黄毛鼠对第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗药性监测

为明确黄毛鼠的抗药性发生状况,采用无选择性摄食试验法测定广东省不同类型区黄毛鼠的抗药性。结果表明:在频繁使用第一代抗凝血灭鼠剂的地区,黄毛鼠已产生了抗药性种群,其中江门市新会区和佛山市高明区的抗性率分别为36.67%和16.67%;中等用量地区的黄毛鼠产生了一定的抗药性,但尚未产生抗药性种群,如湛江市黄毛鼠的抗性率达到3.33%;而在低用量地区,未发现抗性鼠,但害鼠对药物的耐受力显著增强。为此,针对上述类型区黄毛鼠的抗药性状况提出了相应的鼠害持续控制对策。     

浙江温岭黄毛鼠的种群动态及繁殖特征变化

为探究黄毛鼠不同季节、不同性别种群动态及繁殖特征变化,采用数据统计对比方法,对浙江温岭2013—2020年捕获的黄毛鼠进行研究。结果表明,在捕获的859只鼠类中,有黄毛鼠168只,占总捕获率19.56%,黄毛鼠在农户、稻田耕作区均有分布,为温岭地区常见鼠害之一。不同年份、不同月份和季节的种群数量有明显差异,在每年的1月和11月出现两个数量峰,最高月捕获率与最低的6月相差9.6倍。雌雄的体重、胴体重、体长、尾长、耳高、后足长差异显著,但未达极显著水平。种群总性比1.58,繁殖时间集中在10-12月,平均怀孕率为11.65%,胎仔数2～8只,平均为(6.00±1.77)只。     

广东省作物种植区害鼠群落结构调查研究

为明确农村城镇化进程中广东省典型作物种植区害鼠群落结构状况,采用夹夜法对分布在省内5地(市)的代表性样地进行了调查.结果表明,黄毛鼠、小家鼠是省内作物种植区优势密度鼠种,板齿鼠为次优势密度鼠种;黄毛鼠、板齿鼠是省内作物种植区的两种优势生物量害鼠;褐家鼠和黄胸鼠等家栖鼠在作物种植区的密度及生物量也有明显升高.分析调查结果,黄毛鼠、板齿鼠依然是本省作物种植区主要害鼠鼠种.在防控中必须重点针对其生物学习性研究持续治理对策.同时,要密切注意害鼠群落中家栖鼠密度变化,及时调整防控策略,以全面做好农业鼠害的防控工作.     

农田鼠害监测与综合治理技术研究

本文阐述了自1987年以来永安市通过开展鼠情监测与农田灭鼠配套技术试验、示范研究,基本摸清了本市农田害鼠的优势种——黄毛鼠及其田间种群数量消长、繁殖、危害特性等。总结推广应用配套综合治理技术,取得一定的成效。     

通城县农区害鼠发生与防控浅析

<正>害鼠从农业生产的播种、作物生长、成熟、收获到储藏均造成一定的危害。在通城县农区(农田、农舍)鼠种主要有黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、小家鼠、黑线姬鼠、黄毛鼠。其中农田优势鼠种为黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠、黄毛鼠;农舍优势鼠种为黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、小家鼠。笔者从事鼠情监测和防控工作多年,现就.通城县害鼠发生与防控进行浅显归纳分析。鼠情监测点基本情况和方法监测地点系统监测地点设在隽水镇上活村,农户700多户,种植面积153.3hm2,适宜多种作物种植,农     

灵山县2005~2014年农区鼠类的为害及发生规律

对灵山县2005~2014年农区鼠情监测资料进行了分析研究.结果表明:灵山县农区鼠类隶属1目(啮齿目)1科(鼠科)7种,其中褐家鼠、黄胸鼠为农宅区害鼠优势种,捕获数分别占农宅区总鼠数的83.91%和10.14%,合计占94.05%;农田区优势种为黄毛鼠,分别占稻田、旱地耕作区总鼠数的79.7%和76.25%,合计占78.37%.褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、黄毛鼠是当地监测和防治的主要对象,旱地耕作区混合鼠种种群数量显著高于农宅和稻田,2012年起农区害鼠打破休整期转入密度恢复态势.     

