坝地沉积旋回泥沙养分变化及其对小流域泥沙来源的解释

黄土高原广泛分布的坝地沉积泥沙中赋存了大量小流域侵蚀特征及侵蚀环境变化的信息,泥沙特性的变化则是这些信息的直接体现。该文通过对比分析淤地坝沉积旋回泥沙中和坝控小流域内不同泥沙源地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量,发现小流域内土壤养分含量变异性明显大于沉积旋回泥沙中的变异性,沉积旋回泥沙养分含量与沟壁土壤中的相接近,其中与沟壁中的全氮、全磷和全钾无显著差异(p>0.05),但显著小于荒草地和坡耕地中的有机质、全氮和全磷含量(p<0.05),表明淤地坝运行期间小流域泥沙主要来源于沟壁坍塌和沟道扩展,重力侵蚀和沟蚀是主要侵蚀类型;有机质和全氮在坝地沉积旋回中呈明显阶段性变化,分析认为其反映了农村土地联产承包责任制对小流域土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响。     

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Forest Restoration and Check‐Dams to Reduce Catchment Sediment Yield

Reforestations and check‐dams are two commonly used measures to reduce soil erosion rates and sediment export from highly eroding catchments. Here, we evaluated the impact of the construction of 94 check‐dams and land use changes (caused by agricultural abandonment and reforestations) on sediment yield in the Upper Taibilla catchment (320 km², SE Spain) from 1956 to 2000. We combined land use change analysis, field surveys, and application of the WaTEM‐SEDEM erosion and sediment yield prediction model for nine scenarios combining land use maps (1956, 1987, and 2000) and different numbers of check‐dams throughout the catchment. Land use changes alone reduced sediment yield up to 14%, but in combination with check‐dams, the reduction in sediment yield reached 44 ± 6%. Sediment yield reduction was higher in smaller sub‐catchments, with, on average, a higher transport capacity than larger catchments, illustrating the scale dependency of human impacts on sediment fluxes and the buffer capacity of larger catchments. From an economical perspective, the construction of check‐dams was estimated to be more expensive than reforestation programs in the studied catchment, while adding more check‐dams did not always result in a proportional reduction of sediment yield. This indicates that optimizing check‐dam distribution relative to land use patterns is crucial to decrease catchment sediment yield. Check‐dams have a large and instantaneous impact on sediment yield over a restricted time period, while reforestations have important sustained effects at a lower economic cost. These contrasting effects require a careful evaluation for optimal effective catchment management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土壤含水率及物理性砂粒含量对风蚀模数影响的风洞模拟

为了探究土壤含水率及物理性砂粒含量对土壤风蚀模数的影响,在室内风洞中在5、6、9、12、15和18m/s风速下对不同含水率(0,1%,2%,3%,4%,5%,6%,7%,8%,9%和10%)的7种土壤(物理性砂粒质量分数的分别为20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%和80%)进行了10min吹蚀,在风洞轴线距出口1.2m处放置旋风式集沙仪分别测定垂直方向上10个不同高度的风蚀物收集量(高度分别为20、60、120、180、240、300、400、500、600和700mm),并利用MATLAB7.4.0(R2007)软件采用3次样条插值拟合法对旋风式集沙仪不同高度的风蚀物收集量进行积分,通过换算计算土壤风蚀模数E。结果表明,物理性砂粒质量分数低于40%的土壤在各种水分条件下集沙仪不同高度风蚀物收集量均很小。物理性砂粒质量分数≤20%时,风蚀物收集量在空间上符合指数函数变化规律;20%<物理性砂粒质量分数<40%风蚀物收集量在空间上利用指数函数和幂函数拟合相关性均很好,物理性砂粒质量分数高于40%后,风蚀物收集量在空间上呈现幂函数曲线变化规律。9m/s风速基本上是风蚀物空间动态发生变化的临界点;低于临界风速,风蚀物收集量与高度符合指数曲线变化规律;高于临界风速,二者符合幂函数曲线变化规律。集沙仪不同高度的总输沙量随风速的增加而增大,二者符合指数曲线变化关系。物理性砂粒质量分数低于40%的土壤,不会有风蚀现象发生;当物理性砂粒质量分数大于40%后,土壤容易发生风蚀,而且风蚀程度随物理性砂粒含量的增加而增大,尤其当土壤含水率低于3%时,极易发生风蚀。风速越大土壤风蚀模数越大,风蚀模数与风速按照指数曲线规律进行变化。阴山北麓旱作区冬春季节土壤地表含水率一般维持在3%～4%,土壤的物理性砂粒质量分数基本在50%～80%;单纯从土壤水分和土壤物理性砂粒含量考虑,阴山北麓旱作区大部分地区是沙尘暴的发生源。     

