栽培年限对日光温室土壤团聚体有机碳含量与组分的影响

为了探讨不同栽培年限日光温室土壤团聚体各组分有机碳含量变化,以辽宁省朝阳市日光温室土壤为研究对象,并以棚外旱田土壤为对照,研究了1、5、10、15及25年日光温室土壤不同粒径团聚体内轻组有机碳(Light fraction organic carbon,LFOC)和重组有机碳(Heavy fraction organic carbon,HFOC)含量的变化。结果表明,与旱田土壤相比,日光温室有利于土壤各组分有机碳的积累,且随着栽培年限的延长而增加,土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)与土壤LFOC含量呈显著正相关关系,相关系数R值高达0.994 5,而土壤HFOC增长缓慢;不同粒径土壤SOC、LFOC和HFOC含量均随着耕作年限的延长而有所增加。对于同一耕作年限不同粒径团聚体土壤的LFOC和HFOC含量变化按从大到小的顺序均表现为250~2 000μm、53~250μm、<53μm,且日光温室各粒径土壤LFOC和HFOC含量平均高于旱田土壤2.3倍和1.5倍。250~2 000μm对日光温室土壤各组分有机碳库贡献最大,R值分别为0.993、0.991及0.967。     

南方三种典型水稻土长期试验下有机碳积累机制研究Ⅰ.团聚体物理保护作用

选取我国南方三种典型水稻土的长期试验田,采集长期不同处理下的未破坏土壤样品,采用低能量超声波分散法分离得到不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组,研究不同处理下这些团聚体颗粒组中的有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)含量及其分配变化,探讨土壤有机碳积累与团聚体物理保护的关系。结果表明:供试三种水稻土团聚体颗粒组的组成以200~20μm和20~2μm粒径为主,分别占22%~43%和27%~44%,微团聚化作用较强。SOC含量以2 000~200μm和<2μm粒组中最高;而易氧化态碳(Labile organic car-bon,LOC)主要富集于2 000~200μm粗团聚体颗粒组中,其占SOC的比例(LOC/SOC)也是以该粒径中明显最高。直径为2 000~200μm的粗团聚体颗粒组作为新增有机碳的主要载体,随不同耕作和施肥等长期处理的变化最为强烈,其中又以红壤性水稻土的SOC和LOC随不同施肥的变化最为强烈,说明其良好管理下的有机碳累积效应最为显著。统计分析表明,全土的有机碳积累量与2 000~200μm粗团聚体的有机碳积累量之间的关系可用抛物线拟合(R2=0.95,n=8)。由此看来,长期试验下新固定的有机碳积累及其粗团聚体保护可能存在某种饱和机理。计算表明,供试水稻土的粗团聚体保护在长期试验期内还未达到其饱和限,本研究结果支持了我国学者对于近20年来南方水稻土特别是红壤丘陵区水稻土有机碳固定速率较高的认识。同时,红壤性水稻土的粗团聚体保护作用最强,仍然具有明显的固碳潜力,这也提示土壤中氧化铁对水稻土中有机碳的固定和化学稳定可能有重要贡献,水稻土固碳的团聚体保护作用与团聚体中有机碳的化学结合机制有关。     

南方三种典型水稻土长期试验下有机碳积累机制研究I．团聚体物理保护作用

选取我国南方三种典型水稻土的长期试验田,采集长期不同处理下的未破坏土壤样品,采用低能量超声波分散法分离得到不同粒径的团聚体颗粒组,研究不同处理下这些团聚体颗粒组中的有机碳（Soil organic carbon,SOC）含量及其分配变化,探讨土壤有机碳积累与团聚体物理保护的关系。结果表明：供试三种水稻土团聚体颗粒组的组成以200—20μm和20～2μm粒径为主,分别占22％～43％和27％一44％,微团聚化作用较强。SOC含量以2000—200μm和〈2μm粒组中最高;而易氧化态碳（Labile organic carbon,LOC）主要富集于2000～200μm粗团聚体颗粒组中,其占SOC的比例（LOC／SOC）也是以该粒径中明显最高。直径为2000—200μm的粗团聚体颗粒组作为新增有机碳的主要载体,随不同耕作和施肥等长期处理的变化最为强烈,其中又以红壤性水稻土的SOC和LOC随不同施肥的变化最为强烈,说明其良好管理下的有机碳累积效应最为显著。统计分析表明,全土的有机碳积累量与2000～200μm粗团聚体的有机碳积累量之间的关系可用抛物线拟合（R2=0．95,n=8）。由此看来,长期试验下新固定的有机碳积累及其粗团聚体保护可能存在某种饱和机理。计算表明,供试水稻土的粗团聚体保护在长期试验期内还未达到其饱和限,本研究结果支持了我国学者对于近20年来南方水稻土特别是红壤丘陵区水稻土有机碳固定速率较高的认识。同时,红壤性水稻土的粗团聚体保护作用最强,仍然具有明显的固碳潜力,这也提示土壤中氧化铁对水稻土中有机碳的固定和化学稳定可能有重要贡献,水稻土固碳的团聚体保护作用与团聚体中有机碳的化学结合机制有关。     

