向家坝水电站生态修复边坡土壤团聚体及有机碳含量特征

[目的] 分析生态工程修复技术对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布的影响,为向家坝水电站不同生态修复边坡土壤结构稳定及碳汇功能的提升提供科学依据。[方法] 以向家坝水电站4种不同生态修复边坡：植被混凝土(CBS)、厚层基材喷播(TB)、框格梁覆土(FB)、客土喷播(SS)表层土壤为研究对象,并以天然林(NF)和弃渣地(AS)两种自然恢复边坡为对照,采用湿筛法研究土壤团聚体分布和稳定性及其有机碳含量特征。[结果] ①各边坡土壤均以＞0.25 mm的大团聚体粒径为主;其中天然林大团聚体含量最高,为81.83%;植被混凝土和厚层基材边坡次之,弃渣地含量最低,仅占55.19%。4个人工生态修复边坡的MWD和GMD均低于天然林高于弃渣地,其中厚层基材边坡的值最高,分别为2.96 mm和1.47 mm。客土喷播和弃渣地的分形维数(D)显著高于(p＜0.05)其余4个边坡。②各生态修复边坡措施均以＞0.25 mm粒径的大团聚体有机碳含量最高;除客土喷播和弃渣地外,其他修复措施和天然林均以＞2 mm粒级土壤团聚体贡献率最大。③相关性分析表明土壤SOC与MWD,GMD和R_0.25呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),＞5 mm和5～2 mm粒级团聚体数量与土壤MWD,GMD,R_0.25和土壤SOC均呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),与D呈极显著负相关(p＜0.01)。[结论] 向家坝水电站研究区内厚层基材喷播技术和植被混凝土生态修复技术对土壤结构和有机碳库的改善效果比较接近天然林,客土喷播技术改善效果较差。     

植被混凝土复合抗冻剂的组配试验

借鉴水泥土抗冻改良方法,结合植被混凝土自身特点与功能,选取棕纤维、硅粉和表面活性剂为复合抗冻剂的原材料.参照混凝土抗冻性能检测试验,通过评价冻融循环过程中试样质量损失率与相对动弹性模量变化情况,试验得出对植被混凝土抗冻性能提升效应最明显的复合抗冻剂质量配比方案为棕纤维：硅粉：表面活性剂=1：3：0.05,且其掺加量为植生土干质量的1.5％时效果最佳.研究成果可为高寒地区裸露岩石边坡的植被修复提供理论依据.     

不同生态修复措施对藏东南工程边坡植被重建的作用

[目的] 评价青藏高原派墨公路生态恢复过程中环境因素对边坡植物群落的影响,为藏东南工程扰动区生态恢复计划提供理论依据。[方法] 以藏东南新修派墨公路为研究对象,基于沿线边坡生态恢复植物群落调查,分析群落盖度、物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数)、群落加权性状值(比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量、叶磷含量)与环境变量(海拔、修复措施)的关系,探究当前恢复重建植物群落对环境变量及工程措施的响应。[结果] ①海拔显著影响Margalef丰富度指数、叶干物质含量(p＜0.05); ②高强度的措施显著提高群落盖度、比叶面积、叶氮含量(p＜0.05),但对叶磷含量有显著负向作用(p＜0.05); ③人为高度干预的SJP技术能够显著增加高海拔植物的叶干物质含量,对群落修复效果总体较好。[结论] 海拔高度和修复措施是派墨公路沿线边坡植物群落恢复的主要影响因素。随着海拔升高,植被自然恢复难度增大。应加大人为修复措施强度,避免引起高寒地区生态退化。     

西藏高寒地区不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化

[目的] 对西藏DG水电站6种不同边坡生态修复类型土壤的肥力变化进行对比研究,为西藏水电工程扰动区生态环境的修复提供理论依据和技术支撑。[方法] 采用实地测量和室内试验等方法,分析不同边坡生态修复类型的肥力变化特征及植被生长情况,并用相关性分析确定边坡土壤肥力时空变化与植被生长情况之间的相关性,探讨影响边坡植被生长土壤的肥力主控因素。[结果] 在6种边坡生态修复类型土壤中有机质和氮元素波动变化均较大,随季节变化呈现先降低后增加再降低的趋势,而pH值、速效磷、速效钾变化相对较小。从不同边坡对比结果来看,边坡的土壤养分含量从高到低依次均为：弃土弃渣地 > 土质边坡 > 一般施工场地 > 土石混合边坡 > 岩质边坡 > 施工硬化地表,不同边坡的植被恢复生长状况方面,与土壤养分含量呈现相同的排序。各肥力指标中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷与植被生长情况的相关性最高,其次为速效钾、有机质,而与pH值相关性最低,说明氨氮、硝氮、速效磷对边坡植被生长效果的影响较大。[结论] 在不同边坡的土壤肥力状况中,弃土弃渣地表现最佳,而岩质边坡和施工硬化地表均表现较差,且土壤肥力中氨氮、硝氮、速效磷含量与植被生长情况紧密相关。     

