黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫种类的调查

植物寄生线虫是导致马铃薯减产和影响马铃薯品质的原因之一,但目前黑龙江省尚未开展相关研究。自2012年以来,在黑龙江省共调查了14个县（市）的马铃薯种薯田,采集土壤样品107份,初步鉴定出植物寄生线虫8个属,其中针属线虫（Paratylenchus sp.）和螺旋属线虫（Helicotylenchus sp.）为黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫的优势种群,并分析了其地理分布特点。在黑龙江省发现短体属线虫,其属于重要农业生产的植物寄生虫。     

海南省甘蔗寄生线虫调查与鉴定

2011～2014年,调查了海南省6个县市125份甘蔗根际土样的植物线虫发生情况。结果显示,海南甘蔗地每百克土壤中平均含有植物寄生线虫57条,其中沙性土壤中线虫平均含量达到143条,高于粘性土壤的42条。所分离出的线虫分布于13个属,包括矮化线虫属(Tylenchorhynchus spp.)、根结线虫属(Meloidogyne spp.)、短体线虫属(Pratylenchus spp.)、剑线虫属(Xiphenema spp.)、长针线虫属(Longidorus spp.)、毛刺线虫属(Trichodorus spp.)、拟毛刺线虫属(Paratrichodorus spp.)、拟长针线虫属(Paralongidorus spp.)、螺旋线虫属(Helicotylenchus spp.)、肾形线虫属(Rotylenchulus spp.)、垫刃线虫属(Tylenchus spp.)、滑刃线虫属(Aphelenchus spp.)和小环线虫属(Criconemella spp.)等。根据形态学特征及测量值,初步鉴定饰环矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus annulatus)及玉米短体线虫(Pratylenchus zeae)为海南甘蔗上的优势种类。     

不同土壤类型和纬度大豆田植物线虫分布特征

大豆根嗣有多种植物线虫,有些为重要的植物病原线虫,可影响大豆的生长发育,甚至造成严重的经济损失.利用贝漫浅盘法收集我国9个省86块大豆田土壤线虫,分析不同土壤类型和纬度大豆根围植物线虫群体分布特征,以明确大豆田植物线虫群体结构和分布,为从线虫生态角度评价土壤健康状况、控制大豆根部病害和大豆根际微牛态研究提供参考.结果表明:大豆根围植物线虫的群体分布与土壤类型有一定的关系,有机质丰富型土壤中植物线虫群体结构相对较丰富;贫瘠型土壤中植物线虫的种类和数量相对较少;纬度对其影响不明显.共鉴定出植物线虫13个属,丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)、短体属(Pratylenchous)、垫刃属(Tylenchus)、螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、平滑垫刃属(Psilenchus)和茎线虫属(Ditylenchus)在黑龙江省大豆田首次发现.     

涕灭威对大豆田土壤线虫生物多样性的影响

利用涕灭威处理大豆田,研究土壤线虫群落结构和生物多样性的变化,共鉴定出7目12科17属的土壤线虫,其中植物寄生线虫是大豆根际土壤线虫的优势营养类群,短体属Pratylenchus,茎属Ditylenchus,小杆属Rhabditis和矛线属Dorylaimus是线虫优势属.与对照相比,除开花期因气候干旱外,涕灭威处理在大豆的各个生育期均抑制了土壤线虫总数和各营养类群的群体数量增长,尤其对植物寄生线虫抑制程度更为显著.应用多样性指数H′、成熟度指数MI、均匀度指数J′、丰富度指数SR、优势度指数1和植物寄生线虫成熟度指数PPI分析比较了处理区和对照区土壤线虫生物多样性变化规律,结果显示涕灭威处理显著降低了大豆田土壤线虫的多样性、增加了线虫的优势度指数,各生态指数较好地反映了涕灭威对大豆田土壤线虫生物多样性的干扰作用.     

