植保无人飞机低容量喷雾在山东设施茶园防治半翅目害虫的应用研究

利用四旋翼植保无人飞机在山东设施茶园防治主要害虫, 研究两种类型的植保无人飞机和传统背负式电动喷雾器施药在不同冠层茶树叶片上雾滴密度?沉积量和覆盖率分布情况以及对茶树主要半翅目害虫的防治效果?结果表明, Ⅰ型植保无人飞机?Ⅱ型植保无人飞机和背负式喷雾器在茶树叶片上平均雾滴密度分别为102.72?50.58个/cm2和29.83个/cm2, 沉积总量分别为0.175?0.371 μL/cm2和53.562 μL/cm2, 雾滴覆盖率均值分别为1.95%?2.52%和19.42%?不同施药器械对茶树各层的雾滴密度?沉积量和覆盖率有显著影响?两种类型植保无人飞机施药雾滴密度总体为茶树树冠上层>中层>底层, 正面>背面?背负式电动喷雾器施药的雾滴沉积量和覆盖率显著高于植保无人飞机, 叶片正面沉积量和覆盖率明显高于叶背面?Ⅰ型植保无人飞机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂240 mg/L 3 d和5 d后对黑刺粉虱的防治效果为82.20%和71.73%, 该处理对防治茶树黑刺粉虱具有速效性且持效性较好?Ⅰ型植保无人飞机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂240 mg/L 3 d和5 d后对小贯小绿叶蝉的防效为84.44%和77.25%; Ⅱ型植保无人飞机喷施25 g/L溴氰菊酯乳油60 mg/L 3 d后对小贯小绿叶蝉的防效为98.18%, 具有较好的速效性?植保无人飞机施药对黑刺粉虱的防效优于背负式喷雾器, 但对叶蝉的防效与背负式喷雾器相当?不同施药器械不同药剂处理中瓢虫的数量没有差异?     

风洞环境下喷头及助剂对植保无人飞机喷雾飘移性的影响

为探究和减少植保无人飞机喷雾施药过程中的雾滴飘移,采用由单个旋翼与喷头组成的喷雾单元,在可控风洞环境条件下进行了模拟飞行喷雾试验,控制风洞条件为风速5 m/s、喷雾压力0.3 MPa及旋翼转速2300 r/min不变,对比研究了11种喷头、4种代表性助剂以及不同温度/相对湿度条件对雾滴飘移的影响,采用飘移潜在指数(DIX)及相对减飘率(DPRP)两项指标进行对比评估。结果表明:在温度/相对湿度为20℃/RH 80%条件下,不同类型喷头喷雾药液在空中垂直面和水平距离上的飘移沉积量分布均呈现显著的规律性变化趋势,与对照喷头F110-03相比,喷头飘移潜在性从大到小依次为:TR80-0067>ST110-0067>XR110-01>ST110-015>TR80-01>ST110-02>XR110-03>对照F110-03>IDK系列,其中IDK120-01与IDK120-015喷头的减飘移效果相近并为最好;在30℃/RH 40%条件下,采用XR110-01喷头,分别添加助剂0.5%Silwet DRS-60、1.0%"迈飞"(MF)和1.0%Y-20079后,与不添加助剂的对照相比,平均减飘率分别为43.3%、15.6%和5.2%,表明不同助剂对飘移的影响不同,需考虑助剂类型及其减飘效果合理选用;在20℃/RH 40%、20℃/RH 80%、30℃/RH 40%和30℃/RH 60%条件下,XR110-01喷头与添加1.0%MF助剂组合有利于空中飘移的减少,尤其是高温/低湿条件下,添加助剂的减飘移效果较好。该研究结果可为植保无人飞机的喷头选择、喷雾助剂筛选和实际应用提供参考和指导,并为进一步研究喷头及助剂的减飘技术提供数据基础。     

