggest that GNU100 is palatable and well-tolerated, causes no genotoxicity or adverse effects on health, and beneficially shifts the fecal microbiota, supporting the safety of GNU100 for the inclusion in canine diets.     

Interplay between rumen digestive disorders and diet-induced inflammation in dairy cattle

In this review, an overview is provided on the current achievements regarding the interplay between rumen digestive disorders and diet-induced inflammation in dairy cattle. It starts with a review of factors favoring the disturbances in the rumen metabolism, which culminate with development of sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA). The latter digestive disorder is often linked to greater metabolic stress of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and lowered fiber digestion, as well as with disruption of the barrier functions of the GI epithelia, which open the route of deleterious molecules to translocate from the GI lumen into the portal system. A model is suggested to illustrate the mechanisms of the involvement of digestive disorders in the disruption of the host's inner homeostasis leading to activation of acute phase response (APR). The latter is part of multifaceted innate immune and metabolic responses of the host. According to this model, endotoxin, its toxicity, and other metabolic compounds of microbial origin are regarded as important immunogenic components of GI tract, which when favored by disruption of host barriers triggers a systemic APR. Although the activation of an APR is viewed as a protective reaction aiming to reestablish the disturbed homeostasis, the presence of inflammatory state over long periods might be associated with negative consequences for the host. The review concludes that prolonged systemic inflammation can: (1) cause significant changes in the energy and lipid metabolism in different body tissues, (2) lead to the development of refractory states associated with immune suppression and increased susceptibility to various diseases, and (3) artificially increase host's requirements in energy and nutrients, lowering the efficiency of energy and feed use by the animal. The paper emphasizes the critical role that formulation of healthy diets plays for curbing down inflammation and enhancing metabolic health of dairy cows.     

Quantification of mucosa-adhered microbiota of lambs and calves by the use of culture methods and fluorescent in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry techniques

The intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota could play important biological roles due to its close proximity with the animal host, but knowledge on its composition is still limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbial communities tightly associated with different parts (rumen, duodenum and colon) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of healthy lambs and calves by using both cultural, and fluorescent in situ hybridization-flow cytometry (FCM-FISH) techniques. Lactic acid bacteria genera were one of the predominant bacteria detected in lambs and calves by both methodologies, possibly constituting an index of their healthy status. The levels of Lactobacillus were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the rumen and duodenum of lambs, and in the rumen of calves. The levels of Bifidobacterium were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the colon of both animal species and the rumen of lambs. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in counts of other microbial groups (yeast, Enterococcus, Propionibacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae) at diverse GI sections depending on the animal species. In general, microbial counts follow the same trends regardless the applied technique. The most remarkable differences were found in detection levels of Bacteroides and Clostridium, which tended to be significantly higher (p<0.05) when analysed by FCM-FISH. This technique also allowed the detection of quantitatively important bacteria (sulphate-reducing bacteria, Atopobium and Coriobacterium), which are difficult to cultivate in selective medium. Therefore, FCM-FISH has been proven to be a sensitive high throughput approach that provides additional information to that obtained by traditional culture techniques about the complexity of the GI ecosystem of these animal species.     

A comparative study of the intestinal microbiota of healthy horses and those suffering from equine grass sickness

This study compares quantitatively the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of healthy horses with that of horses with equine grass sickness (EGS). Faecal and ileal samples were cultured quantitatively on selective and non-selective media. Confirmed anaerobes were identified to species level.Overall faecal counts gave a ratio of aerobes:anaerobes of approximately 1:1. However, the mean counts in healthy horses of 4.4x10(8) aerobes:3.7x10(8) anaerobes per gram wet weight were different from counts in EGS (means were 10-100-fold higher), with statistically significant differences for the anaerobes (p=0.04). There were 10-100-fold more anaerobic cocci in EGS samples compared to healthy controls. Most of the seven species of anaerobic cocci were found in both healthy horses and EGS. Differences in clostridia isolated between health and disease were notable: fourteen species were isolated from EGS cases, compared to only one (C. bifermentans) in controls. The mean faecal clostridial counts in chronic disease were higher than in controls (10-fold) and in acute EGS (100-fold). In contrast, mean counts for ileal samples from acute cases, showed a 10-fold increase for clostridia compared to 1000-fold reduction in chronic cases (compared to faecal counts). Results indicate an increase in the bacterial numbers in the GI tract of animals with EGS compared to the controls and clostridia are prominent in EGS. Whether the increase in clostridia is the cause of GI stasis or a consequence remains uncertain.     

