Improvement of rice drought tolerance through backcross breeding: Evaluation of donors and selection in drought nurseries

A large-scale backcross breeding project has been undertaken to improve drought tolerance in rice. Over 160 donor cultivars from 25 countries have been used in this project, representing a significant proportion of the genetic variation in cultivated rice. These cultivars were evaluated in field experiments in the Philippines to assess their responses to drought in terms of plant height, heading date, and grain yield. Drought was imposed near heading stage, in experiments that were established either in lowland (anaerobic) fields or upland (aerobic) soil. Despite the poor adaptation of some cultivars to the tropics, it was possible to identify significant variation in plant response to drought treatments, and contrasting effects on flowering delay and growth. Subsequently, 325 BC₂F₂ bulk populations, developed by backcrossing many of these donors to one of three elite recurrent parents, were screened under drought in lowland or upland nurseries. Stress levels were managed to eliminate almost all seed set in recurrent parents, and those progeny that produced grain were selected as being putatively drought-tolerant. The selection intensity varied across years and in selection environments with more severe stress, higher selection intensity could be imposed. The number of plants selected within a population was not associated with the per se drought response of the donors in the direct evaluation, indicating the wide presence of cryptic genetic variation for drought tolerance in the apparently drought-susceptible cultivars. The genetic background of the recurrent parent affected the number of plants selected, as did the selection environment (upland versus lowland nurseries). These drought-selected introgression lines represent a useful genetic resource to develop improved cultivars for farmers in rainfed or water-scarce rice-growing regions, and also to improve our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of drought tolerance in rice. Genetic analysis of the selected lines, reported elsewhere, indicated specific regions of high introgression. Yield evaluations of the selected lines are now underway across a range of drought scenarios.     

干旱处理对不同品种茶树生理特性影响及抗旱性综合评价

以龙井43、槠叶齐、宁州2号和白叶1号两年生盆栽扦插茶苗为试验材料进行自然干旱处理,测定其在干旱胁迫及复水下的生长适应规律,探讨干旱处理对不同品种茶树叶片生理特性的影响,并利用隶属函数值法对这4个品种耐旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,随着干旱处理时间延长,4个品种土壤体积含水量逐渐降低,植株表现脱水症状,叶片相对含水量逐渐降低,MDA含量逐渐升高,SOD活性逐渐降低,POD和CAT活性呈先升后降趋势,净光合速率和蒸腾速率逐渐降低,水分利用效率呈先升后降趋势,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素总量逐渐升高。复水后,4个品种土壤体积含水量和叶片相对含水量升高,MDA含量降低,龙井43 POD活性升高,其他品种均降低,SOD活性变化趋势与POD相反,4个品种CAT活性均降低,净光合速率均无显著变化,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均升高,除槠叶齐叶绿素和类胡萝卜素总量升高外,其他均降低。通过模糊隶属函数值法综合评价该4个品种抗旱性,结果表明,耐旱性强弱依次为龙井43>宁州2号>槠叶齐>白叶1号。本研究为抗旱茶树品种的筛选以及抗旱育种提供参考及理论依据。     

Growth and distribution of maize roots under nitrogen fertilization in plinthite soil

To improve efficiency of soil N and water use in the savanna, maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars with improved root systems are required. Two rainfed field experiments were conducted in Samaru, Nigeria in the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons with five maize cultivars under various rates of nitrogen fertilizer. The capacity of maize for rapid early root growth and to later develop a deep, dense root system was assessed. In addition, the effect of N fertilization on root growth of maize was studied in 1994. The widely cultivated cultivar TZB-SR had a poor root system in the surface soil layer and was more susceptible to early-season drought, as indicated by low plant vigor and aboveground dry matter yield during that time. It had a lower grain yield and a relatively small harvest index, but ranked among the highest in total aboveground dry matter production compared to other cultivars. The size of root system alone did not always relate well with grain yield among cultivars. Partitioning of dry matter within the plant was important in determining differences in grain yield and N stress tolerance between cultivars. A semiprolific cultivar (SPL) had high seedling vigour and a dense root system in the surface soil layer that conferred a greater tolerance to early-season drought stress and improved uptake of the early-season N flush, as indicated by a greater dry matter yield at 35 days after sowing (DAS). It also had a fine, deep, dense root system at flowering that could have improved water- and N-use efficiency in the subsoil (> 45 cm), thereby avoiding midseason drought stress in 1994. SPL had a large harvest index and the greatest yield among cultivars in 1994. Averaged across cultivars, greater root growth and distribution was observed at a moderate N rate of 0.56 g plant⁻¹ than at zero-N or high N (2.26 g plant⁻¹). Differences in root morphology could be valuable as selection criteria for N-efficient and drought-tolerant maize.     