Evaluation of soil and water conservation measures in a semi‐arid river basin in Tunisia using SWAT

The Merguellil catchment (central Tunisia) is a typical Mediterranean semi‐arid basin, which suffers from regular water shortage aggravated by current droughts. Over recent decades, the continuous construction of small and large dams and soil and water conservation works (i.e. contour ridges) have taken place within this watershed. However, little is known about the effect of these water‐harvesting systems on the water balance components of arid or semi‐arid basins. In this paper, we present the results of a study, which evaluates the impact of the contour ridges on water balance components and erosion at basin scale by using the soil and water assessment tool model (SWAT). Large dams were modelled as reservoirs, small dams as ponds and contour ridges as potholes that fill with water and increase the percolation into the aquifer. The model predicts that contour ridges produce annually a reduction of 32 and 21% in surface run‐off and river discharge, respectively, and an increase in aquifer recharge of 50%. At the same time, retention of a large proportion of entrained sediment (26%) was modelled.     

黄河流域第三副区坝系拦沙输沙监测成果分析

黄河流域第三副区聂家河小流域坝系工程布局以现有骨干工程为骨架,各级沟道自上而下逐段布设小型淤地坝、中型淤地坝和骨干工程,分级拦蓄径流泥沙;在其示范坝系的典型淤地坝上布设了降雨、拦沙及输沙监测点.监测结果表明:坝系工程抬高了侵蚀基准,稳定了沟坡,控制了沟床下切和沟岸扩张,增强保土保水能力,尤其骨干坝在坝系拦沙中起关键作用,能够快速有效地拦蓄径流泥沙,控制水土流失,是水土保持生态建设的重要措施,为保护下游河流安全起到了重要作用.     

Source areas of phosphorus transfer in an agricultural catchment,south-eastern Norway

Abstract

The strategy to mitigate phosphorus (P) losses in areas of arable cropping in Norway has focused on measures to reduce erosion. Risk assessment of erosion has formed the basis for implementation of the measures. The soil P content has increased during recent decades, motivating an evaluation of its effect on P transfer in the landscape. The present study describes the spatial variability of runoff P concentrations from an agricultural dominated catchment (4.5 km²), representative for agriculture in south-eastern Norway. The concentrations of suspended sediments (SS), total P (TP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff from 22 subcatchments (0.3–263 ha) during one year (monthly and during runoff-events) were evaluated. Contributions from point sources were 38 kg TP yr^?1 compared to a total P loss of 685 kg yr^?1 from the whole catchment. During low flow, mean diffuse TP concentration in runoff from subcatchments varied from 28 to 382 µg l^?1. The mean low flow TP concentration was 39 µg l^?1 from the housing area (only diffuse runoff) and 33 µg l^?1 from the forested area. During high flow the highest diffuse TP concentration was measured in an area with high erosion risk and high soil P status. At the subcatchment level the transfer of SS varied from 25 to 175% of the whole catchment SS transfer. Correspondingly for TP, the transfer varied from 50 to 260% of the whole catchment TP transfer. For each of five agricultural subcatchments the slope of the relationship between TP and SS concentrations reflected the mean soil P status of the subcatchment. Erosion risk estimates were closely related to the SS concentration (R²=0.83). The study illustrates that soil P status in addition to soil erosion is an important factor for P transfer.     