凋落物及氮添加对针阔叶林土壤氮和水解氨基酸的影响

为探究凋落物对森林土壤氮的影响及氮沉降的调节,本研究以亚热带天然阔叶林(罗浮栲林)和人工针叶林(杉木林)2种林型土壤和凋落物为对象,分别设置土壤(对照)、土壤+凋落物(3倍添加)、土壤+氮(120 mg/kg)、土壤+凋落物(3倍添加)+氮(120 mg/kg) 4种处理,每种处理设置3个重复,进行为期一年的室内模拟淋溶试验,分析土壤可溶性氮和物理分级后各粒径土壤水解氨基酸变化。结果表明：与对照比较,阔叶林土壤添加凋落物处理增加土壤铵态氮和游离氨基酸,而降低硝态氮含量;氮添加降低针叶林土壤氨态氮,增加硝态氮含量,但是增加阔叶林土壤铵态氮和游离氨基酸;凋落物添加的情况下,氮添加显著增加阔叶林土壤硝态氮含量。土壤的各粒径组分分布比例差异显著,氮添加倾向于降低针叶林土壤大粒径、增加小粒径分配比例,而阔叶林相反。针叶林土壤添加凋落物显著增加土壤粒径组分2 000～250μm、20～2μm、<2μm水解氨基酸含量;氮添加增加针叶林全土、2 000～250μm和20～2μm粒径水解氨基酸含量;在凋落物添加或氮添加情况下,氮添加或凋落物显著降低全土、250～53μm、53～20μm粒径水解氨基...     

不同土地利用方式对河滩砂质湿地土壤有机碳在团聚体内分布和稳定性的影响

以江汉平原河滩砂质湿地起源土壤为例,研究稻田、棉田、桔园和未开垦湿地利用方式下表土有机碳含量变化及其在团聚体颗粒组内的分布和稳定性.结果表明:不同土地利用方式下表土有机碳含量差异显著,稻田显著高于其他土地利用方式,湿地、棉田和桔园间差异不显著.旱地减少了土壤有机碳的团聚体物理保护作用,而水田稻作条件下有助于形成土壤有机碳的团聚体物理保护作用.稻田、棉田、湿地均为2 000～200 μm颗粒组比例最高,桔园200～20 μm颗粒组比例最高,不同土地利用方式均为＜2μm颗粒组比例最少.全土SOC的分配主要集中在2 000～200 μm大团聚体颗粒组中,在＜2 μm颗粒组中最少.2 000～200 μm大团聚体颗粒组LOC/SOC的比例最高,碳库不稳定,易于丢失;＜2 μm小颗粒组团聚体LOC/SOC的比例最低,碳库稳定.表明长江中游地区砂质湿地土壤开垦成稻田是相对较好的保持土壤有机碳库的土地利用途径.     

长期施肥稻田土壤团聚体内氧化铁分布特征及其与有机碳的关系

通过对长期施化肥及化肥与紫云英、稻草、猪粪配施处理下红壤稻田各粒级团聚体内氧化铁分布特征的研究,探讨不同施肥方式下各粒级团聚体内氧化铁形态与有机碳含量的关系.结果表明,长期施化肥及化肥与紫云英、稻草、猪粪配施增加了土壤中无定形铁Fe.含量(增幅达10.5％ ～ 58.5％),降低了土壤中游离铁Fed的含量(降幅为0.4％～ 13.8％),土壤中氧化铁的活度Feo/Fed提高了19％ ～ 76％.各粒级团聚体内Feo含量表现为:250～53μm＞(53 μm)＞2 000～250 μm,Fed含量表现为:250～53 μm ＞2 000～ 250 μm＞ (53 μm),Feo/Fed表现为:(＜53 μm)＞250～ 53 μm＞2 000～ 250μm.全土和各粒级团聚体内Fe.含量及其Feo/Fed与其相应的有机碳含量均呈显著正相关(P＜0.05,相关系数分别为:r=0.953 ～ 0.779和r=0.991～ 0.823),而Fed含量与其相应的有机碳含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05,r=-0.964～-0.651).有机物料的投入能活化氧化铁,有机质投入量最大的化肥配施猪粪处理Fe.含量及Fe./Fed显著提高.     