喷雾量及助剂对棉花苗期植保无人飞机作业效果的影响

采用大疆MG-1P型植保无人飞机在棉花苗期进行喷雾,探讨喷雾量及助剂对农药在棉花上的沉积分布及对棉蚜防治效果的影响。以5%啶虫脒乳油为试验药剂,在3个喷雾量(15.0、22.5和30.0 L/hm²)及添加2种飞防助剂(YS09和倍达通)条件下进行喷雾,以诱惑红为雾滴沉积和农药利用率测定的指示剂,采用Deposit-Scan软件分析雾滴密度和雾滴覆盖率。结果表明：采用植保无人飞机施药,棉花叶片上的雾滴密度和覆盖率随着喷雾量的增加而提高,其中,喷雾量为30.0 L/hm²时叶片正面和背面的雾滴密度最高,分别为43.42和58.04个/cm²,雾滴覆盖率分别为6.44%和6.34%。3个喷雾量下农药沉积率分别为3.53%、3.70%和4.00%,低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理,药后1～3 d对棉蚜的防效也低于背负式电动喷雾器喷雾处理。喷雾量为22.5 L/hm²时,添加助剂YS09和倍达通对叶片上雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率及农药利用率无显著影响,但可提高对棉蚜的防效,药后1 d防效为86.24%和84.40%,...     

多旋翼植保无人飞机水稻飞防中的农药飘移和施药人员暴露

为研究多旋翼植保无人飞机施药时农药雾滴飘移规律以及施药作业人员职业暴露情况，依据喷雾飘移田间测试国际标准ISO22866和人体暴露贴片测试法，对多旋翼植保无人飞机和电动背负式喷雾器在水稻田喷施氯虫苯甲酰胺和苯醚甲环唑时的农药雾滴飘移量及施药作业人员人体农药沉积量进行了对比测试和分析评价。结果表明:在本试验环境条件下，多旋翼植保无人飞机在作业速率4 m/s和作业高度1.8 m参数下施药时，在距施药区下风向边界0~30 m范围内地面均有农药飘移性沉积，30 m处氯虫苯甲酰胺飘移率为0.9%，而背负式喷雾器施药的飘移量则主要集中在距施药区0~3 m区域内，3 m以外区域飘移率均≤0.6%；背负式喷雾器在距施药区5 m以及10 m远处空中不同高度的飘移量均小于0.001 μg/cm2，多旋翼植保无人飞机在距施药区5 m远处空中的飘移量大于10 m处，并且在垂直分布上，距冠层2 m左右 (无人飞机的飞行高度) 处飘移量最多。结合两种施药机具的雾滴粒径(背负式喷雾器DV₅₀ 值为149.4 μm，多旋翼植保无人飞机DV₅₀ 值为115.3 μm) 分析，无人飞机的雾滴具有更高的飘移潜力。由于实现了人机分离，多旋翼植保无人飞机进行作业时人体暴露量很低，而背负式喷雾器施药时对作业人员身体各部位均会造成一定的暴露，其中以手前臂和腿部正面暴露最为严重，在施用苯醚甲环唑时，右前臂背面暴露量最高，达到15.19 μg/cm2。本文中针对多旋翼植保无人飞机喷雾作业时在下风向的飘移沉积研究方法和试验结果，以及对多旋翼植保无人飞机施药过程中职业暴露的研究，可为农药喷雾作业缓冲区距离确定和人员作业安全评估提供参考。     

飞防助剂和施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施雾滴沉积和棉花蓟马防效的影响

为明确飞防助剂和施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施在棉花冠层的雾滴沉积和对棉花上蓟马防效的影响,选择倍达通、功倍、杰效丰和迈丝4种飞防助剂,设置3种施药液量,通过田间试验研究了植保无人飞机喷施25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂后其在棉花冠层的雾滴密度、覆盖率、沉积量和雾滴均匀性以及对棉花上蓟马的防效。结果表明,4种飞防助剂和3种施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施的雾滴沉积和蓟马防效均有显著影响。增加施药液量可显著增加雾滴在棉花冠层的密度与覆盖率,添加飞防助剂对雾滴密度的提升效果显著。4种助剂对农药雾滴在棉花冠层上、中、下部的覆盖率的影响趋势较为一致,与棉花冠层上部相比,对中、下部位覆盖率的影响较低。施药液量为2 L/667 m²时,添加倍达通、功倍、杰效丰、迈丝及无助剂对照的雾滴穿透性分别为46.0%、49.1%、33.6%、36.1%和44.3%,该施药液量下各处理雾滴穿透性均较好。随着施药液量增加,药后1、3、7 d对棉花蓟马的防效也显著提升。在相同施药液量下,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂药液中添加飞防助剂倍达通和杰效丰相较于功倍和迈丝,对棉花蓟马具有更高的防治效果。试验结果为植保无人飞机防治...     

