Characterization of Al/Fe—humus complexes in dystrandepts through comparison with synthetic forms

The Al/Fe—humus complexes in A₁ horizons of Dystrandepts from several parts of Japan were compared with synthetic complexes prepared from hydroxy ions and from two kinds of humic substances and at several pH values. Samples represented 26 A₁ horizons of soils differing in age, including some that had been buried. The comparisons were based chiefly on extractions of the synthetic complexes and the soil samples with solutions of sodium hydroxide-tetraborate and sodium pyrophosphate.The Al—humus complexes in the Dystrandept samples appeared to be similar to those of synthetic complexes prepared at pH 4–5. Those have OH/Al molar ratios of 0.7–2.5 1. Distribution of the data for the soil samples suggested further that the proportions of polymeric hydroxy Al ions increased as soils became older and also if they were buried. The Fe—humus complexes in the soil samples seemed to be like the synthetic complexes prepared with Fe and humus at pH 4–5 for the most part.     

Variation in soil macro-fauna diversity in seven humus orders of a Parrotio-Carpinetum forest association on Chromic Cambisols of Shast-klateh area in Iran

Soil biodiversity includes organisms which spend a part or all of their life cycle on or in the soil. Among soil-dwelling animals, macro-fauna as an important group of animals have important effects on the dynamics of soil organic matter and litter decomposition process. The humus forms interact with the climatic conditions, flora, as well as soil fauna, and microbial activity. In new humus form classifications, soil organisms play an important role in separation of humus horizons from one another. The subject of this study was to determine the diversity of macro fauna for different humus forms. We determined humus forms using morphological classification, and then 69 random samples were taken from plots of 100 cm² in area, and soil macro-fauna species were collected by hand sorting method. Two classes of humus forms, including Mull (with three humus orders, namely Dysmull, Oligomull, and Mesomull,) and Amphi (with four humus orders, namely Leptoamphi, Eumacroamphi, Eumesoamphi, and Pachyamphi) were identified. A number of 13 macro-fauna orders were identified using identification key. Among the humus orders, Shannon diversity, Simpson evenness and Margalef richness indices were the highest in Pachyamphi order. Arthropod diversity in Pachyamphi humus order was higher than those of Mull. These results showed that diversity of soil macrofauna increase by increasing the thickness of the organic horizons (OL, OF, OH), especially OH horizon.     

不同植被类型紫色土腐殖质的剖面分布特征

[目的]研究龙川江流域6种不同植被类型对紫色土腐殖质(胡敏酸、富里酸、胡敏素)和土壤养分(总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮)剖面分布特征的影响,为该地区保持土壤肥力提供科学依据。[方法]采用锯齿形布点法,采集紫色土表层至30 cm深度的3个土层紫色土样品,用3次4分法分离多余样品,并测定相应指标。[结果]总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮的含量和腐殖质、胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸碳量随土壤深度的增加而减小,枯枝落叶层显著高于其他层(地下0—10,10—20,20—30 cm),不同植被类型土壤无显著差异。果园土壤腐殖质及其组成显著高于桉树林覆盖土壤,表现为果园落叶阔叶林暖温性针叶林针阔混交林灌丛桉树林。土壤腐殖质各组分之间均存在极显著正相关关系,腐殖质组成与土壤有机质、总磷、速效磷、总氮、碱解氮均存在显著正相关关系。[结论]果园和落叶阔叶林下土壤腐殖质及其组分显著高于其他植被类型土壤,腐殖质组分含量与土壤理化性质之间呈极显著正相关。     