Physiology of the Potato: New Insights into Root System and Repercussions for Crop Management

Potato roots are concentrated mostly in the plow layer up to 30 cm in soil depth. Some roots extend up to 100 cm depth and the total root length throughout the soil profile reaches about 10–20 km m^?2 area. There are large differences in root mass (dry weight and length) in the plow layer between cultivars, breeding lines and wild relatives. The differences are generally stable across different environmental conditions, such as locations with different soil types, fertilizer rates and planting densities. Under favourable environmental conditions without severe shortage of water and nutrients, root mass differences between genotypes are related to maturity class: late genotypes continue root growth longer, and attain larger root mass and deeper rooting than early genotypes. Differences in root mass become clear at the start of flowering, much earlier than differences in shoot mass. Root mass is negatively correlated with early tuber bulking. However, root mass generally shows positive correlations with shoot mass and final tuber yield. Differences in root mass also exist amongst genotypes of the same maturity class. Using root mass in the plow layer and tuber yield as selection criteria, Konyu cultivars were bred in Japan. They showed significantly less reduction of leaf conductance and photosynthesis, leaf area and tuber yield than commercial cultivars under dry soil conditions. To assist breeding for root characters, new methods have been developed to assess the ability of roots to penetrate into hard soil layers using pots with paraffin-vaseline discs and the ability to absorb under low water potential in vitro. Physiological research on root characteristics contributed in the past, and will continue to do so in the future, to the development of new cultivars with high drought tolerance and to the improvement of irrigation practice.     

Modeling groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) performance under drought conditions

Erratic rainfall is often a limiting factor in the semi-arid regions where most groundnut cultivation occurs. As a result, ensuring availability of cultivars that possess inherent tolerance to drought stress has become a priority. Field and box (wooden boxes of 2 m length × 1 m width × 0.3 m depth) experiments were conducted under drought and non-drought conditions to identify physiological and agronomic traits correlated with pod yield (PY). Fifty (50) advanced breeding lines were evaluated. Linear models containing different combinations of total dry matter at maturity, crop growth rate, pod growth rate, partition coefficient, and harvest index were able to predict PY under intermittent drought (adjusted R² range: 0.9798–0.9895). The box experiment was more discriminating of genotypes than field experiments, making it a suitable technique for drought tolerance screening using specific leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content. As a result, screening and pre-selection using the seed-box technique before advanced evaluation on the field is recommended.     

Screening for resistance to big-vein disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

A methods was developed for screening of breeding populations and evaluation of genotypes of lettuce for resistance to big vein. First and rapid screening of plant populations or large numbers of genotypes was in greenhouse trials by inoculation of the substrate in which the seedlings to be tested were grown with viruliferous zoospores of Olpidium brassicae. Further testing with limited numbers of genotypes was in container tests, using dry soil with viruliferous resting spores as inoculum. No single criterion or simple and early parameter was found to represent fully the final effect of the disease on yield and quality at the time of harvest. Effect on head weight was not correlated with disease incidence or sympton severity. The final effect on promising lines and cultivars could only be studied in field experiments after zoospore inoculation of seedlings in the greenhouse or on naturally infested soil. All 55 lettuce genotypes tested, including American ‘resistant’ crisphead cultivars and breeding lines, developed symptoms of big vein in either test, but there were considerable differences in length of incubation time, sensitivity, and capacity to recover from disease. Loss of head weight was considerable in all nine genotypes tested for yield reduction after early inoculation, and for the crisphead cultivars also after late inoculation. Cos lettuce ‘Lobjoit's Green’ and ‘grasse’ lettuce ‘Little Gem’ are promising parental genotypes for breeding for resistance, as are two entries of Lactuca virosa.     

