马尾松纯林改造成混交林效果评价

在马尾松1 a生纯林内补植福建柏、台湾相思,分别形成2树种和3树种的混交林.造林14 a后,对比分析各林分的林木生长量、林分生物量以及林分土壤理化性质.结果表明:马尾松、福建柏、台湾相思3树种的混交林,林分结构合理,林木生长较快,枯枝落叶物多,明显改善了土壤的理化性质及林分内的小环境.3树种混交林比马尾松纯林和2树种异龄混交林的林木蓄积量分别提高12.91％和6.06％、26.88％.     

Growth,biomass, carbon and nutrient pools in Gmelina arborea established in pure and mixed forest stand production systems in Mexico

New Forests - Melina (Gmelina arborea) is a fast-growing tree species that is widely used throughout the world for various purposes. The aims of this research were to evaluate the biomass...     

Influences of stand composition and age on forest floor processes and chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Douglas-fir and paper birch in interior British Columbia

The influence of stand composition and age on forest floor chemical properties, nitrogen availability, and microbial activity was examined in mixed and pure stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). Decomposition of Douglas-fir and birch litter over two years as well as annual litter input was also measured. Mixed and pure stands of each species aged 10–25, 50–65 and >85 years old were selected in the Interior Cedar Hemlock (ICH) zone of southern interior British Columbia. Significantly more total N was mineralized in the forest floor of pure birch compare to that of pure Douglas-fir stands while forest floor of mixed species stands had intermediate N mineralization values. When sampling times were pooled forest floor N mineralization was lowest in the young stands compared to the older stands. Stand composition did not significantly affect litter decomposition were found in litter decomposition, microbial respiration and biomass. Stand age, however, did affect these parameters significantly. More birch litter mass was lost in young stands than in their older counterparts while the opposite trend was observed for fir litter. Generally, lower basal respiration, microbial biomass and C_mic/C_org was found in young compared to older stands. Concentrations and contents of forest floor total N and exchangeable K and Mg, and pH under pure birch were consistently higher compared to pure Douglas-fir. While forest floor total C, available P contents, exchangeable K and Mg concentrations were lowest in young stands, no differences were observed for total N and exchangeable Ca. All litter nutrient concentrations and contents were highest in pure birch stands. No clear trends could be discerned in litter nutrient concentration data among stand ages, although when converted to nutrient contents, there was a general increase with stand age. Both stand type and age had significant effects on forest floor properties and processes suggesting that stand age is another factor to evaluate when assessing the influence of forest composition on forest floor processes and chemistry. In terms of the effect of mixture, the data indicated that the maintenance of paper birch in mixed stands in these forest may have some effect on nutrient availability and status.     

人工同龄纯林理论郁闭度测定计算的研究

通过人工同龄纯林树冠面积与林地面积的相关比例关系，推导，计算出人工同龄纯林林木品字形排列和矩形排列，且株行距不同的林分理论郁闭度。使用者在使用时，只要根据林木的不同排列方式，株行距，树冠半径长，即可计算出相应的理论郁闭度值，解决了人工同龄纯林在一定范围内理论郁闭度的测定计算问题。     

关于混交林与纯林的比较优势分析

混交林能提高林分的生产力、改善林分生态条件、提高林分的稳定性、减轻病虫危害。混交林较之纯林有着显著的生长优势和改善环境条件的能力。     

辽西地区主要植被类型及演替趋势的探讨

文章在对辽西地区森林植被的历史、现状详细了解调查的基础上,对现有主要植被类型以及其演替趋势进行了初步探讨,为尽快恢复辽西地区的植被,改善区域生态环境,促进经济发展提供理论参考。     

Relationships between local stand density and local species composition and nutrient content in the topsoil of pure and mixed stands of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)

