不同施肥模式下设施菜田土壤团聚体养分和微生物量特征

【目的】针对设施蔬菜生产中普遍存在的化肥施用严重超量、化肥与有机肥配施模式不合理等现象,利用日光温室蔬菜有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式对设施菜地土壤团聚体养分、微生物量碳氮含量的影响,为设施蔬菜优质高效生产和减量施用化肥提供科学依据。【方法】将25%或50%的无机氮肥用玉米秸秆或猪粪中氮替代,进行温室蔬菜田间定位试验。试验共设5个处理(各处理等氮、等磷、等钾):1)全部施用化肥氮(4/4CN);2) 3/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮(3/4CN+1/4MN);3) 2/4化肥氮+2/4猪粪氮(2/4CN+2/4MN);4) 2/4化肥氮+1/4猪粪氮+1/4秸秆氮(2/4CN+1/4MN+1/4SN);5) 2/4化肥氮+2/4秸秆氮(2/4CN+2/4SN)。在定位试验第6年冬春茬黄瓜季拉秧期采取耕层土壤样品,分析土壤团聚体分布规律和稳定性,并测定各粒级团聚体中土壤养分和微生物量碳、氮含量。【结果】设施菜地土壤团聚体以250~1000μm团聚体和> 2000μm团聚体为主,其含量分别平均为32.0%和38.4%。较4/4CN模式,有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式提高了土壤大团聚体(> 250μm)比例。配施秸秆模式对土壤团聚体分布影响相对较大,并显著提高土壤团聚体机械稳定性,平均重量直径(MWD)和平均几何直径(GMD)分别提高6.1%和11.2%。在<250μm团聚体、250~1000μm团聚体、1000~2000μm团聚体和> 2000μm团聚体中,不同有机肥化肥配施模式(3/4CN+1/4MN、2/4CN+2/4MN、2/4CN+1/4MN+1/4SN、2/4CN+2/4SN)土壤有机碳含量较4/4CN模式分别增加36.8%~89.6%、34.9%~100.3%、29.5%~69.2%和21.7%~72.1%,分别平均增加69.8%、76.6%、56.9%和49.2%。不同施肥模式对有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、速效磷的影响规律基本一致。土壤有机碳、全氮主要分布在250~1000μm团聚体和> 2000μm团聚体中,平均分别占土壤有机碳储量的34.1%、35.2%和土壤全氮储量的34.0%、36.4%。土壤硝态氮在250~1000μm团聚体与1000~2000μm团聚体中含量较高,土壤速效钾、微生物量碳氮含量表现为随土壤团聚体直径的增大而提高,而速效磷则随土壤团聚体直径的增大而降低。【结论】设施菜田土壤团聚体优势粒级为> 2000μm团聚体和250~1000μm团聚体,配施秸秆模式显著提高土壤团聚体的机械稳定性。有机肥/秸秆替代化肥模式提高土壤各级团聚体有机碳、全氮、硝态氮和速效磷含量。设施菜地土壤有机碳氮主要分布在250~1000μm团聚体和> 2000μm团聚体中,而微生物量碳、氮含量随土壤团聚体直径的减小而呈增加的趋势。     

施肥对青岛市设施蔬菜产量、净产值及土壤环境的影响

为进一步提高设施蔬菜的施肥效率, 减少肥料成本和对环境的污染, 对青岛市设施蔬菜施肥状况及其对产量、净产值和土壤环境的影响进行了研究。结果表明, 设施黄瓜和番茄氮、磷、钾肥施用均明显过量。黄瓜N、P₂O₅、K₂O年施用量分别为1 841.5 kg·hm^-2、864.0 kg·hm^-2和1 978.7 kg·hm^-2, 番茄N、P₂O₅、K₂O年施用量分别为1 436.7 kg·hm^-2、833.6 kg·hm^-2和1 643.7 kg·hm^-2。施肥中有机/无机肥料养分比例较为合理, 重视了有机肥的施用。年度施用N、P₂O₅、K₂O量及其总量对年度蔬菜产量、净产值有明显影响, 存在着线性方程关系。随着年度施氮量的增加, 土壤NO₃^--N含量明显增加, 31.4%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤NO₃^--N含量居高和较高水平。土壤速效磷含量随年度施磷量的增加而增加, 74.3%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤速效磷为高水平。68.6%的农户设施蔬菜田土壤为酸性和微酸性, 有向酸性发展的趋势。生产中应适量减少氮、磷和钾肥投入, 推广测土配方施肥、水肥一体化、秸秆生物处理等技术, 促进青岛市设施蔬菜生产的可持续发展。     

INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON GERMINATION,LEAF NITROGEN,NITRATE ACCUMULATION AND YIELD OF VEGETABLE AMARANTH

The influence of manure and diammonium phosphate (DAP) mineral fertilizer on germination, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and yield of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) was investigated. Field trials were set up at the University of Nairobi Field Station at the Upper Kabete Campus during the long rains of March–May in 2007 and 2008. Trials were laid out as complete randomized block design with four fertilization treatments: 20, 40, and 60 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 supplied by DAP (18:46:0), 40 kg N ha^?1 supplied by cattle manure and an unfertilized control variant. The vegetables were harvested at three maturity stages at 6, 7, and 8 weeks after planting. Results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments in germination percentage, leaf nitrogen content, nitrate accumulation and vegetable yield. Plants that received manure had a higher germination percentage than those that received the same amount of N supplied by the chemical fertilizer DAP. The yields generally increased from week 6 to week 8. The highest yield was recorded in plots receiving 40 kg N ha^?1 from DAP at eight weeks after planting. Plots that were supplied with manure recorded the lowest yield when compared to the fertilizer treated plots at all rates. Leaf nitrogen content increased with increasing rate of N but only when N was supplied by DAP fertilizer. The leaf nitrogen content decreased with increasing age of the plants. The leaf nitrate content increased with increase in DAP application rate. Results indicate that manure application produced quality vegetables in terms of low nitrate levels, but leaf nitrogen and vegetable yields were low. DAP application effected higher yields, but the vegetables had high though acceptable nitrate levels.     

不同施肥模式对小白菜生长、营养累积及菜地氮、磷流失的影响

在天然降雨条件下, 通过田间小区试验, 研究了7种不同施肥模式(不施肥, 化肥基施, 化肥基追肥各半, 化肥和双氰胺基施, 化肥和双氰胺基追肥各半, 化肥和有机肥各半, 有机肥)对小白菜植株株高、株重、产量、氮磷钾累积量、肥料利用率及菜地硝态氮、氨态氮及水溶性总磷随地表径流流失的影响.结果表明, 与不施肥对照处理相比, 化肥和有机肥各半、化肥和双氰胺基追肥各半2种施肥模式不仅能改善小白菜生长农艺性状, 可分别提高产量154.44%和172.18%, 增加植株氮、磷、钾累积量183.20%和327.21%、310.49%和247.67%、205.95%和189.39%, 蔬菜种植期间菜地土壤硝氨态氮总量、水溶性总磷随地表径流的流失量还能分别减少63.10%和56.53%、39.97%和48.44%, 从而明显减少了菜地土壤造成的农业面源污染, 因此, 该2种施肥模式值得在今后蔬菜生产上加以推广应用;而化肥基施的施肥模式明显促进了菜地土壤硝态氮、氨态氮和水溶性磷随地表径流的流失, 故此种施肥模式在蔬菜生产上应加以避免.     

上海郊区蔬菜田氮素流失的研

Nitrogen （N） leaching in vegetable fields from December 2002 to May 2003 with equal dressings of total N for a sequential rotation of Chinese flat cabbage （Brassica chinensis L. var. rosularis） and lettuce （Lactuca sativa L.） in a suburban major vegetable production base of Shanghai were examined using the lysimeter method to provide a scientific basis for rational utilization of nitrogen fertilizers so as to prevent nitrogen pollution of water resources. Results showed that leached N consisted mainly of nitrate N, which accounted for up to more than 90% of the total N loss and could contribute to groundwater pollution. Data also showed that by partly substituting chemical N （30%） in a basal dressing with equivalent N of refined organic fertilizer in the Chinese flat cabbage field, 64.5% of the leached nitrate N was reduced, while in the lettuce （Lactuca sativa L.） field, substituting 1/2 of the chemical N in a basal dressing and 1/3 of the chemical N in a top dressing with equivalent N of refined organic fertilizers reduced 46.6% of the leached nitrate N. In the twoyear sequential rotation system of Chinese flat cabbage and lettuce, nitrate-N leaching in the treatment with the highest amount of chemical fertilizer was up to 46.55 kg ha^-1, while treatment plots with the highest amount of organic fertilizer had only 17.58 kg ha^-1. Thus, partly substituting refined organic fertilizer for chemical nitrogen in the first two seasons has a great advantage of reducing nitrate-N leaching.     