植保无人飞机喷施作业的雾滴信息采集方法研究

农药雾滴信息是评价农药施用质量的主要指标, 农药雾滴采集器的设置对于获取雾滴信息有较大的影响。针对如何科学地设置农药雾滴采集器从而准确地获取真实雾滴信息等问题, 本文以油动单旋翼植保无人飞机和电动六旋翼植保无人飞机为供试药械, 以诱惑红为雾滴示踪剂, 采用将卡罗米特纸卡直接固定在棉花叶片上和使用金属杆固定2种方法采集雾滴信息, 研究2种方法下采集的雾滴信息的差异。结果表明, 油动单旋翼植保无人飞机作业, 在添加助剂情况下, 金属杆固定法在棉花冠层上、中、下层采集的雾滴体积中径分别为(435.4±66.1)、(434.6±68.3)μm和(398.9±66.7)μm显著大于植株固定法在相应部位采集的雾滴体积中径(361.2±93.1)、(351.9±95.7)μm和(338.1±71.1)μm;金属杆固定法采集的雾滴密度在棉花冠层上层为(29.9±13.6)个/cm2, 中层为(13.4±4.5)个/cm2, 下层为(6.7±4.2)个/cm2, 显著大于植株固定法在相应冠层采集的雾滴密度(12.9±5.0)、(8.6±3.4)个/cm2和(1.9±1.3)个/cm2。添加助剂能够提升两种植保无人飞机喷施作业的雾滴覆盖率和雾滴的沉积量, 提高农药的利用率。     

两种植保无人机对火龙果冠层的作业参数优化

为探究飞行作业参数对植保无人机喷雾雾滴在火龙果冠层沉积分布规律的影响,明确植保无人机作业时雾滴的最佳分布效果,通过采用飞行高度、飞行速度、航线方向3个因素的3个水平正交试验,综合分析T16多旋翼和F5A电动单旋翼2种植保无人机在不同作业参数下在火龙果冠层的雾滴密度和覆盖率。结果表明：在相同喷施量情况下,影响这2种植保无人机雾滴分布的主次因素不一致,影响T16多旋翼植保无人机雾滴分布的主次因素依次为作业高度、作业速度、航线方向;影响F5A电动单旋翼植保无人机雾滴分布的主次因素依次为作业速度、作业高度、航线方向。优化了2种植保无人机在火龙冠层的作业参数,T16多旋翼植保无人机最佳作业参数是平行或垂直于种植行飞行,飞行高度为1.0 m,飞行速度为3.0 m/s;F5A电动单旋翼植保无人机最佳作业参数是垂直或平行于种植行飞行,飞行高度为2.0 m,飞行速度为2.0 m/s。这2种植保无人机飞行速度越小,飞行高度越低,其雾滴在火龙果冠层分布越好,雾滴穿透性也越好。在最优参数下,2种植保无人机喷雾雾滴在火龙果各个冠层都能达到比较好的分布效果,冠层下层雾滴密度高于冠层其他层。     

助剂对氯虫苯甲酰胺药液理化性质及在玉米叶片上沉积分布的影响

为选择用于植保无人机作业的喷雾助剂，利用全自动张力仪和接触角测量仪测定添加4种不同喷雾助剂后0.5%氯虫苯甲酰胺药液的表面张力及在玉米叶片上的接触角，应用大疆T20型植保无人机进行田间喷雾，分析添加4种喷雾助剂对玉米冠层不同位置雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量的影响。结果显示，添加迈飞和Agrospred 910喷雾助剂后，药液的表面张力分别较未添加助剂时显著降低19.6%和30.1%；不同喷雾助剂对药液在玉米叶片上接触角的影响各不相同，添加Agrospred 910助剂后液滴接触叶片60 s后接触角降至11.92°；添加4种喷雾助剂能够有效提高玉米冠层的雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量，其中添加Agrospred 910助剂后雾滴密度、雾滴覆盖率及雾滴沉积量分别较对照增加了36.93%、35.92%和61.90%。表明在玉米田间使用植保无人机喷雾施药时，可以优选使用Agrospred 910喷雾助剂。     

