水稻土施用不同氮、硫水平对油菜产量的影响

浙东平原水稻土油菜田间试验施用不同氮、硫水平的结果显示：（1）油菜籽产量随氮肥用量的增大而增加，施N（50－200kg/hm^)不施硫肥条件下，增产幅度为2．0％－11．8％，施N和施S（30kg/hm^2)条件下，增产幅度为2．4％－12．7％。（2）不同施氮水平下，施硫增产油菜籽5．4％－6．9％。（3）油菜氮吸收量随施氮量的增加而呈增加趋势，低氮水平下施用硫肥促进油菜氮吸收量加大。（4）不同施氮水平的产投比为1．5－4．3，施用硫肥的产投比达5．2－6．7，氮硫配施可提高施用氮肥的产投比。     

小麦叶面喷施BN调节剂的效应研究

为了明确BN调节荆的效果和最佳使用时期．选用BN-1和BN-2调节荆连续两年在小麦不同生育时期进行叶面喷施，研究了其对小麦营养生长和生殖生长的影响。试验结果表明，BN-1和BN-2可以显著调节小麦生殖生长和营养生长，拔节期和孕穗期喷施，株高明显增加，功能叶面积比CK提高18．9％～43．6％，绿叶、茎、穗和叶鞘物质积累量显著增加，黄叶重量明显减少，穗粒数比CK增加0．6～3．1粒，千粒重比CK增加2．5～3．7g，促粒增重效果显著，增产作用明显，增产幅度3．8％～17．7％。不同时期比较，拨节期和孕穗期叶面喷施增产效果比开花期叶面喷施效果明显。两种调节荆比较，BN-1对产量效应比BN-2明显。     

旱地油菜地膜覆盖栽培的水热效应研究

油菜覆膜栽培研究表明，不同生长阶段耕层日平均土温提高0.51-0.78℃，全生育期增加有效积温140℃，土壤含水量提高0．42％－1．88％，水分利用效率提高2．79－4．10kg/mm.hm^2。覆膜栽培缩短生育期6－11d，杂油77产量达到3371.10kg/hm^2，比露地栽培增产23．11％。     

油菜缓释配方肥施用效果研究

为探究缓释配方肥在油菜上的施用效果，2021—2022年在江西省赣州市定南县以常规肥、缓释配方肥和6个不同甘蓝型油菜品种为试验材料，开展不同肥料对油菜产量和效益的影响研究，以期为当地油菜轻简化高产高效栽培提供参考。研究结果表明，施用缓释配方肥可延长油菜生育期，提高菌核病抗性与肥料利用率，增加单株角果数与千粒质量，从而获得更高产量。与常规肥处理相比，施用缓释配方肥的油菜生育期延长1～2 d,菌核病发病率降低14.95%,肥料偏生产力提高22.73%,株高增加2.64%,单株角果数增加3.37%,千粒质量增加3.87%,产量为1 893.63 kg/hm²,增产6.68%。缓释配方肥处理比常规肥处理增收1 722.56元/hm²,增幅为31.42%。缓释配方肥在实现肥料一次性施用的同时，保证了丰产，节省了肥料、人工成本，显著提高了经济效益，达到了油菜生产节本、增产、增效的目标。     

甜菜施用硫肥效果试验

施用硫肥对提高甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量有一定效果，试验表明，施用生石膏90kg／hm^2或施用硫磺30kg／hm^2处理效果最好，甜菜块根增产14．2％-16.6％，含糖率提高0．6-0．7度，产糖量增加19．7％-21．2％。     