Permanganate oxidation of methylated and non-methylated aquatic humus in Norway

The chemical composition of aquatic humus was investigated by permanganate oxidation. Both methylated and non-methylated samples were investigated and the results compared with those of different soil humic fractions investigated earlier.The total amount of oxidation products identified from the methylated sample was 2%, and from the non-methylated sample 0.9%. The composition of the oxidation products from methylated aquatic humus was 42% benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (8 different compounds), 43% methoxy-benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (12 compounds), 10% dimethoxy-benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (4 compounds), and 5% of 1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid trimethyl ester. The unmethylated aquatic humus yielded 84% benzenecarboxylic acid methyl ester (7 compounds), 7% methoxy-benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (2 compounds), and 9% of 1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid trimethyl ester. Three diazines isolated from methylated material were believed to be artefacts from diazomethane treatment. Two of the diazines have earlier been found by oxidation of methylated soil samples, the third, C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₆, is an oxidation product of methylated aquatic humus only.Oxidation of aquatic humus yielded more benzenecarboxylic acids and methoxy-benzenecarboxylic acids than soil humic fractions, and less dimethoxy-benzenecarboxylic acids. No aliphatic dicarboxylic acids were detected among the oxidation products of the aquatic humus.The compounds identified are mainly the same as those found by oxidation of different soil humic fractions, although their yields clearly demonstrated that the aquatic humus differed in composition from the soil fractions.     

四川成都经济区土壤腐殖质重金属元素含量特征研究

通过对四川成都经济区16件土壤样品腐殖质组成及其各组分中重金属元素含量的分析表明,胡敏素是土壤腐殖质的主要组成部分,富里酸和胡敏酸次之。土壤腐殖质中重金属元素含量占土壤全量20%～44%,是土壤重金属污染元素主要存在方式。重金属元素在腐殖质不同组分中的含量具有很大的差异,Cr主要赋存在胡敏素中,Cd、As、Cu、Zn等元素主要赋存在富里酸中。各重金属元素在腐殖酸中含量较高,富里酸中的含量均大于胡敏酸,其机理是富里酸对重金属元素的络合是腐殖酸与重金属相互作用的主要方式。     

Changes in the content and composition of humus in the sandy loamy soddy-podzolic soil in a long-term liming experiment

The effect of liming on organic matter in sandy loamy soddy-podzolic soil was studied. The study was performed on samples taken from the 50-year-long experiment established by Prof. Kornilov in 1957. It was shown that liming had almost no effect on the total humus content in the soil. The humus composition was studied using two fractionation methods of the humus substances by the Ponomareva-Plotnikova procedure. The regrouping of the humus fractions occurred due to the changes in the mobility of soil mineral components, which involved a regular increase in the content of the Ca-bound fraction of humic acids (HA-2) at the expense of the HA-1 fraction bound to the mobile forms of R₂O₃ reliable at the lime rates equivalent to the total acidity and higher. The levels of the stabilization of the different HA fractions were considered, as well as the stability of the changes in the humus composition during 50 years.     

Contribution of soil components to adsorption of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus by Japanese soils

The Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) is a soil-borne virus that causes the mosaic disease to Capsicum ssp. This virus disease had been controlled by soil fumigation using methyl bromide, but the method was banned in 2005. Therefore, a new management and control technology that replaces methyl bromide is required. In the present study, the adsorption of PMMoV by soils that is considered to be one of the most important factors of the virus inactivation was examined. We used eight soil samples with different types of clay compositions and humus contents for the PMMoV adsorption experiments at three different pH levels (pH 4, 5 and 7). Large amounts of PMMoV particles were adsorbed by the soil samples with a low humus content at the low pH. This was attributed to the increase in the positive charges of the soil samples. On the other hand, low virus adsorptions were observed at the pH levels in the soils with a high organic matter content. There were close negative correlations (P < 0.05) between the PMMoV adsorption by the soils and the humus content of the soil samples. We considered that the inhibitory effect of humus against the virus adsorption is rather important in most soils in Japan.     