近30年全球肠道微生物研究趋势

本文通过对1992年至2023年期间Web of Science（WOS）核心合集数据库以及中国CNKI数据库中关于肠道微生物的研究论文进行分析,全面审视了30余年全球范围内肠道微生物研究的发展概况。检索关键词为“肠道微生物”与“牛肠道微生物”,结合Graph Pad Prism、VOSviewer和Excel软件,详细分析了全球肠道微生物领域的论文数量变化、关键词等信息。研究表明,美国及欧洲国家在肠道微生物研究领域占据主导地位,高质量文献和期刊多源自这些国家。同时,研究发现与牛肠道微生物相关的发文量在过去30年间呈现持续增长的趋势,国际上对牛肠道微生物的研究主要关注微生物对牛生长的影响以及微生物与炎症之间的关系。研究指出,尽管近30年来牛肠道微生物研究取得了一定的进展,但研究面仍然相对狭窄,未来仍存在极大的挖掘空间。总体而言,肠道微生物研究取得了显著进展,但仍需要加强国际合作,注重研究质量,深入挖掘与健康、疾病相关的关键问题。本综合性分析为未来肠道微生物研究提供了有益的参考和展望。     

体外产气法评价不同分级指数玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合发酵特性

为明确不同分级指数（Grading index,GI）下牦牛日粮粗饲料营养情况,本试验选取了5种不同GI（7.20,6.43,5.66,4.89,4.12）的玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合,其质量比分别为70：30,60：40,50：50,40：60,30：70,进行牦牛瘤胃体外发酵试验,旨在探究不同组合下牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果。试验结果表明：发酵48 h时,GI=7.20组合的累积产气量（Gas production,GP）显著高于或极显著高于其他组合（P<0.05或P<0.01）;各GI组合的干物质降解率（Dry matter degradation in vitro,IVDMD）差异不显著（P>0.05）;发酵3 h和12 h时,GI=7.20组合的中性洗涤纤维降解率（Neutral detergent fiber in vitro,IVNDFD）与GI=6.43组合差异不显著但极显著高于其他GI组合（P<0.01）;3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h时的氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,48 h时的NH₃-N浓度随着GI降低呈现出先减小后增加趋势,GI=7.20时的NH₃-N浓度最大;发酵48 h时,各GI组合的微生物蛋白（Microbial protein,MCP）浓度差异不显著（P>0.05）,但GI=7.20时的MCP浓度最大;发酵48 h时,乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸（Total volatile fatty acid,TVFA）浓度随着GI降低呈现出减小趋势,GI=7.20时的乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度最大;各GI组合发酵6 h~48 h均呈现了正组合效应,综合组合效应值（Multiply factors associative effects index,MFAEI）随着GI减小呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且各时间段GI=7.20组合的MFAEI高于其他GI组合。综上所述,GI值为7.20玉米青贮—苜蓿干草组合的牦牛瘤胃体外发酵效果最优。     

粗饲料品质评定指数新一代分级指数的建立及与分级指数（GI_（2001））和饲料相对值（RFV）的比较研究

试验的目的是在卢德勋2001年提出的粗饲料分级指数（GI2001）的基础上筛选一些新指标在奶牛粗饲料中建立新一代分级指数（gradingindex2008,GI2008）,并用GI2008、GI2001和饲料相对值（RFV）对4种粗饲料品质进行分级比较。根据公式分别计算4种粗饲料的GI2008、GI2001和RFV值。结果表明,4种粗饲料（苜蓿干草、玉米青贮饲料、羊草、玉米秸秆）的GI2008值分别为145.50、108.44、20.10和12.09MJ/d;GI2001值分别为32.11、19.70、9.39和3.98MJ/d;RFV值分别为109.20、100.12、91.55和69.93MJ/d。三者对粗饲料品质划分次序一致。GI2008和GI2001对粗饲料品质分级均优于RFV,二者比较,GI2008与GI2001均能科学地对粗饲料品质进行评定,GI2001值（X,MJ）与GI2008值（Y,MJ）存在如下回归关系：Y=5.1669X-12.683（R2=0.9463,P〈0.0001,n=4）。结果提示,在实际应用中,GI2001指标简便易行,而GI2008主要用于研究目的,科学性比较强。在今后的研究中使用GI2008能更准确而科学地对粗饲料品质进行分级划分。     