This study examined topsoil samples from the humic mineral horizon in four pure silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and five mixed stands with beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), spruce (Picea abies L.; Karst.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In every stand, 60–70 sampling locations were chosen using a stratified random scheme that represented a gradient in local stand density and local species composition. One working hypothesis was that stand density and species composition affect the content of nutrients in the mineral humic soil horizon. Specifically, the analysis statistically tested for relationships between general and species-specific local stand density measures (basal area, sum of tree diameters weighted by distance, canopy openness) and the contents of total C, total N (in four stands), base cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺) and Mn²⁺ (in nine stands). A considerable variation in nutrient concentrations was observed; the coefficients of variation ranged from 0.21 to 0.38 for N, from 0.20 to 0.94 for the sum of base cations and from 0.56 to 0.95 for Mn. However, no clear relationship emerged between local stand density and the concentration of N and base cations; in five stands, manganese showed a negative correlation with local stand density. In the mixed fir-beech stand, significantly higher concentrations of Ca, K and Mn were found in the vicinity of beeches, and species-specific stand density explained up to 15, 29 and 34% of total variation in the content of these elements, respectively. Similar tendencies also appeared in the mixed stands with pine, although the relationships were weak. The results obtained for two fir-spruce stands were ambiguous. In sum, in the stands studied, small canopy gaps and inter-crown openings might not be considered ‘‘nutrient hot spots’’, and the admixed species, except for beech, had an insignificant effect on nutrient content in the humic mineral horizon.     

Response of species and stand types to snow/wind damage in a temperate secondary forest,Northeast China

Snow/wind damage is one of the important natural disturbances in forest ecosystems, especially in a montane secondary forest. However, the effects of snow/wind damage remain unclear which affects the management of these forests. Therefore, we investigated the responses of species, individual tree traits and stand structure to snow/wind damage in a montane secondary forest. Results show that, amongst the canopy trees, Betula costata exhibited the most uprooting, bending and overall damage ratio (the number of damaged stems to the total number of stems in a plot); Quercus mongolica showed the highest breakage ratio and Fraxinus mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica the least overall damage ratios. Among the subcanopy trees, Carpinus cordata, Acer mono, Acer tegmentosum and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum showed the least uprooting and breakage, and the most bending damage. A. pseudo-sieboldianum demonstrated the lowest breakage and highest bending damage ratios. These findings indicate that different species have various sensitivities to snow/wind damage. Larger trees (taller, wider crowns) tend to break and become uprooted, while smaller trees are bent or remain undamaged, suggesting that tree characteristics significantly influence the types of damage from snow and wind. Stands of Q. mongolica and B. costata had the highest damage ratios, whereas A. pseudo-sieboldianum had the lowest snapping ratio. In summary, the severity and type of snow/wind damage are related to individual tree attributes and stand-level characteristics. Therefore, selection of suitable species (e.g., shorter, smaller with deep root systems, hard wood, bending resistance and compression resistance) and appropriate thinning are recommended for planting in the montane secondary forests.     

湿地松连作对土壤肥力及其生长量的影响

为了研究连作对湿地松纯林土壤肥力及林分生产力的影响,以湖北省荆门市彭场林场中湿地松人工林为研究对 象,调查并分析连作林分和非连作林分林地土壤养分含量变化和林木生长量及根系差异 。结果表明：0~10cm土层中非连 作林分土壤氮、磷、有机质含量均高于连作林分,>10~20cm土层中非连作林分土壤的氮和磷含量高于连作林分;非连作 林分林木根的长度和表面积均高于连作林分;利用解析木数据拟合林木树高、胸径和单株材积生长曲线,15a前连作和非 连作林分的树高和胸径没有明显差异,但非连作林分的单株材积高于连作林分,而25a时,非连作林分的胸径和单株材积 明显高于连作林分 。可见,湿地松连作会导致土壤肥力退化,林分生产力下降,对于连作林分土壤肥力维持至关重要。     

The stand dynamics of a mixed coppice forest of shade-tolerant and intermediate species

We investigated stand dynamics of a mixed coppice forest of shade-tolerant and intermediate species, Fagus crenata Bl. and Quercus crispula Bl., in five stands with canopy-stem densities from 420 to 1320 ha⁻¹ (estimated stand age: 37–62 years). The mean basal area (BA), exposed-crown area (ECA) and crown depth (CD) per stem were significantly larger in F. crenata in the three lower density plots. Also Q. crispula had considerably less overtopped stems in the two lower density plots. The mean annual BA increments of the two species were similar in the earlier 20 years; however, in the most recent 5 years, F. crenata had a higher relative growth rate for basal area (RGR_BA) than Q. crispula. The most critical variable of the RGR_BA was the ECA for F. crenata and the relative height (RH) for Q. crispula. We predict that dominance of F. crenata will gradually increase over that of Q. crispula as stands mature. This seems to be caused by lower shade-tolerance despite the similar initial growth rates of Q. crispula compared with F. crenata.     