核桃园植保无人机作业参数优选

为探究植保无人机在核桃园低空低容量喷雾最优作业参数,本文采用三因素三水平正交试验设计,研究了植保无人机喷雾后核桃树上雾滴沉积分布情况。结果表明:影响雾滴覆盖密度和沉积量的主要因素是飞行速度,其次是飞行高度和施药液量;在树高6～7 m的核桃园中植保无人机喷雾效果较优的作业参数是飞行速度2.2～3.0 m/s,飞行高度2.0～2.5 m,施药液量22.5～30.0 L/hm~2,其平均雾滴覆盖密度和沉积量分别为26.36～37.94个/cm~2、0.24～0.29μg/cm~2;不同冠层雾滴覆盖密度和沉积量分布为上层中层下层,外围内膛;喷头型号对雾滴覆盖密度和雾滴直径有显著影响;中等喷头(Teejet110015)处理的沉积量最大,但粗、中、细3种喷头处理间的沉积量无显著性差异;植保无人机和地面人工+机动喷杆喷雾的农药地面流失率分别为3.61%和23.69%,两处理间有显著性差异。本文对无人机在核桃园喷雾作业参数进行了优选,可为无人机对高冠果树的合理喷施、提高喷施效果提供参考和指导。     

小麦不同生育期单旋翼植保无人机施药作业参数优化

为确定小麦不同生育期与不同病虫害的单旋翼植保无人机施药作业参数,以CE20型电动单旋翼植保无人机为对象,分别在返青期、齐穗期与盛花期对作业速度、作业高度和喷施流量进行优选试验。经对比分析作业喷幅、雾滴覆盖率变异系数与雾滴穿透率,筛选B5(作业速度4 m/s、作业高度2 m、喷施流量2 L/min)与B9(作业速度3 m/s、作业高度1.5 m、喷施流量2 L/min)为较优作业参数组合。在小麦返青期,当作业参数组合为B5时,有效喷幅为5.75 m,雾滴覆盖率变异系数为26.2%,综合作业效率最高,达36.8 hm2/d。在小麦齐穗期,B5与B9作业参数组合的雾滴穿透率分别为46.7%和60.1%,综合作业效率分别为36.8 hm2/d和26.02 hm2/d;施药前,当小麦蚜数量小于800头/百株时,B5和B9作业参数组合施药后7 d防治效果均为92.37%以上,当小麦蚜数量大于800头/百株时,B9作业参数组合的防治效果高于B5作业参数组合;施药前,当小麦白粉病病情指数小于5.00时,B5和B9作业参数组合施药后14 d防治效果均为81.86%以上,当小麦白粉病病情指数大于5.00时...     

Estimation of soybean rust uredospore terminal velocity,dry deposition,and the wet deposition associated with rainfall

Using models from atmospheric chemistry and physics, this study examined the wet deposition of single uredospores of soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi associated with rainfall and its importance compared with dry deposition. First, a measurement of the terminal velocity of freshly collected P. pachyrhizi uredospores was conducted in Nanning, China. The observed terminal velocities associated with different sizes of the uredospore clumps were fitted by negative exponential models. The average terminal velocity of single uredospores (0.0187 m s⁻¹) determined by the fitted models was used to estimate the dry deposition. The wet deposition of single uredospores associated with different rainfall rates was determined numerically using coupled models, in which raindrop capture efficiency of uredospores was based on Slinn’s semi-empirical model. The results showed that at a rainfall rate of 0.5 mm h⁻¹, wet deposition can remove 50% of the single uredospores in the air within 1 h. If the rainfall rate is 5 mm h⁻¹, 10 min is sufficient to remove 50% of the uredospores. The dry deposition of the single uredospores was estimated with simplified scenarios: i.e., assuming the uredospore cloud was continuously from 1,000 to 2,000 m in height above a field with a uniform concentration. In the first 16 h, almost no uredospores reached the ground, while the wet deposition caused by 2 mm h⁻¹ rainfall within 30 min was even much greater than dry deposition of 24 h duration. The comparisons indicated that the wet deposition of soybean rust uredospores was much more efficient than the dry deposition.     