国内主要流域侵蚀产沙模型评述

流域侵蚀产沙模型是国际土壤侵蚀研究的重点领域之一,国内以往进行了较多研究,建立了许多模型。正确分析和评价这些模型对于合理地使用它们进行流域侵蚀产沙预报和水土保持规划等工作具有重要意义。从研究方法、模型结构、模型中各参数的确定等方面对我国主要流域侵蚀产沙经验模型和具有一定成因的模型进行了分析,并在此基础上对各模型进行了评价。     

沙障对不同林龄雨养梭梭林冠下浅层土壤含水量的影响

[目的]分析不同林龄雨养梭梭林冠下浅层土壤含水量在布设沙障后的变化,为沙障生态功能的评价及梭梭生长发育状况的预测提供理论依据。[方法]对5年生幼年林和25年生中年林在布设沙障后冠下0—50cm的土壤含水量、表层结皮厚度、近地表风速等因子进行测定分析。[结果]沙障通过降低近地表气流流速,加速结皮形成等方式提高了梭梭冠下0—50cm的浅层土壤含水量。沙障对5年生梭梭冠下土壤含水量的空间分布格局影响不大,但使25年生梭梭冠下土壤含水量随着与主干距离的增加而单调增加,表现为"干岛效应"。在垂直分布上,25年生梭梭冠下土壤含水量在塑料网沙障区与对照区间呈显著相关(p0.05),而在麦草沙障区与对照区间相关性不显著,其最大土壤含水量的出现深度下降至30—40cm处。[结论]布设机械沙障对退化梭梭林的恢复将起到一定的促进作用,且对中年林梭梭土壤水分的影响大于对幼年林。     

Effectiveness and geomorphological impacts of check dams for soil erosion control in a semiarid Mediterranean catchment: El Cárcavo (Murcia, Spain)

The construction of transverse structures (check dams) is a widely used method in Spanish Mediterranean areas to stabilise gullies and ephemeral streams, to reduce channel incision and to prevent sediment deposition downstream. The effectiveness of check dams and their effects on the morphology of ephemeral channels (ramblas) were investigated in a semiarid, highly degraded catchment. In the study area, 36 dams were surveyed, of which 29 were filled up with sediments, 2 had been destroyed and only 5 had still not completely filled with sediments. The streams above the dams held sediments, which resulted in a decrease in the longitudinal gradient. Field observations of changes in the cross-sectional shape of the stream channel, the composition of channel bed material, and bankfull stage measurements indicated that the dams cause erosion downstream. The amount of sediments stored by the dams was found to be higher than the amount of eroded material in the downstream reaches of the dam.     

Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: implications for runoff and erosion control

Spatial patterns in surface soil moisture during dry and wet weather conditions have been recorded over a 3.68 ha gully catchment in central Spain. During dry weather conditions this spatial pattern was characterised by areas of relatively wet and dry soil, forming a mosaic of areas with contrasting hydrological response. Semi-variogram analysis has indicated that these areas are spatially isolated and unconnected, with the effect that surface runoff from source areas within the catchment may be re-absorbed by surrounding areas which act as sinks for overland flow. Consequently during dry weather conditions, variation in the soil's physical and hydrological properties, as reflected by spatial differences in soil moisture, may be advantageous in minimising widespread catchment runoff and erosion, by creating spatial isolation of runoff producing areas and by promoting discontinuity in hydrological pathways. During wet weather conditions, however, extensive saturation, exceeding a catchment wetness threshold, increased spatial continuity in hydrological pathways, regardless of the spatial variation in soil hydraulic properties, resulting in widespread runoff and erosion. Management strategies should therefore aim to raise this wetness threshold value, by improving the soils physical and hydrological properties. The creation of a mosaic pattern of areas with contrasting hydrological response may prove to be an effective management strategy in runoff and erosion control in semi-arid environments.     