球囊霉素在土壤团聚体中的分布特征及影响因素的Meta分析

为充分认识球囊霉素在维持土壤有机碳平衡和土壤团聚体稳定性中的重要作用,建立改善土壤结构 和提升土壤质量的管理策略,通过收集整理近些年来已发表的19篇文献中的332组数据,定量分析球囊霉素在不同粒径土壤团聚体中的分布特征,系统解析其影响因素,并比较了不同土地利用方式下球囊霉素在土壤团聚体中的分配差异。结果表明：无论是总球囊霉素还是易提取球囊霉素,在大团聚体（>2 000 μm）和小团聚体（2 000~250 μm）中的质量百分比（分别约占30%）均显著高于微团聚体（250~53 μm）和黏粉粒级微团聚体（<53 μm）（分别约占15%）。易提取球囊霉素占总球囊霉素的比例在粉黏粒级微团聚体（<53 μm）中更低,约为20%,其他粒径均在30%以上。球囊霉素中碳占土壤有机碳的比例在各团聚体中无显著差异,不同粒径团聚体中易提取球囊霉素约占有机碳的2%左右,而总球囊霉素约占有机碳的8%左右。大于250 μm团聚体中球囊霉素随温度和降水的增加而增加,而随着pH的增加而降低。在小于250 μm团聚体中未发现显著相关性,但发现球囊霉素随土壤有机碳增加而增加,呈显著正相关。通过比较不同利用方式的土壤,本研究还发现林地土壤各粒径团聚体中的球囊霉素均不低于耕地和草地土壤,这说明林地土壤较其他类型土壤更有利于球囊霉素的积累。     

红壤性水稻土不同粒级团聚体有机碳矿化及其温度敏感性

采用室内培养方法,研究不同温度(15℃、25℃和35℃)条件下红壤性水稻土不同粒级团聚体(2 mm、1～2 mm、 0.25～1 mm、0.053～0.25 mm和0.053 mm)中有机碳矿化特征,分析团聚体有机碳矿化对全土有机碳矿化的贡献并探讨团聚体有机碳矿化的温度敏感性。结果表明:0.25 mm大团聚体较0.25 mm微团聚体含有更多的有机碳和全氮,碳氮比随团聚体粒级减小而降低。全土和各粒级团聚体有机碳矿化速率在培养的前7d快速下降,之后缓慢降低并在培养后期趋于稳定。25℃和35℃培养时,有机碳累积矿化量在1 mm团聚体中最高,在0.053～0.25 mm团聚体中最低,且有机碳累积矿化量与有机碳和全氮含量显著或极显著正相关。2 mm和0.25～1 mm团聚体对全土有机碳矿化的贡献最大,贡献率分别为34.6%和28.8%。培养温度的升高显著提高了全土和团聚体的有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量和矿化率。不同粒级团聚体有机碳矿化的温度敏感性系数为1.38～2.00,与有机碳、全氮和碳氮比均极显著正相关。综上所述,0.25 mm大团聚体在红壤性水稻土有机碳矿化中发挥主导作用,升温促进了不同粒级团聚体有机碳的矿化,团聚体有机碳矿化的温度敏感性与有机质的数量和质量密切相关。     

有机肥对棕壤不同粒级有机碳和氮的影响

采集棕壤长期肥料定位试验站不施肥和施用不同用量有机肥的土壤,通过超声波分散—离心分离得到细黏粒(<0.2μm)、粗黏粒(0.2～2μm)、粉粒(2～53μm)、细砂粒(53～250μm)和粗砂粒(250～2000μm)5个颗粒级别后,分析全土及不同粒级中土壤有机碳和氮并进行含量与分布的比较。结果表明,有机质主要分布于黏粒级中,其含量占全土有机碳的42.8%、全氮的58.3%,碳氮比随着粒级的增加而逐渐增大,表明氮易于在小粒级中富集。长期施用有机肥后,全土及各粒级有机碳和氮含量均有显著增加;砂粒级中有机碳和氮的富集系数升高,黏粒级中富集系数降低,粉粒级和砂粒级中的碳氮比降低。增加有机肥的用量加强了全土和各粒级对有机碳和氮的积累,同时加强了粉粒级和砂粒级碳氮比降低的程度。     