Near-infrared characteristics of forest humus are correlated with soil respiration and microbial biomass in burnt soil

Near-infrared spectroscopy and soil physicochemical determinations (pH_H2O, organic matter content, total C content, NH _inf4 ^sup+ , total N content, cation-exchange capacity, and base saturation) were used to characterize fire-or wood ash-treated humus samples. The spectroscopic and the soil physicochemical analysis data from the humus samples were used separately to explain observed variations in soil respiration and microbial biomass C by partial least-square regression. The first regression component obtained from the physicochemical and spectroscopic characterization explained 10–12% and 60–80% of the biological variation, respectively. This suggests that information on organic material collected from near-infrared spectra is very useful for explaining biological variations in forest humus.     

Binding of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn in soil organic matter with different vegetational background

The influence of vegetational background on binding of selected heavy metals in humus was examined. For this purpose samples of terrestrial humus from surface soil layers with different vegetational background, such as spruce, pine and oak forests, and different types of mires were studied with respect to differences in binding of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. The metal binding capacity was examined at different pH using batch extractions. The results indicated that vegetational background influences the binding of metals in organic soil significantly. Drying and storage of the soil samples appeared not to affect the metal binding capacity of the soils. Neither did heating of the samples at 100 °C or incubation at constant temperature and moisture affect the binding significantly, indicating that any fungi or soil microorganisms present did not appreciably affect the metal binding in these soils.     

长期施肥对褐土有机无机复合性状演变及其与肥力关系的影响

通过8年长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式对褐土有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态的影响。结果表明,长期不施肥使土壤有机碳、重组有机碳、原土复合量、松结态和紧结态有机碳含量明显下降,松/紧值降低,原土复合度上升;长期单施常量NPK化肥有同样的趋势;长期单施增量NPK化肥可大体保持土壤肥力水平不下降,但成本较高;采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,可明显提高土壤有机碳、重组有机碳含量和原土复合量以及土壤松、稳、紧各级结合态有机碳含量,增加松结态占重组有机碳比率,提高松/紧值,增强土壤调控能力。土壤有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态是评价褐土培肥效果和标志土壤肥力演变的重要指标。     

名山河流域不同类型土壤腐殖质的组成特征

以名山河流域不同类型土壤为研究对象,研究了3种土壤类型(黄壤、紫色土、水稻土)和4种土地利用方式(水田、旱地、果园、茶园)下腐殖质的组成特征。结果表明:名山河流域3种类型土壤腐殖质含碳量为9.74~21.66g/kg,表层土壤(0—20cm)大于下层土壤(20—40cm),含量由高到低依次为水稻土紫色土黄壤,水稻土与紫色土、黄壤腐殖质碳含量差异显著,腐殖质各组分碳含量间呈极显著正相关(P0.01);从土地利用方式看,水田腐殖质含碳量显著高于果园、茶园和旱地,且腐殖质碳含量与HA含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);土壤的腐殖化程度表现为黄壤紫色土水稻土。不同利用方式下重组碳含量表现为水田果园茶园旱地,茶园表层土壤腐殖质松紧比最大(1.37),为水田下层土壤的2.14倍;3种类型土壤团聚体中HA含量为0.02~4.57g/kg,且随着粒径的减小呈现先降低后增加的趋势,除2~5,0.25mm粒径团聚体外,5,1~2,0.5~1,0.25~0.5mm粒径团聚体均与其HA含量呈正相关(P0.05)。土壤腐殖质组成受土壤类型及人为耕作管理活动的影响,4种土地利用方式下水田土壤肥力最高,HA含量受5mm粒径团聚体影响最大。     

Der Einfluß der natürlichen organischen Substanzen auf die Metallverteilung zwischen Boden und Bodenlösung in einem sauren Waldboden