不同肥源对萝卜硝酸盐累积分布和同化的影响

采用田间试验研究了牛粪、化肥单施和配施对萝卜产量,菜体硝酸盐累积、分布、同化,及土壤硝态氮含量变化的影响。结果表明,牛粪、化肥单施和配施,萝卜产量动态变化依次为FOM(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)、OM(牛粪)F(化肥)CK(无肥),叶部和肉质根硝酸盐含量高低依次为FFOMCKOM,粗蛋白累积量依次为FFOMCKOM,土壤硝态氮含量动态变化依次为FFOMOMCK。综合各因素总体以化肥配施牛粪最为适中,若重点考虑食用安全和土壤硝态氮累积环境效应,则以单施牛粪表现为最佳,各处理引起硝酸盐富集和土壤硝态氮残留的风险依次为化肥(1/2化肥+1/2牛粪)牛粪。萝卜硝酸盐含量分布表现为叶部生长旺盛期叶部硝酸盐含量高于肉质根,肉质根生长旺盛期地下部将贮存更多的硝酸盐。在地上部,当植株硝酸盐富集时,硝酸盐累积在内叶和叶柄中;当植株生长处于养分"饥饿"状态时,硝酸盐释放到外叶和叶片中。因此,菜地连续施用有机肥,不仅可减少蔬菜对硝酸盐的富集,且可维持后期蔬菜产量。     

Utilization of mineral nitrogen in the subsoil by winter wheat

Uptake of nitrogen from the subsoil (30–200 cm) by winter wheat has been measured in field experiments on deep loess-parabrown soils in northern Germany and at Rothamsted (England) for different crop rotations and manuring schemes. The results can be summarised as follows:

• 1 The mineral nitrogen content of the subsoil varies widely depending on farming practice.
• 2 The effective depth limit for N uptake by winter wheat appears to be 150 cm.
• 3 Averaged over 22 sites, 33% of the total N uptake was from the subsoil (range 9–75%); 25% was from the 30–90 cm soil layer and 8% from the 90–150 cm soil layer.
• 4 Decreasing the N supply to the topsoil increased N uptake from the subsoil.
• 5 N uptake from the subsoil is not dependent on water uptake from the subsoil; nitrate is readily transported to absorbing roots by diffusion.
• 6 When deciding on the rate of fertilizer N to apply in early spring, soil mineral N to a depth of 90 cm should be taken into account. For subsequent dressings, the soil mineral N between 90–150 cm depth needs to be considered.

     

设施条件下氮肥对大青菜硝酸盐及土壤矿质氮累积的影响

采用田间实验研究了施用氮肥对设施条件下大青菜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤硝酸盐含量累积分布的影响。结果表明,在施氮肥0~500 kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越大,产量越高,但到达一定量时,便不能再促进产量的提高,反而会引起减产。土壤铵态氮含量随着土壤剖面向下不断下降,表层的铵态氮含量较高,土壤硝态氮含量在整个土壤剖面的分布变化较小,但也是从表层向下处于一种缓慢减少的趋势,铵态氮的累积主要集中在上部土壤剖面,硝态氮的累积分布在整个土壤剖面,土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量增加而增加;氮肥施用量对硝酸盐含量有很大影响。在施氮肥0~700kg hm-2范围内,氮肥施用量越多,大青菜硝酸盐含量越高。     