不同土层水稻土培养条件下有机碳矿化规律研究

以湖南省桃源县水稻土为研究对象,基于土壤有机碳三库一级动力学理论,从垂直变化角度研究水稻土总有机碳(Ct)、活性碳(Ca)、缓效性碳(Cs)、惰性碳(Cp)的含量及有机碳矿化特征的相关规律。研究结果表明:1总有机碳、活性碳、缓效性碳、惰性碳含量分别与土层深度成负相关,相关系数分别为0.8431、0.8516、0.8320、0.7734(P0.01),土层越深活性碳占总有机碳比例越小,惰性碳占总有机碳比例越大。2按照CO2-C释放速率变化程度,将矿化曲线划分为快速矿化(平均约7.94 d)、缓慢矿化(平均约28 d)和平衡矿化三个阶段,其中快速矿化阶段主要为活性碳矿化。3土壤有机碳矿化速率、累积矿化量、矿化比例等都随土层加深而减小,但30~60 cm土层有机碳总量大,其有机碳矿化总量的变化对1 m深有机碳矿化总量变化的影响大。4偏相关分析表明不同土层土壤有机碳各组分含量、有机碳矿化总量与土壤全氮含量和土壤p H相关,即土壤性质影响有机碳矿化特征。由此得出,深层土壤有机碳也参与全球碳循环,并且全氮含量和p H会影响深层碳库成为碳源或是碳汇,在研究全球碳循环时应给予充分重视。     

森林生态系统碳循环研究进展

针对森林生态系统碳循环在全球碳循环中的重要作用,综述了国内外森林生态系统碳循环的研究进展,包括森林生态系统植物和土壤碳固定、森林群落和土壤的碳释放、森林生态系统碳平衡和碳循环模型等方面,并指出今后的研究方向。     

How do environmental factors and different fertilizer strategies affect soil CO2 emission and carbon sequestration in the upland soils of southern China?

Upland soils have been identified as a major CO₂ source induced by human activities, such as fertilizer applications. The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of soil CO₂ emission and carbon balance in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades. The measurements of soil surface CO₂ fluxes throughout the years of 2009 and 2010 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment (from 1990) in a double cropping system rotated with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in upland soil in southern China. Four treatments were chosen from the experiment for this study: no-fertilizer application (SR), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium chemical fertilizers (NPK), NPK plus pig manure (NPKM) and pig manure alone (M). Results showed that the mean value of soil CO₂ fluxes from 08:00 to 10:00 am could represent its daily mean value in summer period (June–August) and that from 09:00 am to 12:00 pm for the rest season of a year. Soil temperature and moisture combined together could explain 70–83% of variations of CO₂ emission. Annual cumulative soil CO₂ fluxes in the treatments with manure applications (8.2 ± 0.8 and 11.0 ± 1.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2009, and 7.9 ± 0.9 and 11.1 ± 1.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2010 in NPKM and M, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the treatments with non-manure addition (2.5 ± 0.2 and 3.4 ± 0.2 t C ha⁻¹ in 2009, and 2.1 ± 0.2 and 3.7 ± 0.3 t C ha⁻¹ in 2010 in SR and NPK, respectively). However, the treatments with manure applications represented a carbon sink in the soil (carbon output/input ratio < 1.0), which demonstrated potential for carbon sequestration.     

Old soil carbon is more temperature sensitive than the young in an agricultural field

Changes in the carbon stock of soil in response to climate change would significantly affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and consequently climate. The isotopes of carbon provide a means to study the temperature sensitivities of different soil carbon fractions. Where C3 vegetation has changed for C4, soil organic matter (SOM) from the different origins have different ¹³C/¹²C ratios. Relying on this feature, we took soil samples from a control field and a field where ordinary grain (C3) vegetation was replaced by maize (C4), 5 years ago. We measured the respiration rate and the ¹³C/¹²C ratio of the CO₂ produced by the samples at different temperatures. Based on these measurements, we quantified that Q₁₀ was 3.4-3.6 for the total CO₂ production while it was 2.4-2.9 at 20 °C for the maize-derived young carbon and 3.6 for the older C3-derived carbon. Our results suggest that climatic warming will accelerate especially the decomposition of the large pool of old soil carbon in these fields.     