Sediment Yield Deduction from Check–dams Deposition in the Weathered Sandstone Watershed on the North Loess Plateau,China

As the basic unit of erosion and sediment yield, it was critical to determine the amount of soil erosion and sediment yield in the small watersheds for sustaining a reasonable water resource and sediment regulation system. In this study, we determined the sediment yield from the dams‐controlled watershed on the North Loess Plateau. Three check dams in the watershed were investigated by drilling ten‐hole sedimentation cores. The corresponding flood couplets were dated according to thickness of deposition layers, distribution of sediment particle size and historical erosive rainfall events. On the basis of the check dams capacity curve, the soil bulk density and the thickness of couplets, the deposit mass of check dams, and then the sediment yield of watershed at different temporal and spatial scale were deducted. In total of the 33, 60 and 55 couplets were corresponded to individual flood events in the dam MH1# from 1976 to 1984, the dam MH2# from 1985 to 2007, and the dam MH4# from 1981 to 2009, respectively. The specific sediment yield for flood events was 1,188.5–11,527.9 Mg km⁻², 1,278.6–17,136.7 Mg km⁻², and 3,395.9–33,698.5 Mg km⁻², and the annual average sediment yield was 10,728.6 Mg (km² · a)⁻¹, 12,662.9 Mg (km² · a)⁻¹, and 16,753.3 Mg (km² · a)⁻¹ in dam MH1#, MH2# and MH4# controlled watershed, respectively. The sediment yields were inversely proportional to the dams – controlled areas. For the whole watershed, the annual average sediment yield was 14,011.1 Mg (km² · a)⁻¹ from 1976 to 2009. There were large amounts of sediments (42.3–50.5%) were intercepted gradually along the way from small watersheds to the river channel. And the minimum rainfall for sediment deposited in the dams was greater than 20 mm in this watershed. The results of this study suggested that the sediments retained behind check dams were helpful to quantifying the amount of erosion sediment yield and understanding the soil erosion evolution in the small and ungauged watersheds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

神府东胜煤田不同下垫面侵蚀特征野外试验

通过野外放水冲刷试验,对神府东胜煤田不同下垫面（原始地面、扰动地面、非硬化路面、弃土坡面、沙少石多弃渣坡面和沙多石少弃渣坡面）上的侵蚀特征进行分析。结果表明：1）在不同下垫面上,侵蚀量与径流量及径流剪切力都呈正相关关系,原始地面、扰动地面和非硬化路面侵蚀量与径流量呈较好的幂函数相关,弃土坡面和沙多石少弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流量呈线性相关,沙少石多弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流量呈指数函数相关;原始地面、扰动地面、非硬化路面、弃土坡面和沙多石少弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流剪切力呈较好的对数函数相关,沙少石多弃渣坡面侵蚀量与径流剪切力呈较好的线性关系;2）与原始地面对照,弃土弃渣坡面更易遭受侵蚀,其中弃土坡面的平均侵蚀量最大,为22.68 kg,是原始地面侵蚀量的45.27倍,其次为沙多石少弃渣坡面和沙少石多弃渣坡面,侵蚀量分别为原始地面的19.61和10.61倍,扰动地面、非硬化路面侵蚀量为原始地面侵蚀量的4.35和4.41倍。     

王茂沟淤地坝坝系建设的生态环境效益分析

黄土高原淤地坝坝系建设对当地生态环境的改善有着重要作用。以王茂沟小流域为例,从自然灾害防治条件、林草覆盖度、土壤侵蚀程度、土地质量、人类生存和动植物栖息条件等方面对比分析了淤地坝坝系建设前后的变化,分析表明,淤地坝坝系建设在提高流域抗灾能力、促进并巩固退耕还林还草、改善局部小气候和人类及动植物栖息条件方面均发挥了重要作用,正确认识淤地坝的生态环境效益,对进一步推动淤地坝建设,实现黄土高原秀美山川建设有重要意义。     

淤地坝拦沙减蚀作用与泥沙沉积特征研究

黄土高原淤地坝在拦沙减蚀方面发挥着重要作用。从淤地坝拦沙量与减蚀量计算方法、淤地坝拦沙减蚀作用与效益、淤地坝减蚀作用机理、淤地坝泥沙沉积特征与流域侵蚀产沙关系四个方面,归纳总结了其研究历史及现状,分析了目前研究中存在的问题,提出了今后研究的发展方向,以其能为更加科学地评价黄土高原淤地坝减蚀作用,更有针对性地开展其今后的理论研究及生产建设提供参考。     

