施用生防菌菌剂与日光消毒和生物熏蒸相结合防治番茄根结线虫的研究

在温室条件下,研究了覆膜日光消毒、有机物料生物熏蒸和接种根结线虫拮抗菌Bacillus cereus X5对番茄生物量、根结线虫侵染以及根际土壤和土体土壤中微生物数量变化的影响。结果表明,对根结线虫滋生土壤进行覆膜日光消毒、生物熏蒸和接种拮抗菌的联合处理效果最佳,优于单一处理。联合处理的番茄生物量干重比对照增加了1.8倍;每株番茄根结线虫卵块数和每卵块的虫卵数量分别减少了190.4%和380.5%,对根结线虫的防治效果达到82.7%;根际土壤和土体土壤的细菌和真菌数量显著增加;土壤中根结线虫的数量显著减少。     

新型农药氟吡菌酰胺对番茄根结线虫的田间防效

为测试新型杀线虫剂41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果,以1.8%阿维菌素乳油和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂为对照药剂,进行了田间防治试验。结果表明,41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂138倍液(灌根)、1.8%阿维菌素乳油1000倍液(灌根)、10%噻唑膦颗粒剂22.5 kg/hm~2(拌土)处理的防效分别为76.0%、44.0%、52.0%。氟吡菌酰胺对于番茄根结线虫的控制效果显著高于对照药剂。氟吡菌酰胺能够抑制番茄根部根结的形成,控制土壤中根结线虫2龄幼虫数量,促进植株生长,增产率达到133.2%。     

生防菌淡紫紫孢菌与低剂量杀线虫剂复配防治蔬菜根结线虫的研究

 根结线虫是一种重要植物病原线虫,常用杀线虫剂噻唑膦、阿维菌素等进行防治。研究生防真菌淡紫紫孢菌颗粒剂与低剂量杀线虫剂复配对根结线虫的防治效果,结果显示当浓度低于100 μg·mL^-1时,噻唑膦对淡紫紫孢菌的菌落生长和孢子萌发无显著影响;且低剂量噻唑膦与淡紫紫孢菌复配对线虫二龄幼虫的致死率高于单独使用噻唑膦或淡紫紫孢菌的。盆栽及大棚试验都表明阿维菌素减量25%、或噻唑膦减量25%、或噻唑膦减量50%后分别与淡紫紫孢菌颗粒剂复配,对根结线虫的防效与单独使用阿维菌素、噻唑膦或淡紫紫孢菌相当。因此,噻唑膦及阿维菌素与淡紫紫孢菌复配,可减少农药使用量,并弥补生物防治稳定性不强等缺点,是可选的植物线虫病害防治策略之一。     

杀线虫植物内生细菌和根际放线菌对根结线虫的防效

为了获得防治植物寄生线虫的微生物菌种资源和防效稳定的生防菌剂,以松材线虫为靶标,采用直接触杀法对植物根际放线菌和内生细菌进行了筛选,通过盆栽试验测定了筛选到的菌株发酵液对根结线虫的防治效果,并将有初步防效的菌株制成固体菌剂,分别测定单菌剂和复合菌剂的防效。共筛选到16株放线菌和4株内生细菌具有杀线虫活性,其中2株放线菌和3株内生细菌的发酵液对根结线虫防效明显;放线菌和内生细菌混合发酵液均保持了对根结线虫的抑制作用,但是放线菌和细菌菌株的固体菌剂混合后对根结线虫的防效低于细菌单菌株的防效。植物内生细菌BCM2和CCM7单菌株的固体菌剂对番茄根结线虫的防效最高,分别达到了83.31%和83.07%。表明高杀线虫活性的植物内生细菌制备的固体菌剂具有应用潜力。     

不同氮素对根结线虫及土壤微生物的影响

为筛选根结线虫控制技术,采用传统平板法和Biolog ECO生态板评价了液氨、氨水和碳酸氢铵3种氮素对根结线虫及土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,等氮条件下液氨处理杀线虫效果最好且黄瓜产量最高,氨水次之。液氨用量在375.0 kg/hm~2的条件下,对黄瓜根结线虫的防效达到71%,和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂(GF)45.0 kg/hm~2处理相比效果没有显著差异(79.9%)。种植前,细菌数量、AWCD值、Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson指数均随着液氨用量的增加而减少,随着氨水和碳酸氢铵用量的增加而增加;但所有处理均显著降低了土壤真菌的数量。黄瓜收获后,土壤细菌数量、真菌数量、AWCD值、Shannon指数、McIntosh指数和Simpson指数均随着氮素用量的增加而提高,且高于空白处理和10%噻唑膦GF 45.0 kg/hm~2处理。以上结果说明,液氨、氨水和碳酸氢铵不但可以作为土壤肥料,也可以作为一种高效、低价和生态化的根结线虫防治剂进行推广应用。     

有机物与淡紫紫孢霉对番茄根结线虫病的协同防治

通过对盆栽条件下鸡粪、牛粪和玉米秸秆等不同有机添加物与淡紫紫孢霉Purpureocillium lilacinum组合使用后对番茄根结线虫的防效测定,结果表明鸡粪、牛粪和玉米秸秆协同淡紫紫孢霉处理均能显著降低番茄根结指数,防病效果分别为78.3%、59.7%和61.3%,显著高于淡紫紫孢霉单独使用的防效41.9%。并能有效增加植株茎粗、株高和地上部鲜重,其中以鸡粪协同淡紫紫孢霉处理的效果最好。在上述试验基础上,设计了以鸡粪为主要成分的有机组合物(配方5主要成分,鸡粪:牛粪:蟹壳粉=10:4:1),田间数据分析表明,配方5协同淡紫紫孢霉处理可显著降低根结指数,防病效果最高为84.0%,显著高于淡紫紫孢霉和配方5单独使用的防效50.2%和9.1%。通过对移栽后0~50 d的根结线虫病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)计算,配方5协同淡紫紫孢霉处理的AUDPC值为957.2,显著低于配方5处理(2144.4)、淡紫紫孢霉处理(1547.7)和空白对照(2822.4)。配方5协同淡紫紫孢霉处理后,在番茄生长中后期可以有效提高植株的茎粗和地上部鲜重,促进植株开花和坐果,显著提高开花和坐果数量,单株产量可增加7.7%;可不同程度地降低土壤中根结线虫2龄幼虫数量,最高可比对照降低38.1%;可显著提高土壤中淡紫紫孢霉含量,比淡紫紫孢霉单独处理提高49.8%。上述结果表明有机添加物与生防菌组合能够更有效地抑制根结线虫的侵染,对开发生防菌的新制剂具有重要意义。     