干旱胁迫下花生苗期耐旱生理应答特性分析

为探明花生响应干旱胁迫的生理机制,以前期试验筛选的花生耐旱品种NH5和HY22,敏感品种FH18和NH16为试材,研究了干旱胁迫下不同花生品种ROS积累与清除能力,保护酶活性、渗透调节物质积累能力以及根系特征,以明确花生应对干旱胁迫的生理应答特性.结果表明,干旱胁迫导致花生的根系萎蔫皱缩且根系活力下降,植株的过氧化氢含...     

Maize drought tolerance: Potential improvements through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis?

Due to long-term trends in global climate change and the expansion of maize production in drought-prone regions, the development of drought-tolerant maize varieties is of high importance, particularly for maize producers in developing nations where plant breeding improvements are more easily adopted than high-input agronomic practices. Prior advances in breeding for drought-tolerant maize have often involved selection for beneficial morpho-physiological traits such as a reduced anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and an improved harvest index (HI). Although maize is an effective host of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) in infertile and drought conditions, few maize breeding and physiological research programs have examined the potential of AM symbiosis to improve maize drought tolerance. The objective of this review is to highlight the morpho-physiological responses and potential mechanisms through which AM colonization might improve maize drought tolerance and, in doing so, to examine the potential of this symbiotic relationship to serve as an effective tool for improving cultivar drought tolerance. In this review, we briefly describe the general effects of AM symbiosis on plant water relations, and then extensively examine the effects of AM colonization on pre-flowering, flowering, and post-flowering maize morpho-physiology under drought-stress conditions in greenhouse and field settings. We then suggest potential areas for future research related to (a) the adoption of cropping practices promoting AM colonization and survival; (b) the further understanding of AM effects on maize morpho-physiology; and (c) the creation of AM-colonized, drought-tolerant maize cultivars through conventional breeding as well as molecular and genomic techniques. We conclude by discussing practical considerations associated with the use of AM for maize drought-stress research and large-scale, commercial maize production.     

江淮大豆育种种质苗期耐旱性鉴定

江淮地区是我国大豆重要产区,季节性干旱时有发生,发掘适合本地区种植的耐旱新材料十分必要。选用210份江淮大豆育成新品种(系)及其部分亲本为材料,于2015和2016两年进行旱棚盆栽试验,以地上部干重、株高、主根长和根干重4个性状的耐旱系数为指标,通过主成分分析、隶属函数值法和聚类分析对其苗期耐旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:与正常供水相比,干旱胁迫下4个性状均显著降低,其中地上部干重、根干重、株高和主根长平均分别减小54%、42%、39%和15%;方差分析显示各性状在水分处理间和材料间均存在极显著差异,而株高和根干重性状上基因型、水分处理和年份三因子间一级互作和二级互作效应均为极显著。地上部干重与株高、根干重间以及主根长与根干重间的耐旱系数存在显著正相关,反映指标间有内在联系;主成分分析提取的前3个相互独立的主成分的累积贡献率达83.61%,能较好地替代原有4个信息部分重叠的性状;进一步获得耐旱性综合评价D值,结合聚类分析将所有材料分为强耐旱、耐旱、中度耐旱、干旱敏感、干旱强敏感5类。共鉴定出强耐旱材料5份(包括IA2077、YC4H/NN88-31//NN73-935、蒙8108、NN88-48/NN86-4和NN88-48/D76-1609)、耐旱材料57份。来自淮南和淮北地区的强耐旱或耐旱材料分别为27份(占该地区83份材料的32.53%)和19份(占该地区76份材料的25.00%)。所得结果可为大豆耐旱遗传育种提供材料。     