不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。试验在等氮条件下设4个氮源,分别为不施氮肥、100%铵态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮、100%硝态氮;设4个硫酸镁施用量,分别为0、75 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2。结果表明,100%硝态氮与中量(150 kg·hm-2)镁配施处理的甘蓝产量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与中量镁配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与中量镁配施处理分别增产56.9%、14.7%和5.2%。施用100%硝态氮处理的甘蓝产量略高于50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮处理,比施用100%铵态氮处理和不施肥处理分别增产13.0%和44.2%。施用低量(75kg·hm-2)镁肥的甘蓝产量比不施镁肥增产9.3%,而增加镁肥用量对甘蓝产量没有显著影响。施用100%硝态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮和100%铵态氮处理的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施氮肥处理分别增加84.4%、63.4%和6.9%。100%硝态氮与高量(300 kg·hm-2)镁肥配合施用的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与高量镁肥配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与高镁肥配施处理分别增加101.4%、82.3%和14.1%。施用高量镁肥处理甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理增加11.2%。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量相应增加,镁肥施用量对甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量影响明显。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝对磷、钾和钙吸收量显著增加;随着镁施用量增加,磷、钾和镁吸收量相应增加。不同氮源与镁肥相互作用对甘蓝维生素C含量,氮、磷、钾、钙和镁养分吸收均有明显的影响。本研究表明,50%硝态氮和50%铵态氮混合与适量镁肥配合施用,既能增加甘蓝产量,提高维生素C、还原糖和总氨基酸含量,又能减少硝酸盐含量,提高甘蓝品质。     

凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥施用研究

[目的]通过田间试验,研究酿酒葡萄对不同氮肥施用量及施用深度的响应,为甘肃省凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥合理施用提供依据。[方法]在凉州区设置酿酒葡萄氮肥施用量及施用深度试验,研究不同氮肥施用量及施用深度对酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量的影响。[结果]10和30cm施肥深度之间酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量差异不显著。氮肥施用量对酿酒葡萄产量和叶柄含氮量的影响达到显著水平,对果实和叶片含氮量的影响不明显,其中高氮(300kg/hm~2)和中氮(240kg/hm~2)处理之间酿酒葡萄产量、果实含氮量、叶片含氮量、叶柄含氮量差异不明显,但是高氮和中氮处理与低氮(180kg/hm~2)处理相比,产量增加28.6%和24.1%,叶片含氮量增加17.4%和11.3%,叶柄含氮量增加了40.7%和33.0%,而对于收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量,高氮处理相对于中氮和低氮处理增加了53.8%,94.4%和41.8%,76.1%,氮肥施用量和施用深度的交互效应,仅叶片含氮量达到显著水平。[结论]受土壤质地和传统沟灌影响,氮肥施用深度对酿酒葡萄影响效果不明显,240kg/hm~2为酿酒葡萄较为合适的氮肥施用量,但氮素也存在损失风险。所以,凉州灌区酿酒葡萄合理施肥应该和灌水方式进行结合来确定合理的施肥量和施肥方式。     

不同培肥措施对土壤物理性状及无机氮的影响

通过田间动态监测,在东北中部黑土区比较了不同培肥措施下0~60 cm土壤三相比、容重、含水量及无机氮的变化。结果表明,黑土的土壤容重在深松后随着玉米生育进程逐渐向初始状态(1.36~1.54 g cm-3)恢复;与常规栽培(T1)相比,深松+深追肥(T3)和深松+深追肥+增施有机肥(T4)可有效降低玉米成熟期时的土壤容重,改善土壤结构,使20~40 cm层次的土壤三相比接近理想值,T4处理下在成熟期(R6)20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤三相比分别为53.4∶25.2∶21.4和50.9∶25.1∶24.0;此外,T4处理下20~40 cm土壤容重至成熟期时仍保持在1.16~1.29 g cm-3。深松促进了硝态氮的下移,优化了土壤中氮的分配;在开花后,T4处理下20~40 cm土层中硝态氮含量占总含量的31.1%~37.5%,有效的满足了生育后期根系对养分的需求;T4处理下20~50 cm土壤含水量显著提高,较T1处理下平均提高18.0%。研究表明,深松+深追肥+增施有机肥可以改善土壤物理环境,尤其是在20~40 cm,并能显著提升土壤水养库容能力,从而促进养分吸收,提高玉米产量。     

Der Nitratgehalt in der Halmbasis als Maßstab für den Stickstoffdüngerbedarf bei Wintergetreide

The nitrate content of the basal internode of the stems as an indicator of the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of winter cereals In fertilizer experiments on loess soils in the southern part of Lower Saxony (FRG) the possibility was tested if the nitrate content of the basal internode of the stems can be used in the determination of the N-fertilizer requirement between stem elongation and ear emergence. The nitrate concentration was determined by a plant sap test. The following results were obtained:

• 1 Nitrate concentrations in the fresh matter between 200 and 2000 ppm can be determined by the reagent ?Diphenylaminesulphuric acid”?. This method is easily applicable and can be done by farmers.
• 1 Winter wheat and winter barley have different nitrate concentrations in the basal internode of the stems between stem elongation and ear emergence. As the N-supply in spring (N_min + N-fertilizer) was the same in all fields, the different nitrate concentrations in the stems are due to the preceding crop and to different organic manuring.
• 1 There is a close relationship between the nitrate content in stems (basal internode) and the nitrate content of the soil.
• 1 The required amount of nitrogen fertilizer between stem elongation and ear emergence was significantly correlated with the nitrate content in the stems (basal intenode). Therefore, a recommendation of N-top dressings to winter wheat and winter barley was made on this basis. The method is suitable for determining the necessary amount and timing of N-fertilization.

     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.     

Anammox bacterial abundance and biodiversity in greenhouse vegetable soil are influenced by high nitrate content

The anaerobic ammonium oxidizing(anammox) process has been found to play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems in recent years. However,the diversity and abundance of anammox bacteria in nitrogen(N)-rich agricultural soils under high fertilizer greenhouse conditions are still unclear. Two greenhouse fields with different N fertilizer input levels were chosen, and their soil profiles were studied with molecular technologies, including quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, a clone library, and phylogenetic analysis based on hzsB(encoding anammox hydrazine synthase β-subunit) gene. Molecular analyses suggested that anammox bacteria were at their highest density at 10–20 cm soil depth, and that the anammox bacterial abundance was significantly lower at high N than at low N. Candidatus Brocadia was the sole anammox bacterial genus throughout the soil depth profiles. The highest diversity of anammox bacteria was found at 30–40 cm soil depth, and different phylotypic clusters of Candidatus Brocadia were associated with specific soil environmental factors, such as nitrates, soil depth, and total N. Correlation analyses and redundancy analyses confirmed that high nitrate content associated with high N fertilizer input had a significant negative influence on the abundance and biodiversity of anammox bacteria. These results imply that excessive use of N fertilizer would affect arid land soil N loss to the atmosphere by the anammox pathway.     

生物炭添加对酸化土壤中小白菜氮素利用的影响

针对菜地土壤酸化趋势显著、氮肥利用率低下等突出问题,以小白菜为供试作物,设置了前3季连续施用化肥氮及后2季不施化肥氮的5季盆栽试验,研究生物炭添加对酸化土壤上连续多季种植小白菜的产量、氮肥利用率以及土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明:在连续添加化肥氮的条件下,生物炭添加显著增加了小白菜的产量及氮素累积量,有效降低了土壤速效氮含量,并提高了土壤速效氮中NO3--N含量比例,缓解了土壤酸化趋势,降低了小白菜中硝酸盐含量,增加了氨基酸含量,提高了氮肥利用率;在停止施用化肥后,生物炭添加处理仍能保持较高的土壤速效氮含量,提高土壤固持氮素的有效性,促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,从而使产量维持在施氮条件下的高水平。研究表明生物炭添加对土壤氮素具有"削峰填谷"的调节功能,能够有效促进氮素的吸收转化,从而有利于维持高产。     

不同施肥模式对设施生菜产量和氮损失的影响

  目的  探讨液体肥滴灌施肥模式和常规施肥模式对设施生菜产量和氮损失（氨挥发、氧化亚氮排放、硝态氮淋洗）的影响。  方法  采用田间小区试验,以日光温室生菜为对象,共设3个处理,分别为液体肥优化施肥模式（LF,170 kg hm?2 N,基肥不施氮肥 + 3次追肥）、固体水溶肥常规施肥模式（CF,200 kg hm?2 N,基肥 + 2次追肥）,以及不施氮对照（CK,0 kg hm?2 N,磷钾做基肥+清水滴灌）。安装水肥一体化设施进行追肥灌水,采用通气法和静态箱法收集并测定生菜生长季内氨挥发和氧化亚氮的排放。  结果  结果表明,与常规施肥处理（CF）相比,液体肥料处理（LF）在生长前期可以延迟氨挥发和氧化亚氮的排放高峰3 ~ 5 d,且在生长季内显著降低土壤氨挥发和氧化亚氮的排放量,减排率分别为24.6%和21.6%;应用液体肥料可以减少0 ~ 100 cm土层硝态氮残留21.0%,降低了氮素淋洗风险;与CF模式相比,LF模式在减氮15.0%的基础上,产量没有下降,氮肥利用率提高了32.4%。  结论  新型液体肥料优化施肥模式（LF）可以显著降低设施菜田氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放量,减轻土壤硝态氮淋洗风险,维持产量不降低并提高肥料利用效率,是一种节氮减排的绿色生产方式。     