不同结皮类型对植被混凝土基材团聚体及有机碳的影响

[目的] 分析土壤团聚体分布和有机碳含量特征,揭示生物结皮对边坡稳定和养分固持的影响,为生物结皮在修复工程中的运用提供参考和指导意见。[方法] 以植被混凝土基材修复边坡为例,运用土壤干筛法、土壤湿筛法分别对结皮覆盖和无结皮覆盖坡面土壤的结皮层(0—2 cm)和结皮下层(2—7 cm)团聚体和有机碳特征进行研究。[结果] ①生物结皮的存在明显影响了土壤团聚体分布、机械稳定性及R_0.25含量。结皮覆盖层较CK(无结皮覆盖坡面)稳定性指标分别增加27.42%~33.51%(MWD),21.66%~28.88%(GMD),大团聚体含量(R_0.25)增加10.68%,且苔藓类结皮影响最为显著。②湿筛法测定的不同结皮类型土壤团聚体均以＞0.25 mm粒径为主,其中结皮覆盖边坡的团聚体水稳性参数MWD,GMD,R_0.25分别介于1.93~5.33 mm,0.85~3.16 mm,70.97%~87.50%,以苔藓覆盖边坡最大,D_d值介于2.48~2.74间,以苔藓类值最小。团聚体水稳定性表现为苔藓覆盖边坡最好,裸坡最差。③结皮的存在促进了土壤有机碳累积,有机碳含量是CK组的两倍以上。其中对表层土壤有机碳水平提升作用明显,对下层土壤作用较低。④土壤有机碳含量与土壤水稳性参数MWD,GMD,R_0.25呈显著正相关性(p＜0.05),有机碳水平和团聚体稳定性联系密切,相互影响,有机碳水平的提高对增加团聚体稳定性具有重要作用。[结论] 生物结皮的存在对修复边坡团聚体稳定和有机碳累积具有促进作用,结皮对生态修复边坡稳定和养分固持有一定的作用,且不同结皮类型作用强度不一,其中苔藓类和混生结皮固土和固碳效果最优。     

施用不同改良材料对黄土区空心村复垦土壤结构和有机质含量的影响

[目的] 解决黄土区空心村废弃宅基地复垦土壤结构不良,肥力低下的严重问题,为空心村复垦土壤的质量提升提供理论依据。[方法] 选取6种不同改良材料处理进行了5 a的田间定位试验,分析了对照(CK)、熟化剂(TM)、粉煤灰(TF)、有机肥(TO)、熟化剂+粉煤灰(TMF)、熟化剂+有机肥(TMO)、粉煤灰+有机肥(TFO)处理对复垦土壤结构稳定性和有机质含量的改善效应。[结果] 与对照处理相比,长期施用不同改良材料后空心村复垦土壤有机质含量明显增加,促使水稳性微团聚体(＜0.25 mm)胶结形成水稳性大团聚体(＞0.25 mm),水稳性大团聚体含量均呈增加趋势。在0—15 cm土层,TM,TF,TO,TMF,TMO,TFO处理下水稳性大团聚体含量分别比CK处理增加了328.2%,130.0%,87.8%,81.1%,36.7%,12.2%。TF,TO,TMF,TMO,TFO处理显著增加了土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)值,降低了不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)、分形维数(D)(p＜0.05)。土壤有机质含量与MWD,GMD,＞2 mm粒级水稳性团聚体含量呈极显著正相关关系,与E_LT,D,＜0.25粒级水稳性微团聚含量呈极显著负相关。其中,粉煤灰+有机肥处理下空心村复垦土壤的水稳性大团聚体和有机质含量最高,土壤结构稳定性提升效果最好。[结论] 在黄土区空心村废弃宅基地复垦土壤整治中,粉煤灰+有机肥的有机无机结合处理是黄土区空心村复垦土壤结构改善和肥力提升适宜的改良措施。     