四塘农场害鼠种类调查

调查四塘农场的农作区，果树区，住宅区和家畜饲养区４个生境类型区的害鼠有２科４属９种，种群数量大的是黄毛鼠，黄胸鼠，褐家鼠，小家鼠和板齿鼠，各不同类型生境的鼠种构成中，分别以及３种为优势种。     

黄毛鼠危害特性与综合治理

福建是农田害鼠重发区,黄毛鼠ＲａｔｔｕｓｌｏｓｅａＳｗｉｎｈｏｅ是优势种。因受气候、地理地貌、耕作、栽培等因子影响,境内黄毛鼠发生危害差异很大,给防治带来一定难度。１９８９年以来,我们在黄毛鼠发生规律调查基础上,进行防治试验,经示范总结出一套适合当地的黄毛鼠综合治理技术,在大面积毒鼠中应用取得显著成效,现将结果报道如下。１　材料与方法１－１　危害调查选择代表性地点以及主要农作物受害点进行定点观察和抽样调查,每样点按平行跳跃法查１００丛计算危害率。１－２　防治技术研究建立系统监测点,样方１０～１５…     

稻田黄毛鼠发生特点及防治技术

稻田黄毛鼠发生特点及防治技术刘思松（福建武平县植保站，３６４３００）黄毛鼠是华南稻区分布广、为害重、防治难度大的有害动物。为了摸清稻田黄毛鼠发生及为害特点，提出防治措施，我县从１９８７年开始进行了农田害鼠监测及灭鼠配套技术研究，取得了一定的成绩。１分...     

珠江三角洲地区黄毛鼠抗药性的发生趋势及其Vkorc1基因多态性

为阐明珠江三角洲地区黄毛鼠Rattus losea对第1代抗凝血灭鼠剂的抗性发生趋势及其遗传机制,以杀鼠灵为标准药物,采用致死期食毒法对2017—2021年在广东省江门市捕获的165只黄毛鼠进行生理抗性检测,并测定每只试鼠的维生素K环氧化物还原酶复合物亚单位1(vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1,Vkorc1)的编码基因序列,分析其突变情况。结果显示,江门市黄毛鼠对第1代抗凝血灭鼠剂杀鼠灵的抗性率为27.03%～50.00%,在黄毛鼠Vkorc1基因中检测到6个不同的突变位点,包括2个错义突变位点Arg58Gly及Tyr139Cys和4个沉默突变位点Ala41Ala、Cys96Cys、Arg98Arg及Ala143Ala,突变率分别为87.27%、0.61%、1.21%、0.61%、1.21%和0.61%,其中Ala143Ala是在黄毛鼠中新发现的沉默突变位点。表明珠江三角洲地区黄毛鼠已对第1代抗凝血灭鼠剂产生了群体抗性并呈上升趋势,第58位的精氨酸突变成甘氨酸(Arg58Gly)是黄毛鼠抗性基因Vkorc1的主要突变位点。     

2010年-2011年湖南常宁及江西新余部分丘陵地区农田害鼠密度调查

近年来南方部分丘陵地区农田鼠密度有所回升,湖南省常宁鼠情监测点调查结果表明,2010年1-4月平均鼠密度较2009年同期平均鼠密度上升1倍;2010年5月农田鼠密度达到12.90%。常宁农田以黄毛鼠和黑线姬鼠为优势种,分别占61.29%和29.03%,繁殖指数分别为2.33和2.25,黑线姬鼠繁殖指数高于洞庭湖丘岗区同期的平均值,体型较大的黄毛鼠和褐家鼠增加较快;2011年4月江西新余市丘陵区的农田害鼠密度为11.97%.以黑线姬鼠为优势种。对上述鼠害均需要采取控制措施。     