Pitch pockets in Picea abies: Variation in amount,number and size within trees and within a stand

The occurrence of pitch pockets in a stand of Picea abies [L.] Karst, was studied, focusing on variations in amount, number and size of pitch pockets within trees and between trees from the centre and the border part of a stand. Pitch pockets were more abundant in the border part, which had a lower site index and was also more exposed to the wind. The highest frequency of pitch pockets was noted for sawn faces near the pith of the tree from around the half tree height. The size of pitch pockets on sawn faces is described by two exponential functions. In both parts of the stand there was a similar increase of pitch pocket length with increasing distance from the pith, but generally trees in the border part had longer pitch pockets. In order to determine the relative amount of pitch pockets accurately at different distances from the pith and to explain the variation within and between trees, further analyses are necessary.     

杉木纯林、混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分的比较研究

本文于2005年5月份,在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站选择了一块15年生的杉木纯林和两块15年生杉阔混交林作为研究对象,调查了林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、有效磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸以及呼吸熵,比较了纯林和混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分.结果表明,杉阔混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷硝态氮和有效磷含量高于杉木纯林;在混交林中,土壤微生物学特性得到改善.在0(10 cm和10(20 cm两层土壤中,杉阔混交林土壤微生物氮含量分别比杉木纯林高69%和61%.在0(10 cm土层,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳、磷和基础呼吸分别比杉木纯林高11%、14%和4%;在10(20 cm土层,分别高6%、3%和3%.但是,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵较杉木纯林低34%和4%.另外,土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性高于土壤呼吸、微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵与土壤养分的相关性.由此可知,在针叶纯林中引入阔叶树后,土壤肥力得以改善,并有利于退化森林土壤的恢复.     

水曲柳落叶松混交林中细根空间分布

采用根钻取样方法对年生水曲柳落叶松混交林中细根空间分布状况进行了研究。结果表明,水曲柳落叶松地下生物量的空间分配差异显著。在林分水平上,水曲柳的根生物量密度高于落叶松(分别为4442.3和2234.9g/m3)。两树种在相邻区域中分配的细根生物量较高,表明种间根系竞争较弱。落叶松行间的水曲柳细根生物量密度和根长密度均高于水曲柳行间的落叶松细根,表明水曲柳地下部分具有较强能力。根系的空间分布有利于混交林中水曲柳的生长。图1表4参19。     

怀化市鹤城区针阔混交林林分结构研究

以怀化市鹤城区针阔混交林为研究对象,选择具有代表性的11块20 m×20 m标准地,进行树种组成结构分析,并利用Weibull分布函数开展直径分布研究。结果表明:(1)标准地内乔木层阔叶树以檫木、枫香、木荷为主,针叶树以杉木、马尾松、柏木为主。林木总蓄积量比重值位于前5位的树种是:杉木、枫香、马尾松、楠木、檫木,分别占总蓄积量的18.52%、18.36%、18.13%、12.88%、12.70%。(2)林分直径结构分析表明,树木直径分布曲线均呈不规则单山峰状曲线,应用Weibull分布函数拟合反映直径分布,并进行x2检验,效果比较理想。(3)各标准地林分的混交度均值都大于0.7,各优势树种的平均混交度比较高,按从大到小排序为马尾松杉木木荷檫木苦槠白栎枫香楠木柏木。     

THE CHARACTERS AND EFFECTS OF AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN DAHURIAN LARCH-MANCHURICA ASH MIXED SEEDLING STAND

Dahurianlarch(Larixgmelinii)isamaintreesPeciesinartificialstandsandManchuriaash(Fnainusma:dehurica)isavaluabIehardwoodsPeciesinti1eforestareaofnortheastChina.SomestUdiesrevealedthatthemixedstandbythetwospecieshadpositivemixedeffectSandnutritionrelationshipwasoneofthemaincausesforthepositiveeffects.lnsomeresearches,itwasfoundthatinline-belttwoflarch-ashmixedstand,theconcentra-tionofavailablephosphorusofsoilinlarchbeltwas2ntimesoftl1atinashbelt.Itisdeducedthatinsuchmixedstandtheashcanabsorbmo…     