Protection of soil carbon by microaggregates within earthworm casts

Earthworms are known to play a role in aggregate formation and soil organic matter (SOM) protection. However, it is still unclear at what scale and how quickly earthworms manage to protect SOM. We investigated the effects of Aporrectodea caliginosa on aggregation and aggregate-associated C pools using ¹³C-labeled sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) leaf residue. Two incubations were set up. The first incubation consisted of soil samples crushed <250 μm to break up all macroaggregates with three treatments: (i) control soil; (ii) soil+¹³C-labeled residue and (iii) soil+¹³C-labeled residue+earthworms. Earthworms were added after 8 d and 12 d (days) later, aggregate size distribution was measured together with total C and ¹³C in each aggregate fraction. A second incubation was made to assay protected versus unprotected total C and ¹³C from 21-d laboratory incubations of intact and crushed large (>2000 μm) and small (250-2000 μm) macroaggregates and microaggregates (53-250 μm). Eight different pools of aggregate-associated C were quantified: (1) and (2) unprotected C pools in large and small macroaggregates, (3) unprotected C pools in microaggregates, (4) and (5) protected C pools in large and small macroaggregates, (6) protected C pool in microaggregates, and (7) and (8) protected C pools in microaggregates within large and small macroaggregates. In the presence of earthworms, a higher proportion of large macroaggregates was newly formed and these aggregates contained more C and ¹³C compared to bulk soil. There were no significant differences between the samples with or without earthworms in the C pool-sizes protected by macroaggregates, microaggregates or microaggregates within small macroaggregates. However, in the presence of earthworms, the C protected by microaggregates within large macroaggregates was a significant pool and 22% of this C pool was newly added C. In conclusion, these results clearly indicate the direct involvement of earthworms in providing protection of soil C in microaggregates within large macroaggregates leading to a possible long-term stabilization of soil C.     

我国湿地碳循环的研究进展

湿地生态系统的碳循环正成为全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的一大热点,在稳定全球气候变化中占有重要地位,其重要性主要表现在湿地土壤是陆地重要的有机碳库,土壤碳密度高,能够相对长期地储存碳,是多种温室气体的源和汇。目前湿地碳循环的研究主要集中在碳循环的影响因素方面,对我国湿地土壤有机碳储存的变化及其空间分布规律的特点研究较少。本文通过文献综述,研究我国不同气候区湿地土壤有机碳的储存变化及空间分布规律,对于了解湿地土壤有机碳的储存特点及其与陆地生态系统碳循环的关系,评价和保护湿地生态系统都具有重要的科学意义。     

Carbon Sequestration in Kiwifruit Orchard Soils at Depth to Mitigate Carbon Emissions

Management practices designed to increase carbon sequestration via perennial tree crops are potential tools to mitigate the consequences of climate change. Changes in orchard management could enable growers to meet eco-verification market demands for products with a low carbon footprint and potentially exploit the emerging business opportunity in carbon storage, while enhancing the delivery of ecosystem services that depend on soil carbon stocks. However, there is no standard methodology to verify any potential claims of carbon storage by perennial vine crops. We developed a robust methodology to quantify carbon storage in kiwifruit orchards. Soil carbon stocks (SCS) were determined in six depth increments to 1 m deep in two adjacent kiwifruit blocks, which had been established 10 (“young”) and 25 (“old”) years earlier. We used a space-for-time analysis. Our key results were the young and old kiwifruit block stored about 139 and 145 t C/ha to 1 m depth. Between 80–90 percent of the SCS were stored in the top 0.5 m, and 89–95 percent in the top 0.7 m; there was no significant difference between the SCS in row and alley to a depth of 0.5 m; a CV of 5–15 percent indicates that 4–10 cores are needed for 80 percent confidence in the estimated SCS; we recommend separating each core into the depths 0–0.1, 0.1–0.3, 0.3–0.5, and 0.5–1 m to allow the assessment of SCS dynamics; we detected a weak spatial pattern of the SCS only for the old kiwifruit block with a range of about 3 m. A sampling bay along a vine row should have a maximum length of 3 m. We then assessed SCS in more than sixty kiwifruit orchards throughout New Zealand. They stored on average 174.9 ± 3 t C ha^?1 to 1 m depth. On average, 51 percent of the SCS down to 1 m depth were stored in the top 0.3 m, which is the standard depth according to the Kyoto protocol. About 72 percent of the SCS to 1 m depth were captured when increasing the sampling depth to 0.5 m. These results underscore the necessity to analyze SCS in an orchard to at least 0.5 m deep. Using the same methodology to 1 m deep, we determined SCS in two wine grape vineyards on shallow, stony alluvial soils. We found a difference between vineyard and adjacent pasture SCS of nearly 16 t/ha. As the vines are 25 years old, this equates to carbon sequestration rates of 640 kg ha^?1 yr^?1. Our results of the space-for-time analysis also showed that all sequestration had occurred below 0.5 m. Therefore, we decided to sample C to a greater depth. In a 30-year old kiwifruit orchard and an adjacent pasture, SCS was measured to 9 m deep. In the kiwifruit orchard, we found a sequestration rate of 6.3 tons of C per hectare per year greater than in the adjacent pasture that was the antecedent land use.     

