秘鲁外海涡旋的时空分布及其与茎柔鱼资源丰度的关系分析

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是短生命周期的头足类种类,对环境变化极其敏感,秘鲁外海是茎柔鱼重要的作业渔场,该海域广泛分布的中尺度涡对其有何影响尚不清晰。本研究基于角动量涡旋检测与追踪算法(angular momentum eddy detection and tracking algorithm,AMEDA)获得的涡旋追踪数据分析了秘鲁外海涡旋的时空分布,并进一步采用茎柔鱼渔业数据、涡旋追踪数据和环境数据评估中尺度涡及其引起的环境变化对秘鲁外海茎柔鱼资源丰度和分布的影响。结果表明,秘鲁外海的涡旋主要分布在沿岸海域和15°S以南的海域,存在一定的月间变化,年际变化不明显。反气旋涡和气旋涡的影响范围划分为内部(0-R)和边缘(R-2R)区域,反气旋涡中的茎柔鱼丰度优于气旋涡,涡旋边缘的茎柔鱼丰度高于涡旋内部;反气旋涡中的适宜环境占比高于气旋涡,涡旋边缘的适宜环境占比高于涡旋内部。此外,反气旋涡中相对较低的海表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)和50 m水层温度(T50 m)产生了更多的适宜栖息地,导致反气旋涡中茎柔鱼丰度更高。研究表明,不同类型涡旋...     

季风变化对西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔业生物学及渔场学影响的研究进展

西北印度洋海域是世界著名的季风区, 在季风的控制下形成了季节性季风洋流, 洋流的运动改变了水体中各环境因子的分布, 进而对海域中栖息的各种海洋生物造成影响。鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)是一种短生命周期的经济头足类, 在西北印度洋海域资源量巨大, 是中国鱿钓渔业目前重要的开发对象。本文从生长与繁殖特性、种群划分及对环境适应性等方面介绍了西北印度洋鸢乌贼的渔业生物学特性, 分析了西北印度洋季风洋流与渔场的形成机理, 描述了西北印度洋的季风气候特点, 指出了印度洋偶极子对水体中环境因子的影响, 综合归纳了季风变化及异常气候对西北印度洋鸢乌贼生长、繁殖、洄游及资源分布的影响。此外, 还分析了当前研究的不足, 提出了利用耳石、角质颚等硬组织蕴藏的微化学和微结构信息, 深入开展季风变化及异常气候对鸢乌贼渔业生物学及渔场学影响的机制研究的展望, 为后续深入研究季风变化与鸢乌贼生长特性、洄游路线和资源分布的关系探明了方向。     

海表面温度及叶绿素a浓度对西北印度洋鸢乌贼时空分布的影响

西北印度洋鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)资源具有一定的开发潜力, 可作为商业性捕捞对象。本研究基于西北印度洋 2017 年 1—3 月, 8—12 月鸢乌贼的渔捞日志数据, 结合同期海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST) 及叶绿素 a 浓度(chlorophyll-a, Chl-a)数据, 运用渔场重心分析、地统计插值、GAM (generalized additive model)模型分析, 探究西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔场时空变动及其与海洋环境因子的关系。研究表明, 2017 年 1—3 月, 8—12 月鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)渔场重心大多分布于海洋锋带附近, 分布范围集中于 13.6°N~17.2°N、58.3°E~ 62.2°E 海域, 1—3 月渔场重心向西南迁移, 8—11 月渔场重心往东北移动, 12 月向西南折回。GAM 模型分析结果显示, 西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔场最适 SST 范围是 25.5~27.0 ℃, 最适 Chl-a 浓度范围是 0.2~0.4 mg/m3 , 月份是影响鸢乌贼单位捕捞努力渔获量(catch per unit effort, CPUE)的主要因子。研究结果对于了解该海域鸢乌贼资源变动规律、 指导鸢乌贼资源科学生产具有重要意义。     

印度洋鸢乌贼的加工利用

鸢乌贼广泛分布在印度洋、太平洋的赤道和亚热带海域,资源潜力很大。我国2003年9～11月首次利用光诱钓船对印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼进行了调查。印度洋鸢乌贼可食部分比例高达81％左右,粗蛋白含量为17．8％～19．1％,粗脂肪含量为0．6％～1．0％,可认为是高蛋白低脂肪的水产品。本试验旨往对印度洋鸢乌贼的加工利用进行一些初步尝试,为今后合理开发利用这一资源创造条件。     