Ecological distribution and seasonal change of soil microorganisms in pure and mixed plantations

lntroductionSoiImicroorganismsareimportantingredientsinsoilandobviouslyaff6ctsoiIf6rtiIity,andtheycanchangethephysicochemicaIpropertiesofthesoilsbythejrmetabolicactivities.The'reproductionofmi-croorganismscanintensiveIyinffuencegrowthanddeveIopmentofpIants.Therootsoffensecretevari-OuskindsofexosmosemateriaIsuchassaccharide,aminoacidandvitamins,whichcanalsostimuIatethereproductionofthesoilmicroorganisms.Thenumberandspeciesofthesoilmicroorgaoismsaredifferentwiththechangeofthesoiltype,environ…     

近天然落叶松-云冷杉林树种竞争关系的变化

以4块落叶松-云冷杉间伐实验样地为对象,采用6个与距离无关的竞争指标,研究林木竞争状态在20年间(1986～2006年)的变化及间伐的影响。结果表明,落叶松为主要树种,竞争能力最强,其竞争压力主要来自种内,红松和其他阔叶树的竞争能力有逐渐增强的趋势,因此,随着林分生长,落叶松的竞争主体地位受到了来自其他针叶树云冷杉、红松及阔叶树种的威胁。该林分竞争关系近期相对稳定,但有从落叶松-云冷杉林向阔叶树及红松林发展的趋势。间伐影响种间竞争关系和林分平均竞争水平,影响程度与间伐对象的选择与间伐强度有关。林分竞争水平随间伐强度的增加而降低,但会逐渐恢复。     

Soil carbon dioxide efflux in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech

Total Soil Respiration (TSR) was measured in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech and was partitioned into two contributions using the forest floor removal technique: Mineral Soil Respiration (MSR) and Forest Floor Respiration (FFR). In addition, laboratory incubations of the forest floor and the Ah horizon were performed to evaluate the heterotrophic respiration and the DOC production of these horizons. The relationships between soil temperature and the various soil respiration contributions in the three stands were compared using Q ₁₀ functions. In situ, significant differences (α = 0,05) between stands were observed for the R ₁₀ parameter (respiration rate at 10 °C) of the TSR, MSR and FFR contributions, while only the temperature sensitivity (Q ₁₀) of TSR was significantly affected by stand composition. The effect of soil water content was only significant on MSR and followed different patterns according to stand composition. Under controlled conditions, the R ₁₀ of the forest floor and of the Ah horizon varied with stand composition and the Q ₁₀ of the forest floor decreased in the order: oak (2.27) > mixture (2.01) > beech (1.71).     

Hybridization between Quercus robur and Q. petraea in a mixed oak stand in Denmark

? Hybridization and mating pattern between Quercus robur and Q. petraea was studied in a 5.8 ha mixed forest stand in Jutland, Denmark which comprises in total 135 Quercus robur and 230 Q. petraea trees. Classification of the oak trees into species was performed using canonical discriminant analysis of a range of leaf morphological traits. Adult trees (365) and offspring (582) were genotyped with eight microsatellite markers. Seedlings were sampled in 2003 and acorns were collected in 2004.

? Mating patterns of Q. robur and Q. petraea are expected to be different in the northern range of the distribution area and a larger hybridization rate is expected. It is further expected, that pollination from outside sources will be relatively less in small fragmented forest management systems compared to large scale oak forest. The conclusions should be verified through repeated year to year analysis of the mating pattern.

? Phenological studies revealed that there was no difference in flowering time between species. Data for the adult trees revealed no significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg proportions and there was weak, but significant spatial genetic structure, which supports the idea that the stand is of natural origin. Spatial genetic structure in the first distance class is stronger for Q. petraea. The genetic composition of the offspring was remarkably consistent from year to year. Paternity analysis revealed that, on average, 85% pollination came from fathers within the stand. The direction of the pollen flow varied from year to year. Inter-specific hybridization was high and ranged from 15–17% and from 48–55% for Q. petraea and Q. robur mothers respectively. Paternity analysis revealed that the population was basically outcrossing and only 3.7% of the analysed progeny were the product of selfing. Over the two years of study, approximately 200 trees contributed to the paternity of the next generations.

? The study confirms earlier studies with a greater tendency for Q. robur mothers to produce hybrid seeds than Q. petraea mothers. The rate of hybridization is higher in this Danish stand than in comparable studies elsewhere in Europe. Gene flow from outside sources are relatively low.