白草塬植被恢复后沟头草本植物多样性与土壤因子的关系

[目的] 探究黄土塬沟头在植被恢复后的草本植物多样性变化与土壤因子间的关系,为该区沟头水土保持效益评估提供科学依据。[方法] 以农地沟头为对照,选择不同植被恢复年限(5,13,18,22 a)的白草塬草地沟头,调查和测定了各植被恢复年限沟头的草本植物多样性和表层土壤(0—10 cm和10—25 cm)的土壤性质因子。[结果] 随植被恢复年限的增长,Patrick丰富度指数呈现先增大后稳定的变化趋势;Shannon-Wiener指数呈现持续上升的趋势,植被恢复18 a和22 a时的Shannon-Wiener指数高于恢复13 a,但没有显著性差异;Pielou均匀度指数呈现增加—降低—再增加的波动趋势,且在恢复22 a时达到最大值(0.89)。白草塬沟头0—10 cm和10—25 cm的土壤容重均在恢复22 a时达到最小值,较农地分别显著降低13.1%和17.8%(p＜0.05);0—10 cm和10—25 cm的土壤有机质含量、水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均重量直径和饱和导水率均随植被恢复年限的增加而显著增加,两土层的土壤因子在各植被恢复年限上呈现出显著性差异。相关性分析显示草本植物多样性指标与容重间呈负相关关系,与土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体平均重量直径以及饱和导水率呈显著正相关(p＜0.05)。冗余分析表明土壤团聚体含量与草本植物多样性变化密切相关。[结论] 植被恢复显著提高了沟头草本植物多样性,可改善表层土壤性质,在稳固沟头过程发挥重要作用。     

优化施肥方式对黄土高原新增耕地土壤有机质含量和团聚体特性的影响

[目的] 研究优化施肥对黄土高原地区新增耕地土壤质量和作物产量的影响,为新增耕地土壤建立合理的优化施肥处理和区域新造土地的健康可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法] 通过盆栽种植试验,评估有机肥处理（OF）、有机肥配施化肥处理（NP）、常规施肥处理（CF）对新增耕地土壤团聚体数量、结构稳定性、有机质含量和玉米产量的改良效应。[结果] CF处理下新整治耕地土壤有机质含量最低为7.08 g/kg,土壤水稳性大团聚含量低,结构稳定性差。与CF处理相比,优化施肥方式下的OF和NP处理显著提高了新增耕地土壤有机质含量和玉米产量（p<0.05）,>0.25 mm粒级大团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性显著提升,其中OF处理对新整治耕地土壤团聚体数量和稳定性的改善效果最佳。在0—10 cm土层,OF和NP处理下土壤有机质含量分别为12.67,11.79 g/kg,比CF处理分别提高了46.2%和36.1%。OF处理下水稳性团聚体MWD,GMD,R_0.25值分别比CF处理高了62.5%,21.4%和148.3%,分形维数比CF处理降低了1.7%;NP处理下水稳性团聚体MWD,GMD,R_0.25值分别比CF处理高了18.8%,3.6%和40.9%,分形维数比CF处理降低了0.4%。在10—20 cm土层,OF和NP处理下土壤有机质含量、团聚体数量和结构稳定性也得到一定的提升。土壤有机质含量与团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）呈显著正相关关系（p<0.001）。[结论] 优化施肥是有利于提升新整治耕地土壤结构稳定性、保肥特性和土地生产力的有效措施。     

季冻区公路边坡植物根系对冻融作用的影响

[目的] 探究季冻区公路边坡植物根系对冻融作用影响，为季冻区边坡防护工程的植物选择提供科学参考。[方法] 通过调查季冻区高速公路边坡土壤及植被特征，采用对比分析的方法研究不同植物根系对冻融循环作用的影响。[结果] 3种试验植物根系抵抗冻融破坏的强弱关系依次表现为：刺槐 > 胡枝子 > 紫穗槐。植物根系通过调节土壤物理性质以及发挥根系结构作用影响冻融循环过程，根系的存在调节了土壤含水率从而降低了土体发生融沉或裂缝的概率。[结论] 在季冻区公路边坡冻融破坏防治中，垂直根系生长较深，根系分布范围更广的植物能够提供更好的抵抗冻融破坏的能力。     

不同基材边坡土壤肥力变化趋势预测——以向家坝水电站工程区为例

[目的]对向家坝水电站工程区7种不同基材边坡土壤在2005—2014年的肥力进行测定和分析,并预测未来肥力变化趋势,旨在为大型水利水电工程区边坡植被重建及生态恢复提供理论与技术支撑。[方法]运用灰色理论研究各肥力因子间的灰色关联度,以此确立主要肥力因子来表征土壤肥力,而后建立Logistic预测模型探讨土壤肥力未来25a的变化情况。[结果]微生物量与其他肥力因子间的灰色关联度均大于其他肥力因子相互之间的灰色关联度,可作为主要肥力因子来表征土壤的肥力水平;2005—2040年上述边坡土壤微生物量(肥力水平)总体表现为:天然林天然次生林植被混凝土边坡厚层基材框格梁回填土客土喷播弃渣地。[结论]随着时间的推移,各边坡土壤的微生物量(肥力水平)将最终趋向稳定,在人工营造的边坡植被生境中,植被混凝土边坡的土壤肥力表现最佳。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.