鸢乌贼渔业资源研究进展

<正>鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)属头足纲柔鱼科鸢乌贼属,是世界重要的大洋性经济头足类之一,广泛分布于印度洋、太平洋的热带和亚热带海域^[1-2]。鸢乌贼在印度洋西北部海域和中国南海的资源量较为丰富^[3-4],根据联合国粮食及农业组织估算,其总资源量约为800～1120万t^[5]。     

基于海洋遥感的西北印度洋鸢乌贼渔场形成机制的初步分析

2003年9-11月中国鱿钓船对西北印度洋海域鸢乌贼渔场进行生产性探捕调查，发现在16°N、61°E附近海域存在中心渔场，平均日产达5 t以上，但渔场10 d后迅速消失。本文结合本次调查生产数据和卫星遥感资料对这一渔场进行了分析。渔场形成内在动力在于上升流的存在，它使深海缺氧、营养丰富的海水上涌到表层，上升流影响区域SST低，表层藻类 的繁盛，海表面叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度值高。溶解氧缺乏，驱使鸢乌贼朝溶解氧比较丰富的区域即向SST高值和Chl-a低值的区域聚集，但鸢乌贼也有朝食物丰富区域即Chl-a高和SST低值区域觅食习性。鱼群易集中在SST梯度较大且Chl-a梯度较大的狭长区域。同时，当该海域附近上升流发生后，低压扰动有利于较大的SST梯度及Chl－a梯度的出现和维持，渔场海洋环境复杂，鱼群迅速聚集，形成中心渔场；而当低压扰动消失，风速增大，风向单一，渔场海洋环境单一均匀，鱼群会很快分散，中心渔场消失。     

印度洋西北海域秋季鸢乌贼渔场分布与浮游动物的关系

根据2004年10~11月我国鱿钓船在印度洋西北海域进行鸢乌贼资源调查所获得的资料,对表层浮游动物与鸢乌贼渔场分布之间的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:桡足类、箭虫类和糠虾类在调查海域的出现率在86%以上。浮游动物总生物量平均值为39.51±114.06mg/m3。鸢乌贼的平均日产量为4.6 t,平均CPUE为3.90 ind/线/h。在浮游动物中,生物量最高的种类为尖尾海萤,平均值为24.30mg/m3,但空间分布差异极大,并且与中心渔场分布无关。其次为箭虫类、桡足类和糠虾类,生物量平均值分别为9.18mg/m3、2.32mg/m3和1.38mg/m3,与中心渔场分布关系显著,并可作为渔场分布的指示种类。     

南海鸢乌贼产量与表温及水温垂直结构的关系

根据2012年9—10月秋季航次及2013年3—4月春季航次南海灯光罩网船各站点的水温数据及生产数据,对鸢乌贼(Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis)产量与表温(SST)及水温垂直结构的关系进行了分析。结果显示,春季是鸢乌贼的高产渔期,总产量及平均网产都明显高于秋季;鸢乌贼作业渔场的季节变化较为明显,春季南沙和西中沙海域都有渔场分布,产量主要集中在10°~15°N、111°~117°E海域内,而秋季鸢乌贼产量主要集中在13°~15°N、117°~118°E海域;鸢乌贼春季和秋季作业渔场的SST范围有所差异,春季作业渔场表温范围为25.6~29.6℃,秋季作业渔场表温范围为27.6~30.0℃,但最适表温都分布于28.5~29.5℃的海域;不同季节作业渔场水温垂直结构差异明显,从5~50 m水温垂直梯度来看,春季鸢乌贼0.00~0.05℃/m组距内平均网产较高,且随着水温垂直梯度的增加而减少;而秋季鸢乌贼平均网产随水温垂直梯度的增加而增加,并于0.15~0.20℃/m组距内达到最高。灰色关联度分析表明,5~50 m水温垂直梯度是对鸢乌贼产量影响最显著的因子,关联度为0.84,纬度、5~100 m水温垂直梯度、表温和经度影响次之。     