闽西南崩岗侵蚀区芒萁叶片生态化学计量特征

为了阐明极度退化的崩岗生态系统内芒萁的生长状态和养分储存特征,对闽西南3处不同侵蚀强度的典型崩岗内芒萁叶片C、N、P含量及C/N、C/P、N/P特征进行研究,对比分析不同侵蚀强度下崩壁部位和崩岗不同侵蚀部位中芒萁叶片的生态化学计量特征。结果表明:崩岗内芒萁叶片的C、N、P平均含量分别为477.10 g·kg~(-1)、6.45 g·kg~(-1)、0.25 g·kg~(-1),芒萁叶片的N、P养分含量极低;而C/N、C/P、N/P平均值分别为96.82、2 097.20、27.67,芒萁生长受P限制。不同侵蚀强度下的崩壁内芒萁叶片的C、N、P含量及C/P、N/P均存在显著差异(P0.05),C含量、C/P和N/P均随着侵蚀强度的增强而减小,N含量在中度侵蚀的崩壁内较高,而P含量则随着侵蚀强度的增强而增加,表明芒萁对土壤侵蚀严重的崩岗生态系统具有很强的适应能力。在崩岗的不同侵蚀部位中芒萁叶片的P含量、C/P和N/P均存在显著差异(P0.05),P含量在集水坡面最高,在崩壁最低;而C/P、N/P均表现为崩壁显著大于其他各侵蚀部位。可见,在崩岗的不同侵蚀部位,崩壁中芒萁对C的同化能力强于其他侵蚀部位,且对P利用效率也显著高于其他侵蚀部位。综上,在侵蚀严重的崩岗生态系统中,芒萁有较强的同化C能力和较高的对P利用效率,能通过调节自身C、N、P元素含量很好地适应土壤侵蚀严重、养分极度贫瘠的生境。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区淤地坝建设效益与存在问题

韭园沟流域是黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区具有代表性的一条小流域,1953年被确定为水土保持试验、示范基地,并开展了以沟道淤地坝建设为主要措施的小流域综合治理。50a来取得了显著的拦泥淤地增产效益、生态效益和社会效益,为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区淤地坝建设起到了典型引路作用。分析了淤地坝建设运行过程中存在的一些突出问题,可为今后大规模的沟道淤地坝系建设提供科学依据和实践经验。     

植被缓冲带在水源地面源污染治理中的作用

在山地丘陵区遭遇高强度降雨时,常常发生水土流失;水流携带泥沙下泄,过量施入农田的肥料、农药等化学物质随之进入河流、水库、湖泊等地表水和地下水水体,进而造成水体富营养化等面源污染,危害水源地安全。为梳理植被缓冲带能够控制水土流失、阻控污染物移动、解决水源地面源污染问题,明确该项技术措施减少和治理水源地面源污染的机制,为水源地面源污染防治和水环境改善提供参考。在概括介绍植被缓冲带的类型、功能的基础上,对该项技术措施减少和治理水源地面源污染的机制进行讨论。植被缓冲带治理水源地面源污染的机制主要有:①植物在生长过程中自身对氮磷等物质的吸收;②利用植被固结土壤,减少水土流失;③植被覆盖、拦蓄能够延长径流在地面的停留时间而增加水分入渗、减少氮磷等物质随地表径流流失;④植物根系参与土壤中多种物理、化学和生物过程,加速碳、氮、磷等物质的形态转化。针对水源地面源污染特点和植被缓冲带的建设技术及其应用要点,提出相关建议,并对今后该技术的发展进行了展望。     

Hydrological structure and erosion damage caused by concentrated flow in cultivated catchments

This study analyses the between-catchment variability of rill volumes produced by concentrated flow erosion during winter in the northern part of the Paris Basin. The working hypotheses were that (i) runoff concentrates along channels determined by topography or by agricultural practices; (ii) rill length is a major component of rill volume variability on a catchment scale; (iii) rill cross-sectional areas are controlled by the size of upslope runoff-contributing areas connected to the corresponding channels. Two samples, one of 20 zero order catchments and the other of 15 catchments, were surveyed. For each catchment, the runoff collector network was modelled from topographical and agricultural information, and split into homogeneous segments. Each segment was characterized by its slope gradient (SL), the soil susceptibility to rill erosion (SSE) and the size of the upslope runoff-contributing areas (RCA) connected to it. These areas were identified by the structural state of their soil surface. The frequency of rill occurrence was highly correlated with RCA and SL. The rill cross-sectional areas of eroded channels were correlated with RCA, SL and SSE. Catchment erosion rates were estimated by adding together the predicted rill volumes for each segment within the catchment. These estimations were closely correlated with observed rill erosion rates. The relative spatial position of runoff collectors must be taken into account when examining the damage caused by concentrated flow erosion.     