高山美利奴育成公羊在返青期与盛草期牧场的营养监测

本研究以祁连山放牧地的高山美利奴育成公羊为研究对象,于返青期和盛草期,采用粪袋全收粪和酸不溶灰分(AIA)结合法测定其采食量,并探究其放牧地牧草营养物质的供给规律和其营养的盈缺。结果显示,盛草期放牧草地植物群落优势度指数、地上生物量、多样性指数、物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数均显著高于返青期(P<0.05)。在牧草养分化学指标上,粗蛋白和粗灰分含量在盛草期显著高于返青期(P<0.05),盛草期牧草粗饲料分级指数(GI)也显著高于返青期(P<0.05)。返青期和盛草期高山美利奴育成公羊干物质、粗蛋白采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),代谢能采食量在盛草期显著高于返青期(P<0.05)。牧草有机物和干物质消化率返青期和盛草期差异不显著(P>0.05),牧草粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维消化率在返青期显著高于盛草期(P<0.05)。盛草期高山美利奴育成公羊瘤胃氨态氮(NH3-N)含量、丁酸、支链脂肪酸比例显著高于返青期(P<0.05),高山美利奴育成公羊瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸含量返青期显著高于盛草期(P<0.05)。参照中国美利奴育成公羊(体重70 kg,日增重100 g)营养需要推荐量,高山美利奴育成公羊每只日代谢能和粗蛋白采食量在返青期分别比推荐量低9.32 MJ和45.23 g·d^?1;而在盛草期二者则分别低7.32 MJ和32.64 g·d^?1。综上所述,盛草期牧草GI值、牧草生产力显著高于返青期;体重为70 kg的高山美利奴育成公羊在返青期和盛草期牧场,日增重达到100 g时,代谢能和粗蛋白摄入量均不足,需补饲一定量的能量和蛋白饲料。     

Nutritional management of gastrointestinal disease

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is primarily responsible for acquiring and digesting food, absorbing nutrients and water, and expelling wastes from the body as feces. A proper diet and normally functioning GI tract are integral for the delivery of nutrients, prevention of nutrient deficiencies and malnutrition, repair of damaged intestinal epithelium, restoration of normal luminal bacterial populations, promotion of normal GI motility, and maintenance of normal immune functions (eg, both tolerance and protection from pathogens). The amount of food, its form, the frequency of feeding, and the composition of diet each have important effects on GI function and may be used to help ameliorate signs of GI disease. Although both nutrients and nonnutritional components of a diet are important to GI health, they also may cause or influence the development of GI pathology (eg, antibiotic responsive diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, dietary intolerance, or sensitivity and/or allergy). The appropriate diet may have a profound effect on intestinal recovery and successful management of chronic or severe GI disease.     

Swine gut microbiota and its interaction with host nutrient metabolism

Gut microbiota is generally recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining host health and metabolism. The correlation among gut microbiota, glycolipid metabolism, and metabolic diseases has been well reviewed in humans. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and host metabolism in swine remains incompletely understood. Given the limitation in conducting human experiments and the high similarity between swine and humans in terms of anatomy, physiology, polyphagy, habits, and metabolism and in terms of the composition of gut microbiota, there is a pressing need to summarize the knowledge gained regarding swine gut microbiota, its interplay with host metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to outline the bidirectional regulation between gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in swine and to emphasize the action mechanisms underlying the complex microbiome–host crosstalk via the gut microbiota–gut–brain axis. Moreover, it highlights the new advances in knowledge of the diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota. A better understanding of these aspects can not only shed light on healthy and efficient pork production but also promote our knowledge on the associations between gut microbiota and the microbiome–host crosstalk mechanism. More importantly, knowledge on microbiota, host health and metabolism facilitates the development of a precise intervention therapy targeting the gut microbiota.