土壤药剂处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫技术评价

为了筛选安全、高效、实用的化学防治技术,对国内外生产的5种杀线虫剂(棉隆、1,3 二氯丙烯·氯化苦、威百亩、噻唑磷、溴甲烷)土壤处理结合阳光消毒防治番茄根结线虫的效果进行了评价。结果表明,使用98%棉隆微粒剂450 kg/hm2或10%噻唑磷颗粒剂30 kg/hm2防治番茄根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita),结合夏季高温进行阳光消毒,能有效地降低番茄根结线虫的数量,减轻根结线虫的危害程度,节省农户的生产成本,提高番茄的产量和农户的经济效益,是夏季防治番茄根结线虫的有效措施。     

玫瑰黄链霉菌片剂对根结线虫病的防治作用及对土壤微生物区系的影响

玫瑰黄链霉菌Men-myco-93-63是从马铃薯疮痂病自然衰退土壤中筛选到的对多种重要植物病原菌具有较强抑制作用的拮抗链霉菌,其发酵液对根结线虫具有较好的防治作用。为明确Men-myco-93-63活菌片剂在蔬菜根结线虫防治中的应用前景,采用温室盆栽法和稀释平板法研究了Men-myco-93-63活菌片剂对黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果及对土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明:Men-myco-93-63片剂对黄瓜根结线虫病具有较好的防效,1.0和1.5 g/株用量下防效分别为51.85%和55.56%,而对照药剂淡紫拟青霉颗粒剂1.5 g/株及M en-myco-93-63固体发酵物(发酵物与病土体积比为1∶200)的防效分别为54.17%和50.00%;施药60d后,该片剂对植株根际土壤中微生物区系影响较大,1.0 g/株用量下,细菌和放线菌数量分别比空白对照增加了225.45%和75.45%,真菌数量降低了66.43%,3种可培养微生物的总量比空白对照增加了195.35%,表明M en-myco-93-63片剂的施用可明显改善根际土壤中的微生物结构。     

桑树青枯病与根际土壤肥力及微生物群落结构特征的研究

本文比较分析了桑树青枯病发病和健康植株根际土壤肥力以及微生物（细菌和真菌）群落结构特征差异，旨在挖掘和利用丰富微生物资源的有益功能，为构建桑树青枯病生物防治技术体系奠定基础。结果表明，桑树青枯病发病植株根际土壤中指示土壤肥力与健康状况的生物学性状指标β-葡糖苷酶和磷酸酶的活性显著降低，微生物生物量碳、磷显著下降；细菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中酸杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等优势细菌相对丰度降低，变形菌门、绿弯菌门、粘球菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等优势细菌相对丰度增加；细菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了硝化螺菌属和放线菌属等特有细菌属，缺失了诸如链霉菌属等具有分泌抗生素功能的优势细菌属。真菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门真菌相对丰度增加，unclassified_k_Fungi和霉菌门真菌相对丰度降低；真菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了地霉菌属、腐质霉属和丝孢菌属等腐生真菌，缺失了被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属等具有产抑菌化合物功能的优势真菌。研究表明，桑树青枯病与根际土壤β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性，微生物生物量碳、磷以及微生物群落结构都具有一定的相关性。链霉菌属细菌以及被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属真菌有望作为生物防控青枯病的有效备选菌属。     

生物有机肥与化肥配施对华北潮土区冬小麦田土壤线虫群落的影响

为了研究华北潮土区生物有机肥与化肥配施对冬小麦田土壤线虫群落结构的影响,在天津市宁河区试验基地设置了单施化肥(A1)、单施生物有机肥(A2)、减量50%生物有机肥与化肥配施(A3)、常量生物有机肥与化肥配施(A4)、增量50%生物有机肥与化肥配施(A5)5个施肥处理。结果表明:整个调查期共鉴定出6目、17科、26属土壤线虫,食细菌性线虫和植食性线虫在各处理中均为优势营养类群。不同处理的土壤线虫数量为A4A5A3A2A1,其中A4处理显著高于A1处理(P0.05)。生物有机肥-化肥配施处理中食细菌性线虫和捕食-杂食性线虫的相对丰度分别提高了1.67%～7.00%和1.00%～18.67%,食真菌性线虫和植食性线虫的相对丰度分别降低了2.33%～12.00%和0.34%～10.34%。从土壤线虫生态指数来看,优势度指数(λ)和富集指数(EI)不受施肥措施的影响。生物有机肥-化肥配施可增加土壤线虫类群多样性,A5处理的线虫WI、MI、SI和J指数分别为2.85、2.18、60.83和1.05,均高于其他处理,表明配施过程中增施生物有机肥可丰富土壤线虫食物网结构,提高土壤环境的稳定性和土壤健康程度。生物有机肥-化肥配施在一定程度上促进了线虫的繁殖,提高了线虫种类多样性,并通过增强线虫食物网的稳定性以降低其受干扰程度。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.