基于灯光罩网法的南海鸢乌贼声学评估技术研究

南海中南部深水海域蕴藏着丰富的鸢乌贼资源,为推动南海外海渔业资源开发,实验探索了灯光罩网与声学手段相结合的鸢乌贼资源量评估方法。根据2011年4—5月在南沙群岛海域灯光罩网和Simrad EY60科学鱼探仪同步采集鸢乌贼生物学和声学数据,对鸢乌贼的趋光性行为、种群结构、声学映像和分布水层等特征进行分析。结果表明,灯光诱集结合罩网采样可确定南海鸢乌贼的单体回波,分布于0～100 m水层;通过背景噪声消除、鱼类和浮游动物目标限定、单体目标检测等处理,确定鸢乌贼现场目标强度-67～-52 dB;选择鸢乌贼渔获比例较大的网次,统计得到鸢乌贼胴长10.4～14.2 cm,对应目标强度-60.7～-58.0 dB,胴长与目标强度经验公式为TS=21.23LogML-82.48。研究认为,声学与灯光罩网相结合的调查方法可以作为南海今后开展鸢乌贼资源量评估的基本方法。     

印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼角质颚长度分析

根据2004~2005年我国鱿钓渔船对印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼资源调查期间采集的103个鸢乌贼角质颚和60枚耳石样本,分析了角质颚长度特征,并与鸢乌贼胴长、体重和日龄建立了关系。结果显示,角质颚长度与胴长呈极显著的线性相关,与体重呈极显著的指数相关;角质颚各部长度随着鸢乌贼日龄增加逐步增大,上、下颚头盖和脊突生长较快,喙部和翼部生长较慢;上颚头盖和脊突较下颚头盖和脊突生长快;上颚翼部呈幂函数生长,上、下颚其余各部均呈线性生长。     

Influence of mesoscale eddies on ichthyoplankton assemblages in the Gulf of Alaska

Mesoscale eddies (100–200 km in diameter) propagating along the shelf‐break in the Gulf of Alaska are ubiquitous and have been shown to influence the ecosystem, but their influence on ichthyoplankton species composition and diversity has not been described. Evidence for larval fish entrainment in these eddies was examined using data from a cruise in 2005 that sampled three eastern Gulf of Alaska mesoscale eddies, and sampling that compared shelf to slope ichthyoplankton assemblages in the northern Gulf of Alaska (2002–2004). Hierarchical cluster analysis of oceanographic data showed that stations grouped according to location within an eddy. Species hierarchical cluster analysis revealed a latitudinal turnover in species composition, and an abundant species group. Species richness was correlated with distance from eddy center (P = 0.00025), and assemblages within eddies were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those in surrounding basin and shelf waters. These results suggest that mesoscale eddies propagating along the continental shelf‐break influence larval fish assemblages over the shelf and slope, which has implications for the timing and extent of larval fish distribution in the Gulf of Alaska.     

西北太平洋鸢乌贼种群遗传结构

为检测西北太平洋鸢乌贼种群遗传结构,采用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因(Cytb)序列分析方法对鸢乌贼东海群体、南海群体与菲律宾海群体进行遗传变异分析。结果显示,(1)所有群体总的单倍型多样度与核苷酸多样度分别为0.982±0.006、0.012±0.006;菲律宾海群体对应的遗传多样度均最高,分别为0.973±0.014、0.015±0.008;南海群体与东海群体的单倍型多样度分别为0.959±0.026、0.943±0.031,核苷酸多样度均为0.006±0.003。3个地理群体均具有较高的遗传多样性水平。(2)分子方差分析结果显示,34.6%的遗传变异来自于群体间,群体间遗传分化极显著。两两群体间Fst分析表明,西北太平洋鸢乌贼群体间均具有极显著的遗传分化。构建的单倍型邻接系统树和最小跨度树显示,西北太平洋鸢乌贼群体存在明显的系统发育谱系结构(谱系A、B、C),3个谱系单倍型类群间也存在极显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.735~0.805)。(3)中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明,谱系B可能经历过近期群体扩张事件,发生群体扩张的时间在10.3~12.5万年前。综合分析认为,西北太平洋鸢乌贼的种群遗传结构模式及系统发育地理格局模式是由其栖息地海洋环境与更新世气候变化共同塑造的。建议在渔业管理上将3个地理群体划分为3个独立的管理单元。     