Identification of sources of resistance to damping-off and early root/hypocotyl damage from Rhizoctonia solani in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Rhizoctonia solani causes economically important root and hypocotyl diseases in common bean throughout the world. Root health is a vital factor in plant development and root diseases would negatively influence water and nutrient uptake as well as cause direct stand reduction and root rot damage to the crop. An efficient common bean screening method to evaluate damping-off and early root/hypocotyl damage from R. solani was developed and used to identify dry bean lines with levels of resistance to this disease. Two sets of 163 and 111 lines previously evaluated for drought tolerance in Nebraska and Puerto Rico were evaluated for damping-off resistance and early root/hypocotyl damage under greenhouse conditions. Disease severity on plants was identified based on above-ground symptoms, seedling survival and root lesions using a rating scale of 1 (resistant) to 9 (susceptible). In the first set of lines representing commonly grown dry bean cultivars, germplasm and sources of damping-off resistance, the Rhizoctonia mean rating ranged from 1.7 to 3.9; Phaseolus vulgaris lines PI 310668 and PI 533249 had the highest damping-off resistance. In the second set of the best lines from a drought tolerance shuttle breeding program the Rhizoctonia mean rating was between 2.6 and 5.7. The availability of drought tolerant dry bean lines allowed the testing of the hypothesis that there was a correlation between selecting for drought tolerance and R. solani damping-off resistance. No correlation between mean disease rating and drought tolerance was found, but adapted dry bean lines such as NE14-08-176 released as SB-DT1, and NE14-08-225 were identified with moderate damping-off resistance and drought tolerance. Lines with both traits and other attributes will facilitate development of resistant bean cultivars to manage damping-off caused by R. solani.     

我国常用玉米自交系的耐旱性评价

2007年冬季和2008年春季分别在海南三亚和新疆乌鲁木齐对196份玉米自交系采用两种不同干旱胁迫处理,依据形态性状及产量相关性状评价其耐旱性。通过典型相关分析发现,株高、雌雄开花间隔天数(ASI)、单穗粒重和结实株数百分率4个性状可以作为玉米自交系耐旱性评价指标。采用因子分析方法,计算株高、雌雄开花间隔天数、单穗粒重和结实株数百分率4个性状的综合耐旱系数,对196份玉米自交系进行耐旱性评价,将试验材料分为耐旱、中度耐旱、中度干旱敏感和干旱敏感4种类型。两点试验耐旱级别完全一致的材料有58份,其中耐旱自交系有7份(H201、Mo113、英64、H21、早49、丹598、吉842);中度耐旱自交系有14份(丹黄02、8902、中106、郑22、中黄68、K22等),这些材料为耐旱育种提供了种质基础。     

Genotypic Variation in Biomass Production at the Early Vegetative Stage among Rice Cultivars Subjected to Deficient Soil Moisture Regimes and Its Association with Water Uptake Capacity

References

Genetic improvement in water uptake ability and/or water use efficiency (WUE) of rice cultivars is one option to enhance productivity under water-limited conditions. We examined the genotypic variation in biomass production among 70 rice cultivars (69 cultivars of NIAS global rice core collection and Azucena) under different soil moisture conditions, and to identify whether water uptake ability or WUE is responsible for the variation, if any. Two-week-old seedlings were transplanted into pots and grown for three weeks in an environmentally-regulated growth chamber under three soil moisture regimes: flooded (?0.02 MPa soil water potential) and two unflooded (?0.10 and ?0.52 MPa) conditions. Substantial genotypic variations in total dry weight (TDW) were observed under all three regimes. Among all the cultivars tested, TDW was significantly correlated with water uptake ability, but not with WUE. However, several cultivars exhibited comparably higher WUE while showing superior biomass production under the ?0.52 MPa regime. The amount of water uptake was significantly correlated with root dry weight among cultivars regardless of moisture regimes, while substantial genotypic difference in the amount of water uptake per unit root dry weight was observed. These results indicate that a marked genotypic difference exists in biomass production at the early vegetative growth under water-deficient conditions, and that this difference appears to be ascribed primarily to greater water uptake capacity, and additionally to higher WUE in drought-tolerant cultivars.     