The influence of organic matter in the translocation of metals between soil and soil solution of an acid forest soil Water extracts were prepared from soil samples which were collected from a soil profile showing very little variation in the texture down to a depth of 120 cm and thus only little translocation of clay in the soil profile. The aim of the study was to describe the distribution between soil and soil solution of several metals like Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Al and Mn as a function of humic substances, electrolyte concentration and pH. From the experimental results the following hypothesis on the reaction mechanisms involving metals and humus derived substances has been deduced. The metals Cu, Fe, Al and Pb are mobilized through complexation by soluble humus substances in addition to the usual pH dependent desorption and dissolution of hydroxides. This mobilization determines the solution concentration of Cu and Fe at pH > 3.7 and Al and Pb at pH > 4.2. Al, Fe and Pb are complexed selectively by high molecular weight humus derived substances which undergo adsorption on soil mineral surfaces. Cu interacts with low molecular weight humus derived substances which are not easily adsorbed by the mineral surfaces. Zn, Cd and Mn primarily undergo sorption and are thus controlled by pH and electrolyte concentration of solutions because their complexation with humus derived substances seems to be weak or nonexistant. It is further postulated that the humus derived substances mobilize Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. By this, other metals like Cd, Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg can occupy the free exchange sites.     

集约经营对山核桃林地土壤腐殖质组分碳含量的影响

[目的]研究并探讨土壤腐殖质各组分碳含量的变化规律,为山核桃林地土壤管理提供理论依据。[方法]采集并分析山核桃林经营历史为5,10,15,20a的土壤样品的土壤腐殖质各组分碳含量,并与天然混交林(0a)进行比较。[结果]与天然山核桃—阔叶混交林(0a)相比,随着经营历史的延长,林地土壤腐殖质各组分碳含量的变化主要发生在表层(0—10cm),胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳和胡敏素碳含量均下降。与0a相比,集约经营5a后胡敏酸碳、富里酸碳和胡敏素碳含量分别下降了42.8%,23.9%和21.2%,而集约经营20a后,分别下降了45.3%,39.0%,32.3%。集约经营20a后,亚表层(10—30cm)土壤胡敏素碳含量上升了94.2%。[结论]集约经营降低了山核桃林地土壤表层和亚表层的胡敏酸碳和富里酸碳含量,同时也降低了表层土壤胡敏素碳含量,而提高了亚表层土壤胡敏素碳含量。     

Particle-Size,Microaggregate-Size,and Aggregate-Size Distributions in Humus Horizons of the Zonal Sequence of Soils in European Russia

Eurasian Soil Science - Experimental data on size distribution of micro- and macroaggregates and primary soil particles were obtained by laser diffraction analysis of the samples of humus horizons...     

The influence of humus fractionation on the chemical composition of soil organic matter studied by solid-state 13C NMR

Four samples of soil organic matter and their humic acids, fulvic acids and humin were studied with solid-state ¹³CP MAS NMR. The whole soil samples were fractionated using NaOH and HCl in order to extract humic acids, fulvic acids and humin. This investigation indicates that conventional humus fractionation does not significantly change the content of different functional groups in soil.     

Organic matter characteristics and C and N transformations in the humus layer under two tree species, Betula pendula and Picea abies

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on soil C and N transformations and on the characteristics of organic matter. Soil samples were taken from the humus layer of a replicated 35-year-old birch-spruce field experiment growing on Vaccinium myrtillus site type in middle-eastern Finland. The soil was a podzol and humus type mor. Soil pH was higher under birch (4.7) than under spruce (4.1). The C-to-N ratio was lower under birch (17) than under spruce (23). Per unit organic matter, microbial biomass C and N, net N mineralization and net nitrification were all higher in birch soil than in spruce soil. The rate of C mineralization (CO₂ production) was, however, the same regardless of tree species. Water-extracts were analyzed for the concentrations of dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON) and characterized according to molecular size distribution by ultrafiltration and according to chemical composition using a resin fractionation technique. The concentration of DON, in particular, was higher in birch soil than in spruce soil. The distribution of DOC and DON into different fractions based on molecular size or chemical composition was rather similar in both soils. The concentration of total phenolics, expressed as tannic acid equivalents, was higher in the humus layer under birch than in the humus layer under spruce, because the birch humus layer contained significantly more low-molecular weight (about <0.5 kD) phenolics than the spruce humus layer did. The concentration of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) was higher in spruce soil than in birch soil. The concentrations of the five most abundant phenolic acids showed that ferulic and p-coumaric acids were more abundant in spruce soil. Birch soil tended to contain slightly more nonvolatile sesquiterpenes than the spruce soil. The concentration of diterpenes was similar in both soils; but birch soil contained significantly more triterpenes, mainly sterols, than spruce soil did.     