Tuna and swordfish catch in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery in relation to mesoscale eddies

To analyze the effects of mesoscale eddies, sea surface temperature (SST), and gear configuration on the catch of Atlantic bluefin (Thunnus thynnus), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the U.S. northwest Atlantic longline fishery, we constructed multivariate statistical models relating these variables to the catch of the four species in 62 121 longline hauls made between 1993 and 2005. During the same 13‐year period, 103 anticyclonic eddies and 269 cyclonic eddies were detected by our algorithm in the region 30–55°N, 30–80°W. Our results show that tuna and swordfish catches were associated with different eddy structures. Bluefin tuna catch was highest in anticyclonic eddies whereas yellowfin and bigeye tuna catches were highest in cyclonic eddies. Swordfish catch was found preferentially in regions outside of eddies. Our study confirms that the common practice of targeting tuna with day sets and swordfish with night sets is effective. In addition, bluefin tuna and swordfish catches responded to most of the variables we tested in the opposite directions. Bluefin tuna catch was negatively correlated with longitude and the number of light sticks used whereas swordfish catch was positively correlated with these two variables. We argue that overfishing of bluefin tuna can be alleviated and that swordfish can be targeted more efficiently by avoiding fishing in anticyclonic eddies and in near‐shore waters and using more light sticks and fishing at night in our study area, although further studies are needed to propose a solid oceanography‐based management plan for catch selection.     

鸢乌贼目标强度绳系控制法测量

2017年9月在南海北部(18°42.9′N,113°05.5′E)附近的深海海域,利用Simrad EY60型便携式分裂波束科学探鱼仪(120 kHz)和自制的鸢乌贼绳系控制装置对25尾鸢乌贼逐尾进行了单体目标强度(TS/dB)的测量,探讨了鸢乌贼单体目标探测中脉冲长度决定水平(PLDL/dB)、最小标准脉宽(min NPL)、最大标准脉宽(max NPL)和短轴角度最大标准偏差(MIA)等参数的变化对鸢乌贼单体目标强度测量的影响,分析了鸢乌贼单体TS的变化规律,并归纳了鸢乌贼TS与胴长的关系。结果显示,①随着PLDL增大,所探测鸢乌贼单体目标的数量呈先增加后减少的特征,并在PLDL=6 dB时达到峰值,而平均TS则呈单调增加趋势;随着min NPL增大,鸢乌贼单体目标的数量减少,在min NPL0.7范围内,平均TS呈明显的上升趋势;当max NPL1.2时,鸢乌贼单体目标的数量随max NPL的增大而增加,但平均TS却随之减小,当1.2max NPL1.8时,鸢乌贼单体目标的数量呈缓慢增加趋势,但平均TS则基本保持稳定;鸢乌贼单体目标数量随MIA的增大而增加,但平均TS则随之减小。②本研究中鸢乌贼单体目标探测参数的优化组合为PLDL=6.00dB,min NPL=0.7 dB,max NPL=1.8 dB,MIA=0.8°。③活体鸢乌贼单体平均TS的最大值和最小值分别为-48.6 dB和-63.63 dB,其对应鸢乌贼的胴长(ML/cm)分别为25.2 cm和12.4 cm,鸢乌贼TS与其ML的关系为TS=34.22 lg ML–98.23 (N=16,R2=0.603)。本实验首次尝试利用绳系控制法海上现场测量活体鸢乌贼的目标强度,为今后继续深入研究鸢乌贼声学散射特性积累了资料,亦能为其他头足类或鱼类目标强度的海上现场测量提供参考。     

Mesoscale eddies and survival of late stage Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) larvae

We examined the distribution of sardine larvae relative to environmental conditions with the purpose of identifying and characterizing habitat that encourages high larval growth and survival, based on the 1983–1998 surveys of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI). Long-term averages show that sardine 'survivors' (spatially aggregated larvae ≥ 18 days old) were most abundant offshore, whereas sardine egg density, chlorophyll biomass and zooplankton volume were greatest inshore. In contrast, mesoscale eddies, observed in remotely sensed sea surface temperature imagery, were found only in offshore regions. To further examine the link between eddies – which often result in locally elevated chlorophyll and zooplankton – and sardine survival, we compared the distribution of larvae and eddies survey by survey. Sardine survivors were most abundant offshore in only one-quarter of the research surveys, and when they were most abundant offshore they were associated with eddies. This indicates that the offshore eddy habitat produced exceptionally large numbers of survivors, as evidenced by the disproportionate effect on the long-term average.     