我国农田生态系统碳蓄积及其变化特征研究

对我国近20年来农田生态系统C蓄积的时空变化特征进行估算分析结果表明,我国农田生态系统近20年来C蓄积总量持续增大,主要是由于单位面积C密度持续增大。农田C密度高值区主要分布在我国东部地区且多>3t/hm2,低值区主要分布在我国北方农牧交错带地区且普遍<1t/hm2。而科学管理作物残余物是增强农田生态系统C蓄积能力的关键。     

减量施氮与间作大豆对蔗田碳平衡特征的影响

为了研究氮肥投入及豆科作物间作对蔗田碳汇的影响,通过2年(2012—2013年)的大田试验,采用投入产出平衡法(即将作物生育期内的碳投入与碳产出进行量化分析),探讨2个蔗田施氮水平[300 kg·hm?2(减量施氮)和525 kg·hm?2(常规施氮)]和4种种植模式(甘蔗单作、大豆单作、甘蔗||大豆1行︰1行间作及甘蔗||大豆1行︰2行间作)下蔗田生态系统碳的输入和输出特征。结果表明,两种施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式碳输入量均显著高于甘蔗单作和甘蔗||大豆1︰1间作模式。2012年减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式碳输出量显著低于甘蔗单作和甘蔗||大豆1︰1间作模式,2013年差异不显著;甘蔗收获后,减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆两种间作模式土壤碳截存量均显著高于甘蔗单作。甘蔗||大豆间作生态系统的碳收支与平衡分析表明,减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式净碳固定量2012年为2 956.35 kg·hm?2,2013年为872.59 kg·hm?2。减量施氮处理甘蔗||大豆1︰2间作模式下农田固碳潜力大于其他处理,从农业可持续发展角度考虑,该模式具有一定的生态合理性。     

Carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe

In this review, technical and economically viable potentials for carbon sequestration in the agricultural soils of Europe by 2008-2012 are analysed against a business-as-usual scenario. We provide a quantitative estimation of the carbon absorption potential per hectare and the surface of agricultural land that is available and suitable for the implementation of those measures, their environmental effects as well as the effects on farm income. Realistically, agricultural soils in EU-15 can sequester up to 16-19 Mt C year⁻¹ during the first Kyoto commitment period (2008-2012), which is less than one fifth of the theoretical potential and equivalent to 2% of European anthropogenic emissions. We identified as most promising measures: the promotion of organic inputs on arable land instead of grassland, the introduction of perennials (grasses, trees) on arable set-aside land for conservation or biofuel purposes, to promote organic farming, to raise the water table in farmed peatland, and—with restrictions—zero tillage or conservation tillage. Many options have environmental benefits but some risk of increasing N₂O emissions. For most measures it is impossible to determine the overall impact on farm profitability. Efficient carbon sequestration in agricultural soils demands a permanent management change and implementation concepts adjusted to local soil, climate and management features in order to allow selection of areas with high carbon sequestering potential. Some of the present agricultural policy schemes have probably helped to maintain carbon stocks in agricultural soils.     

北京城市园林树木碳贮量与固碳量研究

为了解北京城市园林树木碳库的贮量及其固碳效果,在1995年和2000年北京城市园林绿化普查资料的基础上,结合遥感影像,对北京城市园林树木碳贮量进行计算。结果表明:2002年北京城市园林树木总碳贮量约为58.88万t,单位建成区面积碳贮量为7.70t/hm2;近年来北京园林树木碳贮量正逐年增加,2002年新增碳贮量达0.46万t。