内蒙古马铃薯疮痂病发生与防治途径

2011～2012年对内蒙古自治区18个种薯生产单位和11个马铃薯县(旗、市)进行了马铃薯疮痂病(Streptomyces spp.)实地访问和调查。结果被调查的18个种薯生产单位有疮痂病率83.0%,病薯率0.0%～100.0%,11个县(旗、市)商品薯有疮痂病率100.0%,病薯率0.1%～38.0%。重复使用蛭石生产种薯、商品薯生产田轮作少、发病重。种薯较商品薯疮痂病问题更为严重。品种感病、条件适宜、重复使用蛭石、轮作少和缺乏有效杀菌剂是病害严重的主要因素。分析认为,使用效果显著的蛭石消毒剂或种薯处理剂是内蒙古马铃薯疮痂病防治的最佳途径。     

赤霉素在马铃薯组织培养中的应用

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)是一种用途广、优点多的主要农作物。作为马铃薯生产第一大国,中国的马铃薯单产低于世界平均水平。种薯问题是限制其单产提高的主要因素,要提高种薯质量,茎尖分生组织培养脱毒、组培苗离体快繁和(或)试管薯生产方面的研究是其技术基础,植物生长物质在上述三方面的应用是研究方向之一。本文简要综述了赤霉素这三方面的应用进展。     

我国苎麻根际寄生线虫调查和初步研究

2010-2011年,我们在重庆、四川、湖北、湖南、江西等地苎麻主产区进行根腐线虫病调查;采集苎麻根腐病病蔸和病土,并分别利用改良贝曼漏斗法和蔗糖离心浮选法从病根和土壤中分离植物病原线虫,根据形态特征对分离到的植物病原线虫进行鉴定.研究结果表明:1)苎麻根腐病病根及根际土壤中主要发现4种植物寄生线虫,根据形态特征,鉴定为:咖啡短体线虫(Pra-tylenchuscoffeae)、穿刺短体线虫(P.penetran)、长针属线虫(Paratylenchussp.)和丝尾属线虫(Filenchussp.);其中,后2种线虫均在苎麻园中首次报道;2)四种线虫中,咖啡短体线虫发生最为普遍,存在于大多数样品中(约91%);丝尾属线虫次之,存在于54.5%的样品中;穿刺短体线虫较少,存在于少数样品(18.2%)中;长针属线虫最少,仅在13.6%的样品中检测到.3)根际土壤中植物寄生线虫的数量,随麻园种植年限增加而增多;同时,土壤类型也对线虫生长繁殖有一定的影响.     

茶尺蠖幼虫寄生天敌—茶尺蠖绒茧蜂

茶尺蠖(Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli)是我国主要的茶树害虫,夏秋季常在一些茶区暴发成灾,不仅造成茶叶减产,对茶叶品质及树势都有较严重的影响。茶尺蠖天敌的种类很多,有茶尺蠖绒茧蜂(Apanteles sp.)、单白绵绒茧蜂(Apanteles sp.)、茶尺蠖寄生蝇(Drino sp.)、斜纹猫蛛(Oxyopes sertafus L.)及线虫、蚂蚁、鸟、茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒、寄生真菌等。其中     

国外马铃薯抗寒育种(综述)

目前“马铃薯”这一名词巳不是狭义地代表普通马铃薯栽培种(S.tuberosum,简写S.tbr.)而是广义地作为包括普通马铃薯栽培种在内的所有结薯茄属植物种的总称。普通马铃薯栽培种(S.tbr.)一般不抗霜。在马铃薯主栽地区(一季作地区)春季的终霜和秋季的初霜成为限制马铃薯营养生长期的主要     

种植期和接种量对马铃薯粉痂病发病率和严重度的影响

近年来粉痂病(Spongospora subterranea(Wallr.)Lagerh. f. sp. subterranea)在宾夕法尼亚州马铃薯种薯繁育地区(Potter县)危害较大。同本地的其它马铃薯产区相比,整个生长季节温度都较低。由于土壤水分和温度是粉痂病发展的重要因素(De Boer等,1985     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.