Mesoscale physical processes and the distribution and composition of ichthyoplankton on the southern Brazilian shelf break

The southern Brazilian shelf supports the largest fish stocks in the country, and studies on physical–biological processes in the ecology of ichthyoplankton have been recommended to provide a better understanding of the variability of the recruitment of fishing resources. This study is the first to examine the influence of mesoscale physical processes on the distribution of early life stages of fish in this shelf‐break region. Collections of fish eggs and larvae and measurements of temperature and salinity were made at 13 stations along cross‐shelf transects in December 1997. Myctophidae, Bregmacerotidae, Clupeidae, Synodontidae and Engraulidae were the most abundant larvae in the northern region, while Engraulidae and Bregmacerotidae prevailed further south. In situ hydrographic data, NOAA/AVHRR images and merged TOPEX/POSEIDON + ERS‐1/2 satellite altimetry taken during the cruise revealed an anticyclonic eddy dominating the shelf around 31°S. Larval fish abundance was lower at the centre of this feature, suggesting that the eddy advected poorer offshore waters of tropical origin towards the inner shelf‐concentrating the larvae around the eddy.     

Historical abundance and distributions of Salpa thompsoni hot spots in the Southern Ocean and projections for further ocean warming

1. In contrast to Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, Antarctic salps (Salpa thompsoni) respond positively to warmer water temperatures and have the ability to create massive blooms under favourable conditions. Therefore, they can compete with krill for primary production. Over the last three decades, significant variability in S. thompsoni occurrence has been observed as a response to the environmental fluctuations of the Southern Ocean ecosystem (e.g. changes in sea surface temperature and ice-cover shrinkage around the cold Antarctic waters).
2. This study presents historical abundance data of salps from the south-west Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean, covering a time span of 26 years. These data allow tracking of fluctuations in Antarctic salp abundance and their distribution with bottom depth, temperature, and ice conditions, aiming to reveal salp hot spots and to predict the future range of S. thompsoni distribution with upcoming climate warming in the next 50 years.
3. Results showed the highest salp density in shallow shelf waters with ice cover and low temperatures between 1 and −1°C. In the studied area, S. thompsoni hot spots were located mostly around Elephant Island, but also the islands around Brensfield and Gerlache Straits, as well as to the south near the Bellingshausen Sea. Inferences made of future salp distribution suggest that the range of S. thompsoni will move southwards, enlarging their habitat area by nearly 500,000 km², which may have significant implications on the whole Antarctic food web. The information presented herein may be used for Antarctic ecosystem management, protection, and conservation.

     

印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源评估的影响因素分析

多个模型被用于印度洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)的资源评估,但这些模型的评估结果均存在较大的不确定性,为此,本文对影响印度洋长鳍金枪鱼资源评估的因素进行了分析。分析结果认为:(1)由于渔业数据存在不报、漏报或混报及采样样本数过低、采样协议出现变化等问题,造成印度洋长鳍金枪鱼渔业的渔获量、体长组成或年龄组成数据存在质量问题;(2)尽管对单位捕捞努力渔获量(catch per unit effort,CPUE)进行了标准化,但目标鱼种变化及捕捞努力量空间分布变化仍严重影响了标准化CPUE数据的质量;(3)印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的种群生态学及繁殖生物学研究仍比较薄弱,种群结构、繁殖、生长、自然死亡信息比较缺乏,在资源评估中,相关参数设置需借用其他洋区的研究结果;(4)海洋环境对印度洋长鳍金枪鱼的资源变动与空间分布具有显著影响,但评估模型较少考虑海洋环境的影响。由于上述问题的存在,导致当前评估结果存在较大不确定性。未来,应继续探索提高资源评估质量的方法,同时研究建立管理策略评价框架,以避免渔业资源评估结果的不确定性对该渔业可持续开发的影响。