高投入菜地土壤磷素环境与农学阈值研究进展

维持适宜的土壤有效磷水平对保障蔬菜产量和水体安全具有十分重要的作用.而当前蔬菜种植体系磷肥投入的显著特征是高量、高频次,导致大量磷素累积在土壤中会增加磷素移动性从而引发高环境风险.一般认为菜地磷的环境阈值高于农田,但菜地的灌水和磷肥投入均远高于农田,因此磷流失程度仍高于农田.综合文献调研结果发现,我国不同地区的菜地土壤...     

施肥对蔬菜硝酸盐累积的影响研究

试验研究施肥对福州市多种蔬菜硝酸盐含量影响结果表明 ,农户传统施肥方式蔬菜硝酸盐含量为 5 9.5～374 3.1mg/kg,平均硝酸盐含量为绿叶菜类 >白菜类 >葱蒜类 >根茎类 >瓜类 >豆类 >茄果类 ,且同类不同品种蔬菜硝酸盐含量也存在差异。以WHO/FAO规定的允许值为标准评价绿叶菜类超标最重 ,其次为白菜类和葱蒜类 ,其他 4类未超标。化肥纯N施用量为 4 5 0kg/hm2 时 ,化学N肥对蔬菜硝酸盐累积的贡献率 >85 % ,其中不同品种N肥贡献率依次为NH4NO3 >NH4HCO3 >CO(NH2 ) 2 >(NH4) 2 SO4>NH4Cl。N肥施用量与蔬菜硝酸盐累积量呈正相关 ,双氰胺施用量与蔬菜硝酸盐累积量呈负相关。等N量下蔬菜硝酸盐累积量随基肥所占比例减少、追肥所占比例增大而增大 ,且随追肥后时间推移呈直线下降。配施有机氮可降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量 ,降幅施厩肥 >土杂肥。调整与优化蔬菜品种及施肥结构 ,采用“重头、稳中、控尾”施N方式 ,根据蔬菜食用卫生要求选择N肥用量及其使用安全期与双氰胺用量 ,可降低蔬菜硝酸盐含量。     

Water drainage and nitrate leaching under traditional and improved management of vegetable‐cropping systems in the North China Plain

Traditional irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization in North China may elevate water drainage and nitrate concentrations in soil and groundwater. A field experiment was conducted in an intensively irrigated vegetable (cauliflower, amaranth, and spinach) field for three consecutive years (1999–2002). The main objective was to test to what extent an improved water and fertilizer management, based on the maintenance of field capacity a defined range of the water content in the 0–50 cm soil layer and an N expert system, could reduce drainage and nitrate leaching without impairing vegetable yield. Rates of water drainage and related nitrate leaching were calculated based on measurements of soil water potential and soil‐water nitrate concentrations. Soil water potential was monitored with tensiometers at depths of 75 cm and 105 cm. Nitrate concentrations were analyzed in soil leachates collected at 90 cm soil depth using ceramic suction cups. The results revealed that the average annual drainage related to the cultivation season for cauliflower, amaranth, and spinach was reduced from 275 mm in the traditional system to 29 mm with improved management practice. The average annual cumulative nitrate leaching during the vegetable‐growing period amounted to 301 kg ha^–1 and 13 kg ha^–1 in the traditional and improved management practices, respectively. Vegetable yields were not significantly different under the traditional and improved management practices.     

不同种植年限黑土型蔬菜保护地磷素状况的研究

采用石灰性土壤无机磷形态分级方法,对不同种植年限的蔬菜保护地0～60cm土层土壤磷素形态及其含量特征与差异进行了研究.结果表明:哈尔滨市蔬菜保护地土壤磷素处于大量积累状态,其中全磷、速效磷、有机磷、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、Ca10-P在0~20era土层积累较多,且随土层深度的增加各形态磷的...