Development and Distribution of Root System in Two GrainSorghum Cultivars Originated from Sudan under Drought Stress

Abstract

The difference in rooting pattern between two grain sorghum cultivars differing in drought tolerance was investigated under drought stress. The cultivars, Gadambalia (drought-tolerant) and Tabat (droughtsusceptible), were grown in bottomless wooden or acrylic root boxes to examine root parameters. Gadambalia consistently exhibited higher dry matter production and leaf water potential than Tabat under drought stress in both root boxes. In the experiment with wooden root boxes, under a drought condition, Gadambalia extracted more water from deep soil layers (1.1-1.5 m), which was estimated from the reduction in soil water content, than Tabat. This was because Gadambalia had a significantly higher root length density in these soil layers. The high root length density was due to enhanced lateral root development in Gadambalia. In the other experiment with acrylic root boxes, though total root length in the upper soil layer (0-0.5 m) was declined by limited irrigation in both cultivars, the reduction in Gadambalia was moderate compared with that in Tabat owing to the maintenance of fine root growth. Unlike Tabat, Gadambalia had an ability to produce the nodal roots from higher internodes even under drought, which resulted in the high nodal root length of Gadambalia. The growth angle of nodal roots was significantly correlated with root diameter, and the nodal roots from the higher internodes had large diameters and penetrated into the soil more vertically. These results indicate that the responses of roots (i.e. branching and/or growth of lateral root, and nodal root emergence from higher internodes) to soil dryness could be associated with the drought tolerance of Gadambalia.     

Selection of Rice Lines Using SPGP Seedling Method for Direct Seeding

Abstract

Lodging is a major cause of yield loss in the rice production systems using direct seeding. In this study, several characteristics of 80 F₄ breeding lines and 10 check cultivars were examined in connection with lodging resistance to establish a technique suitable for screening a large number of lines efficiently for breeding rice for direct seeding. Experiments were conducted over a 2-year period in puddled wet-fields and in seed pack growth pouches (SPGP). Among the root parameters of SPGP seedlings, only root thickness had a significant positive correlation (r = 0.495**) with pushing resistance, which is the force to bend rice culm to a designated angle and is correlated with lodging resistance. The root thickness of SPGP seedlings was also positively correlated with root thickness in the field at 18 (r = 0.346**) and 30 (r = 0.512**) days after seeding. For selected lines and check cultivars, positive correlations were found between pushing resistance and culm thickness in the field (r = 0.809**), between pushing resistance and root thickness in SPGP (r = 0.694**). Culm length and panicle number were negatively correlated with pushing resistance (r=–0.454**, r=–0.563**, respectively). Among the characteristics related to lodging, root and culm thickness were higher in selected breeding lines than in check cultivars. Grain yield was positively correlated with panicle weight (r = 0.601**) and harvest index (r = 0.586**) but not with panicle number (r=–0.007ns). Thus the low-tillering, panicle-weight type plants with thick roots and culms seem to be suitable for direct seeding. Some promising lines and candidate parental lines for the next crossing cycle for direct seeding were identified.     

Genetic resources and breeding methodologies for improving drought tolerance in wheat

Yield gains from rain-fed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, particularly in areas experiencing intermittent and terminal dry spells, can be realized through integrated breeding with promising genetic and genomic resources using appropriate methodologies. This enables targeted recombination of novel genes for drought tolerance and selection of desirable genotypes. Continuous exploration of new sources of genetic variation and introgression of suitable genes into elite drought-susceptible genotypes, including via transgenic approaches, and the use of genome editing could offer exciting future prospects in acquiring drought-tolerant wheat genotypes. This review highlights the available genetic resources, the major wheat genebanks and databases, as well as the breeding methodologies for drought tolerance in wheat, including prebreeding, conventional breeding, hybrid breeding, and genomics-assisted breeding. The potential of genetic modification through the transgenic and genome-editing approaches is also discussed. Emphasis is placed on how best these breeding methods can be brought together to develop strategies aimed at improving drought tolerance in wheat.     