苗期渍水对直播冬油菜产量和农学利用率的影响及油菜在不同氮肥施用下的响应

在轻简化施肥背景下,为减少渍害损失,解决长江流域冬油菜产区生产面临的重要问题,开展氮肥施用 对油菜渍害的缓解作用研究。设置三因素田间试验,分别为不同氮肥用量（0、60、120、180、240和300 kg N/hm2）、氮 肥类型（油菜专用控释尿素和普通尿素）和水分处理（苗期渍水和正常排水）,测定各处理产量和氮肥农学利用率, 明确苗期渍水对不同氮素供应水平油菜的影响,并比较油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用和普通尿素分次施用下油菜 对苗期渍水的响应。结果表明,直播冬油菜产量随氮肥施用量增加而提高,至240 kg N/hm2时不再增加。油菜专用 控释尿素一次性施用,在氮肥用量为60～180 kg N/hm2时产量高于普通尿素分次施用;在氮肥用量为240～300 kg N/hm2时,两种氮肥类型产量基本相当。氮肥施用通过增加收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数提高产量。苗期渍水 导致直播冬油菜产量损失1.1%～41.9%,随氮肥用量增加,渍水引起的产量损失率呈先增加后降低趋势。0～60 kg N/hm2处理时,渍水使收获密度显著降低（降幅达29.4%~45.0%）,单株角果数增加;施氮量为120~180 kg N/hm2时, 渍水导致收获密度和单株角果数分别降低19.5%~33.7%和1.4%~17.7%;施氮高于180 kg N/hm2时,收获密度和单 株角果数降幅减小（降幅分别为5%~30.9%和3.6%~9.5%）。普通尿素分次施用和油菜专用控释尿素一次性施用, 分别在施氮量为120和180 kg N/hm2时产量损失率最高,分别达29.8%和41.9%。相同氮肥用量下油菜专用控释尿 素一次性施用的产量损失率大于普通尿素分次施用。渍水显著降低氮肥农学利用率,降幅为8.4%～51.9%,施氮充 足（240～300 kg N/hm2）时氮肥农学利用率降幅低于氮素用量较低处理（120～180 kg N/hm2）,油菜专用控释尿素一 次施用处理的农学利用率平均降幅（36.5%）高于普通尿素分次施用（17.3%）。综上可知,苗期渍水时,油菜专用控 释尿素一次施用,会加重油菜受渍影响;土壤氮素供应能力较低时,渍害逆境解除后,适量追施速效氮肥可有效缓 解产量损失,实现油菜稳产。     

优质油菜史力丰生育特性及配套栽培技术研究

对优质油菜品种史力丰进行播期试验、密度和施氮量二因素试验表明 :( 1)在江苏泰州市沿江地区的适宜播期为 9月 10～ 15日 ,里下河地区为 9月 15～ 2 0日 ;( 2 )随移栽密度和施氮量增加 ,史力丰产量先增后减 ,以施用纯氮 2 70kg/hm2 、移栽 15× 10 4 株 /hm2 组合产量最高 ,达 2 6 0 9.7kg/hm2 ;( 3)单位面积有效角果和每角粒数随播期的提前、密度的增加而增加 ,随施氮量的增加先增后减 ;( 4)密度、施氮量对芥酸、硫甙和油分含量等品质指标具有调节作用。     

杂交油菜新品种——亚科28

亚科28是湖南亚华种业科学研究院利用甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系亚36A与恢复系H7-1配制而成的半冬性甘蓝型杂交油菜中熟组合。2001～2004年参加湖南省区试，平均产量2296．5kg／hm^2，比对照湘油13号增产9．2％。2003～2004年度在安乡点生产试验中平均产量2805kg／hm^2，比对照增产15．4％；在津市点2580kg／hm^2，比对照增产25．1％；     

直播密度对油菜产量及农艺性状的影响

2008-2009年度在湖南省浏阳市北盛镇研究了稻田免耕直播密度对油菜产量及农艺性状的影响。结果表明,油菜品种C6823最适密度为36万株／公顷,产量为2256．0kg／hm2。随着直播密度的增加,株高和始枝高度增加,茎粗明显减少,单株分枝数、单株荚果数、千粒重减少,从而降低单株产量。     

快丰收在春播啤麦上的应用效果试验

选用生产上广泛应用的2．85％硝萘酸快丰收植物生长调节剂为试材，探讨该产品对啤麦生产长发育及产量，质量的影响，为指导快丰收在春啤麦上合理的施用，提供科学的理论依据，试验结果表明，使用快丰收抖种可提早出苗1-1.3d，喷施有利于促苗，促进分蘖和次生根增多，以及改善麦株群体结构，增加成穗数10．4万－42万／hm^2，提高产量2．75－11．2％，增加经济效益177．6－662．28元／hm^2。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.