三峡库区小流域修正通用土壤流失方程适用性分析

土壤侵蚀量的定量研究可为国家生态环境建设和水土保持宏观决策的制定提供重要的依据。修正通用土壤流失方程(revised universal soil loss equation,RUSLE)是开展土壤侵蚀定量评价的主要手段。该文在地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)的支持下,依据中国土壤流失方程各因子的算法确定RUSLE模型各因子值,估算了三峡库区黄冲子小流域不同时期的土壤侵蚀量,并与基于泥沙平衡原理计算的土壤侵蚀量比较后分析RUSLE模型在库区小流域的适用性。结果表明,基于RUSLE模型估算的小流域1963-2000年(农地小流域)和2001-2014年(林地小流域)的年均土壤侵蚀模数分别为2246.09和868.3 t/(km2·a),其结果与采用137Cs和210Pb技术的塘库沉积物定年结果基本吻合,表明210Pb定年结果可靠。依据泥沙平衡原理计算的小流域1963-2000年和2001-2014年的年均土壤侵蚀模数分别为942.48和811.47t/(km2·a)。RUSLE模型估算小流域1963-2000年和2001-2014年的土壤侵蚀模数相对误差分别为138.32%和7.00%。因此RUSLE模型适用于库区林地小流域,而不适用于库区农地小流域;但是基于地形因子(LS因子)修正的RUSLE模型估算结果相对误差减少至8.14%,其适用于库区农地小流域。     

Effects of potato–grain rotations on soil erosion, carbon dynamics and properties of rangeland sandy soils

The potential for wind erosion in South Central Colorado is greatest in the spring, especially after harvesting of crops such as potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) that leave small amounts of crop residue in the surface after harvest. Therefore it is important to implement best management practices that reduce potential wind erosion and that we understand how cropping systems are impacting soil erosion, carbon dynamics, and properties of rangeland sandy soils. We evaluate the effects of cropping systems on soil physical and chemical properties of rangeland sandy soils. The cropping system included a small grain–potato rotation. An uncultivated rangeland site and three fields that two decades ago were converted from rangeland into cultivated center-pivot-irrigation-sprinkler fields were also sampled. Plant and soil samples were collected in the rangeland area and the three adjacent cultivated sites. The soils at these sites were classified as a Gunbarrel loamy sand (Mixed, frigid Typic Psammaquent). We found that for the rangeland site, soil where brush species were growing exhibited C sequestration and increases in soil organic matter (SOM) while the bare soil areas of the rangeland are losing significant amounts of fine particles, nutrients and soil organic carbon (SOM-C) mainly due to wind erosion. When we compared the cultivated sites to the uncultivated rangeland, we found that the SOM-C and soil organic matter nitrogen (SOM-N) increased with increases in crop residue returned into the soils. Our results showed that even with potato crops, which are high intensity cultivated cropping systems, we can maintain the SOM-C with a rotation of two small grain crops (all residue incorporated) and one potato crop, or potentially increase the average SOM-C with a rotation of four small grain crops (all residue incorporated) and one potato crop. Erosion losses of fine silt and clay particles were reduced with the inclusion of small grains. Small grains have the potential to contribute to the conservation of SOM and/or sequester SOM-C and SOM-N for these rangeland systems that have very low C content and that are also losing C from their bare soils areas (40%). Cultivation of these rangelands using rotations with at least two small grain crops can reduce erosion and maintain SOM-C and increasing the number of small grain crops grown successfully in rotation above two will potentially contribute to C and N sequestration as SOM and to the sequestration of macro- and micro-nutrients.