警惕鄱阳湖区滨湖农田害鼠暴发成灾

2015年6月、9月和12月在鄱阳湖湖滩草洲和滨湖农田进行了鼠类密度调查,结果表明,农田总捕获率为11.22%,湖滩草洲总捕获率为3.98%,其中水稻田鼠密度非常高,6月、9月、12月合计捕获率分别为6.02%、16.73%和14.94%。尤其在本应该鼠密度较低的冬季,恒湖垦殖场水稻田生境的鼠密度却高达33.54%,说明目前鄱阳湖滨湖农田鼠密度已达较高水平,其中优势鼠种黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)和黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)的繁殖能力强,在冬季保持了较高的密度,且亚成体以下个体比例较高,如不加控制,有进一步暴发成灾的可能。从鼠种组成看,黑线姬鼠为湖滩生境第一优势种(占比为59.46%),黄毛鼠(32.43%)次之;在滨湖农田黄毛鼠(52.63%)已替代黑线姬鼠(44.41%)成为第一优势种群。由于黄毛鼠体型更大、密度高,其成为第一优势种后的发展动态需密切关注。     

贵州赤水桫椤叶蜂的生物学特性及其幼虫种群发生现状分析

桫椤叶蜂Rhoptroceros cyatheae(Wei et Wang,1995)是目前已知取食桫椤Alsophila spinulosa(Wall.ex Hook.) Tryon的食叶害虫,对桫椤的生长发育和繁殖造成了一定的影响.通过人工饲养观察和野外调查相结合,对桫椤叶蜂的生物学特性和发生动态进行了调查和分析....     

草地螟的滞育及在其种群动态中的作用*

草地螟是一种兼具迁飞和滞育特性的重要农业害虫。滞育是其抵抗低温、安全越冬的唯一对策,因而在其种群动态和发生为害规律中起着重要的作用。为了阐明草地螟的种群动态和越冬规律,本文就草地螟滞育的诱导和解除、滞育的主要生理特征和机制及其对种群发生的影响等方面的进展进行了总结,以期为草地螟的预测预报与综合防治提供理论依据。     

Application of pathogen surveys,disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an IPM approach for the control of wheat yellow rust

The present paper presents the rationale for the use of pathogen surveys, inoculated and non-inoculated disease nurseries and varietal resistance characteristics in an integrated approach to control wheat yellow rust in Denmark. The non-inoculated disease observation plots, which gave valuable information about yellow rust at the year, site and variety level, served as the primary sample source for the pathogen survey revealing pathogen virulence dynamics. This survey was also the main source for isolates of new pathotypes, a prerequisite for the assessment of the resistance characteristics of varieties and breeding lines in inoculated nurseries, and the postulation of race-specific resistance genes. A simple grouping of varieties into four categories with respect to resistance to the current yellow rust population proved robust, and this grouping was used as a determinant in a web-based decision support system for pesticide applications in cereals, Crop Protection On-line (CPO). The interplay between the different research and survey activities in the integrated pest management (IPM) approach demonstrated the need for a coherent and long-term involvement at all stages from plant breeding to the official variety approval system, extension service and research in disease epidemiology and resistance genetics.     

湖南省部分地区棉田牛筋草(Eleusine indica)对精喹禾灵的抗性

采用整株法测定了湖南省部分地区棉田牛筋草(Eleusine indica)对精喹禾灵的抗性水平,还测定了精喹禾灵对牛筋草抗(R)、感(S)种群体内GSTs及SOD、POD、CAT影响的差异。整株法测定结果显示,相对于敏感的南县种群,其他地区棉田牛筋草对精喹禾灵的抗性指数在1.6~9.7之间,其中湘阴种群最高为9.7,澧县种群最低为1.6;精喹禾灵处理2d后,R种群GSTs活性急剧上升,在第3天达到最高,随后急剧下降,5d之后趋于平缓。S种群GSTs活性在施药后先上升后下降。药剂处理后,R种群的SOD和POD活性在中期显著低于S种群,R、S种群的CAT活性在药后第9天有明显差异。结果表明,R种群对精喹禾灵产生抗性的原因可能是GSTs对精喹禾灵的代谢作用加强,抗氧化酶系活性的变化可能与抗性相关。     

Detection and characterisation of strong resistance to phosphine in Brazilian Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)