Electric charge,image-charge forces,and the deposition of pesticide drops

A simulation model has been developed and used to assess the importance of induced image-charge forces in enhancing the deposition on plant stems and leaves of charged, as compared to uncharged, pesticide drops. The model, through calculations of the dynamics and trajectories of individual drops, allows separate determinations of enhancements of the deposit on the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Trajectories and rates of deposition were computed for water drops having diameters within the range 20 to 100 μm, for charges q between 0.1 and 1.0 times the maximum charge Q that can be retained on a drop of specified radius r, for wind speeds μo of the order of 0.1 to 1 .O ms^?1, and for plant stems (represented by vertical cylinders) 2 and 10 mm in diameter, and for plant leaves (horizontal plates) of various along-wind lengths I. It is shown that the rates of impaction to stems can be described in terms ot two dimensionless parameters that respectively relate to the properties of the particle and of the image force, and the rates of sedimentation to horizontal leaves in terms of the parameters q, r and l/μ_o. The model predicts that, inside crop canopies, considerable increases in the rates both of impaction and sedimentation can be achieved if drops, particularly small drops, can be given charges close to their respective Q. Thus for drops of 20 μm in diameter, sedimentation under typical within-canopy conditions is predicted to increase five-fold as a result of charging the drops, one-half of the enhanced deposit being on the underside of the leaves. For drops of 40 μ in diameter, predictions for the enhancement of deposition on the uppermost leaves of a field bean crop are shown to agree with published results from a field trial of an electrostatic crop spray system.     

喷雾参数及助剂类型对植保无人飞机在棉花中期喷雾雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用大疆MG-1P型电动四旋翼植保无人飞机在棉花生长中期进行喷雾施药处理,探讨了喷雾参数及添加的助剂类型对农药雾滴在棉花植株叶片上沉积分布的影响。以22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂及3种飞防助剂(倍达通、ND-800和G-2801)为试验药剂,在不同喷雾参数及飞防助剂条件下在棉花生长中期进行喷雾处理,以诱惑红作为药剂沉积指示剂,采用雾滴测试卡和滤纸检测雾滴沉积分布情况,利用分光光度计测定滤纸洗脱溶液的吸光度值,计算单位面积的药液沉积量,利用DepositScan软件分析雾滴密度。结果显示:植保无人飞机的飞行速度对雾滴沉积分布的影响最大,而飞行高度则对其无显著影响。添加不同助剂对棉花植株叶片正反面的雾滴沉积分布影响不同:3种助剂均可使棉花冠层上、中、下部叶片正面的雾滴密度显著提高;而对于叶片反面,则仅添加ND-800后棉花冠层上、中、下部叶片反面的雾滴密度分别增长688.9%、590.9%和327.5%,而添加G-2801与倍达通助剂则无显著影响。     

Off-target deposition and drift of aerially applied agricultural sprays

Off-target drift and deposition of aerially applied deltamethrin sprays in an agricultural situation were determined using stainless steel (20 × 40 cm) ground deposit samplers and ‘Rotorods’. Off-target spray deposition decreased exponentially with distance in situations where applications were made in winds with speeds equal to, or just above, maximum label limits for aerial application (8 km h^?1). The results are compared with those of previous studies. The effectiveness of a 100-m ‘no spray’ buffer zone in reducing off-target deposit is evaluated.     