花生苗期干旱处理后转录和代谢通路分析

为解析花生耐旱性的调控基础,本研究通过对10个不同的花生材料苗期进行干旱-复水实验,结合转录组分析,探讨了干旱条件下不同花生材料抵御干旱胁迫的分子机制。研究结果显示,来源于非洲的花生材料Waliyar Tiga耐旱性最强,其次是kQ044抗青、中花16和早花生,干旱敏感的材料为狮头企、山花13、ICGV86745以及丰花2号;耐旱及干旱敏感材料的根冠比存在显著差异,耐旱材料的根冠比平均值为35.0%,干旱敏感材料的根冠比平均值为15.26%。早花生和中花16的根冠比最大。转录组结果表明抗感材料的差异表达基因主要富集在氧化磷酸化、光合作用和植物代谢途径;通过差异基因富集分析发现,耐旱材料在干旱条件下生长素应答途径基因的表达明显弱于敏感材料。生理和转录组的结果表明耐旱材料利用发达的根系系统、能量代谢的提升、次生代谢的加强和生长的抑制四个方面共同应对干旱胁迫。抗旱材料中花16和Waliyar Tiga在干旱条件下均具有较强的光合作用和氧化磷酸化的能力,中花16的根冠比显著大于Waliyar Tiga,但其耐旱性不及Waliyar Tiga,推测可能源于其较大的叶面积导致更多的叶面水分散失,从而使其耐旱能力低于Waliyar Tiga。     

Drought-induced root plasticity of two upland NERICA varieties under conditions with contrasting soil depth characteristics

To identify differences in root plasticity patterns of two upland New Rice for Africa (NERICA) varieties, NERICA 1 and 4, in response to drought under conditions with contrasting soil profile characteristics, soil moisture gradients were imposed using a sloping bed system with depths ranging 30–65 cm and a line-source sprinkler system with a uniformly shallow soil layer of 20 cm depth. Varietal differences in shoot and root growths were identified only under moderate drought conditions, 11–18% v/v soil moisture content. Further, under moderate drought soil conditions where roots could penetrate into the deep soil layer, deep root development was greater in NERICA 4 than in NERICA 1, which contributed to maintaining dry matter production. However, under soil conditions with underground impediment to deep root development, higher shoot dry weight was noted for NERICA 1 than for NERICA 4 at 11–18% v/v soil moisture content, which was attributed to increased lateral root development in the shallow soil layer in NERICA 1. Enhanced lateral root development in the 0–20-cm soil layer was identified in NERICA 1 even under soil conditions without an impediment to deep root development; however, this did not contribute to maintaining dry matter production in upland rice. Thus, we show different root developmental traits associated with drought avoidance in the two NERICA varieties, and that desirable root traits for upland rice cultivation vary depending on the target soil environment, such as the distribution of soil moisture and root penetration resistance.     

Genotypic Variations in Response of Lateral Root Development to Fluctuating Soil Moisture in Rice

Abstract

Developmental plasticity in lateral roots may be one of the key traits for the growth of rice plants under soil moisture fluctuations. We aimed to examine responses in seminal root system development to changing soil moisture for diverse rice cultivars. Special attention was paid to the two different types of lateral roots ; the generally long, thick L type capable of branching into higher orders, and the non-branching S type. Plants were grown in half-split polyvinyl chloride tubes fixed with transparent acrylic plate for root observation under glasshouse conditions. When plants were grown first under drought conditions, then rewatered, the seminal root system development in terms of dry weight and total length was promoted as compared with plants grown under continuously well-watered conditions in IR AT 109 and Dular, drought tolerant cultivars. Promoted production of L type lateral roots mainly contributed to the development of the longer seminal root system. Plants exposed to soil submergence before they were grown under drought conditions did not show such promoted responses in these two cultivars. However, in KDML 105, a drought tolerant cultivar, the production of especially L type laterals was substantially promoted under drought and rewatered conditions. Honenwase was characterized by the shallow root system and great reduction in root system length when soil moisture becomes limited. These facts show that genotypic variations exist in the plastic response of rice seminal root system and that the L type lateral root plays a key role in manifestation of this plasticity.     