As failure to control Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with phosphine is a common problem in the grain-growing regions of Brazil, a study was undertaken to investigate the frequency, distribution and strength of phosphine resistance in R. dominica in Brazil. Nineteen samples of R. dominica were collected between 1991 and 2003 from central storages where phosphine fumigation had failed to control this species. Insects were cultured without selection until testing in 2005. Each sample was tested for resistance to phosphine on the basis of the response of adults to discriminating concentrations of phosphine (20 and 48 h exposures) and full dose-response assays (48 h exposure). Responses of the Brazilian R. dominica samples were compared with reference susceptible, weak-resistance and strong-resistance strains from Australia in parallel assays. All Brazilian population samples showed resistance to phosphine: five were diagnosed with weak resistance and 14 with strong resistance. Five samples showed levels of resistance similar to the reference strong-resistance strain. A representative highly resistant sample was characterised by exposing mixed-age cultures to a range of constant concentrations of phosphine for various exposure periods. Time to population extinction (TPE) and time to 99.9% suppression of population (LT(99.9)) values of this sample were generally similar to those of the reference strong-resistance strain. For example, at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L(-1), LT(99.9) values for BR33 and the reference strong-resistance strain were respectively 21, 6.4 and 3.7 days and 17, 6.2 and 3.8 days. With both strains, doubling phosphine concentrations to 2 mg L(-1) resulted in increased LT(99.9) and TPE. High level and frequency of resistance in all population samples, some of which had been cultured without selection for up to 12 years, suggest little or no fitness deficit associated with phosphine resistance. The present research indicates that widespread phosphine resistance may be developing in Brazil. Fumigation practices should be monitored and resistance management plans implemented to alleviate further resistance development.     

抗Bt杀虫蛋白棉铃虫种群的相对适合度

在室内条件下,比较了对苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringinesis,Bt)杀虫蛋白（ICP）有20倍抗性的棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera Huebner)种群（R种群）与同源对照种群（S种群）之间的相对适合度,结果表明,与S种群相比,R种群的产卵量,卵孵化率和化蛹率明显降低,幼虫历期和蛹历期明显延长,R种群相对于S种群的适合度为0．65。杂交F1代RS种群相对于S种群的适合度为1．6,显示出杂交优势,正反交F1代种群对Bt ICP敏感性的差异不显,表明棉铃虫对Bt ICP的抗性遗传不存在性连锁,为常染色体遗传。     

Real-time vision-based detection of Rumex obtusifolius in grassland

Rumex obtusifolius is a common grassland weed that is hard to control in a non-chemical way. The objective of our research was to automate the detection of R. obtusifolius as a step towards fully automated mechanical control of the weed. We have developed a vision-based system that uses textural analysis to detect R. obtusifolius against a grass background. Image sections are classified as grass or weed using 2-D Fourier analysis. We conducted two experiments. In the first (laboratory) experiment, we collected 28 images containing R. obtusifolius and 28 images containing only grass. Between 23 and 25 of 28 images were correctly classified (82–89%) as showing R. obtusifolius ; all grass images were correctly classified as such. In the second (field) experiment, a self-propelled platform was used to obtain five sequences of images of R. obtusifolius plants. We used the parameters that gave the best classification results in the first experiment. We found, after changing one of the algorithm's parameters in response to prevailing light conditions, that we were able to detect R. obtusifolius in each image of each sequence. The algorithm scans a ground area of 1.5 m² in 30 ms. We conclude that the algorithm developed is sufficiently fast and robust to eventually serve as a basis for a practical robot to detect and control R. obtusifolius in grassland.     

First report of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1975) (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) isolated from the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Turkey

Infestation levels of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver, 1790) and its natural enemies on palm trees in recreation areas were investigated in the Adana province of Turkey in 2008. The trunks of dead palms were sampled for R. ferrugineus and for the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes. While 20% of Phoenix canariensis Hort. were found to be killed by R. ferrugineus , only 2 trees from other species, 1 Washingtonia filifera (L. Linden) and 1 Phoenix dactlylifera L., were killed. Only one species of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ( Poinar, 1975 ) (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae), was isolated from the R. ferrugineus specimens. Seasonal mortality rate in the total larval population (total 565 larval specimens) of R. ferrugineus was 69%. H. bacteriophora resulted in a significant mortality rate (80%) in the pupae population (total 314 pupal specimens). Overall, 70% of the total of 879 pre-adult specimens were found to be fatally infested by the attacks of this nematode. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora killed few adults, corresponding to 2% of the overall mortality rate. It is concluded that H. bacteriophora could be evaluated as a potential candidate for biological control of R. ferrugineus in the Mediterranean region.