氮沉降与降水影响温性草甸草原优势种植物空间分布格局

大气氮沉降对于草地生态系统有着重要的影响,增加的系统氮输入提高了群落的地上生物量,同时也降低了植物的物种丰富度。本研究在内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原进行模拟氮沉降试验(0/2.5/5/10g N m~(-2) yr~(-1)),以三个优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)、贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensis)和裂叶蒿(Artemisia tanacetifolia)为研究对象,分别对其种群生物量、个体数量以及空间分布格局进行分析,以探讨水氮耦合对其影响。研究发现:不同程度的氮沉降会降低针茅与裂叶蒿的优势度,但不会影响其生物量及种群空间分布格局,而羊草种群的生物量与种群空间聚集程度随着氮沉降浓度的增加而增加。根茎型禾草对水分和养分的变化敏感,特别是在养分增加和水氮耦合的条件下以强烈的空间聚集的方式所表现,具有一定的指示作用。这一研究为揭示全球大气氮沉降对陆地生态系统影响机制的理论研究提供新的视角和数据资料,对全球气候变化背景下的草地管理也有一定的参考价值。     

嘧菌酯在大豆中的沉积、降解规律及最低有效防控剂量研究

嘧菌酯是防治大豆锈病的重要杀菌剂,明确嘧菌酯在大豆上的残留规律是一项亟待开展的课题.本研究采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)技术,建立了大豆种植体系中茎、叶、籽粒及土壤中嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,定量限达0.005 mg/kg.在田间试验点基础上,明确了安徽、山东和吉林3个试验点嘧菌酯在大豆上的沉积与降解...     

农药雾滴雾化沉积飘失研究进展

农药、植保机械与施药技术为植物化学保护的三大支柱,其中施药技术是连接农药学科和植保机械学科的关键环节,是农药从研发到田间应用的“最后一公里”。农药科学使用并不是一个简单的选择农药和施药量的药物学问题,而是涉及作物学、植物保护学、农业工程学、气象学等多学科交叉的系统工程。本文就农药雾滴雾化与运动特性、沉积与分布状态、流失与飘失行为,以及害虫行为与农药雾滴雾化运动和沉积分布关系等方面的研究进展展开综述,总结该方面的理论与实践经验,可为提高植保机械水平与施药质量、提高农药利用率与防治效果、减轻农药负面影响、提高粮食与食品安全提供参考。     

Effect of the spray application technique on the deposition of entomopathogenic nematodes in vegetables

BACKGROUND: The present study compared entomopathogenic nematode delivery at the base of savoy cabbage and cauliflower, at the lower side of savoy cabbage and cauliflower leaves and in leek stems and the ground deposition using a five‐nozzle spray boom equipped with an ISO 08 flat fan, an air induction flat fan and Twinjet spray nozzles. Additionally, an air support system and a row application system were evaluated. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the applied nematodes did not reach the foot of the cabbage plants. The use of an air support system or a row application system improved nematode deposition at the savoy cabbage base. Relative nematode deposition on the lower side of savoy cabbage leaves was 27.20%, while only 2.64% of the applied nematodes reached the lower side of cauliflower leaves. After spraying leek with a standard boom, a low relative nematode deposition (26.64%) was measured in the leek stem. Nozzle type affected the distribution of nematodes in droplet spots. CONCLUSION: Nozzle type has a minor effect on the number of entomopathogenic nematodes delivered on difficult‐to‐reach targets. The use of modified spray application techniques directing the spray to the target site are necessary to increase the chances of contact of entomopathogenic nematodes with their target. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Further studies of the deposition and persistence of binapacryl,bupirimate and diflubenzuron on apple foliage and fruit

In an extension of previous work, deposits and residues of binapacryl, bupirimate and diflubenzuron on mature foliage and the peel of developing fruit of Worcester and Cox apple trees were monitored throughout the 1980 season following applications by mistblower sprayer. The three compounds were applied as commercial formulations in trials to compare integrated pest management with routine farm spray programmes. In contrast to previous results, all three compounds persisted on foliage until leaf-fall and were detected on the peel of harvested fruit. The mean residue of diflubenzuron on harvested Worcester fruit was 0.05 mg kg^?1 fresh weight and on harvested Cox fruit was 0.02 mg kg^?1 fresh weight. Binapacryl and bupirimate were present on harvested fruit of both cultivars. The unexpectedly long persistence of these chemicals in 1980 remains unexplained, but may be due to climatic factors.