Responses of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties to in vitro mannitol-induced drought stress

Rapid selection of drought-tolerant cassava varieties by in vitro screening is essential for efficient breeding for drought tolerance. The objectives of this study were to describe the morphological response of 12 cassava cultivars to in vitro mannitol-induced drought stress and identify tolerant ones. Plantlets were raised from nodal segments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing either 0 g/L or 20 g/L mannitol. Mannitol increased the number of shoots of plantlets per explant (NSS) of all cultivars by an average of 18.2%. However, mannitol decreased the dry shoot weight (DSW) of all cultivars by half. Mannitol decreased total number of leaves (TNL) of plantlets by more than half in all cultivars, except three, in which mannitol had no effect on the TNL. The average root length (ARL) of each one of the following four varieties: TMS 30572, TMS 50395, MM 96/1751, and TMS 94/0026, was not sensitive to mannitol treatment. However, mannitol increased the ARL of MM 98/3437, TMS 94/0039, TMS 92B/00061, TMS 91934 and TMS 84/00353 but decreased the ARL of TMS 05/1654, TME 419, and TMS 92/0326. Mannitol had no effect on dry root weight (DRW) of plantlets of TMS 91934, TMS 94/0026, TME 419, TMS 30572, TMS 50395, and MM 98/3437. The DRW of each of the following four varieties: TMS 05/1654, TMS 92/0326, TMS 92B/00061, and TMS 94/0039, was decreased by mannitol, whereas the DRW of each of TMS 84/00353 and MM 96/1751 was increased by an average of 42.4%. Stress-tolerance index showed that TMS 84/00353, MM 96/1751, MM 98/3437, and TMS 94/0026 were tolerant of mannitol-induced drought stress and, therefore, recommended for planting in drought-prone regions by farmers.     

基于相对生长率的大豆旱灾系统敏感性定量评估研究

针对大豆旱灾系统敏感性定量评估的复杂性与重要性,依托新马桥农水综合试验站开展大豆防雨棚盆栽受旱胁迫专项试验,分析了大豆不同生育期受旱胁迫对根(冠)干物质积累及根冠比的影响,运用作物生长解析法构建了基于相对生长率(RGR)的大豆旱灾系统敏感性函数,实现对大豆旱灾系统敏感性的定量评估。结果表明:大豆苗期受旱胁迫会出现相对生长率较大幅度的降低,但随着受旱胁迫度的增大对大豆生长和干物质积累的抑制作用增强不明显,且受旱胁迫会激发自身适应受旱胁迫的机制而可能对后期生长发育有利,宜根据时机控制该生育期水分供给,保证苗全即可;大豆分枝期旱灾系统敏感性较强,但该生育期内轻度受旱胁迫对大豆生长发育影响不明显,宜保证该生育期水分供给高于轻度受旱胁迫(土壤含水率田间持水含水率的55%),以保障大豆株壮、枝多;大豆花荚期是水分和养分需求最大的时期,该生育期旱灾系统较敏感,特别是重度受旱胁迫时系统敏感性最大,宜充分保证该生育期的水分供给(土壤含水率田间持水含水率的75%),以保障大豆花多、荚多、粒多;大豆鼓粒成熟期由于营养生长基本停止、干物质积累几乎停滞,导致基于总干物质相对生长率旱灾系统敏感性最小,但该期是产量形成的关键期,宜保证该生育期尤其鼓粒期的水分供给(土壤含水率田间持水含水率的75%),以保障完熟期粒多、粒重。