云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分特征及影响因素

云南省森林生态系统在全球碳循环及平衡中具有不可替代的作用,但其森林土壤腐殖质组分特征及其影响因素尚不十分清楚。基于云南省不同林区采集的88个表层土样,通过描述性统计和回归分析量化了海拔、土壤类型、坡向和坡度、年均温和年降水量对土壤腐殖质组分分布影响的相对重要性,探讨云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分分布特征。结果表明:云南省森林土壤表层有机碳含量为8.40～199.73 g·kg^–1,平均含量为51.37 g·kg^–1,土壤可提取腐殖质碳含量为2.54～84.02 g·kg^–1,平均含量为24.52 g·kg^–1;胡富比均值小于1,土壤腐殖质聚合度较低;土壤腐殖质组分分布特征总体表现为滇西北、滇东北部较高,滇中、滇南部较低;土壤类型、海拔、年均温是影响云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分含量的主导因子,各因素的贡献程度总体呈现为土壤类型最高,其次是年均温、海拔,这说明土壤类型对森林表层土壤腐殖质的积累起重要作用。     

杉木萌芽林冠下营造细柄阿丁枫对土壤腐殖质及结构性状的影响

对杉木萌芽林冠下营造细柄阿丁枫后形成的杉阔混交林土壤腐殖质及土壤结构性状研究结果表明 ,杉阔混交林土壤有机质和腐殖质含量增加 ,腐殖质中HA/HF 值和E4值升高 ,E4/E6值变小 ,土壤松结合态和紧结合态腐殖质含量及比值增加 ,土壤腐殖质活化度增强 ,土壤结构和水分性状得以改善。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Content in Contaminated Forest Soils with Different Humus Types

The aim of the study was to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content in different forest humus types. The investigation was carried out in Chrzanów Forest District in southern Poland. Twenty research plots with different humus types (mor and mull) were selected. The samples for analysis were taken after litter horizons removing from a depth of 0–10 cm (from the Of- and Oh-horizon total or A-horizon). pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, base cations, acidity, and heavy metal content were determined. In the natural moisture state, the activity of dehydrogenase was determined. The study included the determination of PAH content. The conducted research confirms strong contamination of study soil by PAHs and heavy metals. Our experiment provided evidence that different forest humus types accumulate different PAH amounts. The highest content of PAHs and heavy metals was recorded in mor humus type. The content of PAHs in forest humus horizon depends on the content and quality of soil organic matter. Weaker degradation of hydrocarbons is associated with lower biological activity of soils. The mull humus type showed lower content of PAHs and at the same time the highest biological activity confirmed by high dehydrogenase activity.     

Die Bedeutung von hohen Aluminiumgehalten für die Humusanreicherung in sauren Waldböden

The role of aluminium on humus accumulation in acid forest soils The impact of soil-borne aluminum on humus accumulation was investigated in a forest soil of the chestnut zone (Castanea sativa) in southern Switzerland (Ticino). Soil samples of two soils formed on bedrocks which differ mainly in their aluminum content were extracted with HNO₃, NH₄Ac.-EDTA, NH₄Cl, KCl, and NH₄F-HCl and analyzed for the most abundant elements. On gneiss which contains up to about 10% of total aluminum the common soil type in this area is a Cryptopodzol. This soil is similar to the nonallophanic Udands. It is rich in wellhumified organic matter and shows dark-colored A_h-, A(E)- and B_h-horizons. The soil samples of these horizons are extremely rich in nonexchangeable aluminum which is, however, extractable with NH₄Ac.-EDTA. It is assumed that this Al is intimately bound to the organic matter. The soil samples of these horizons contain large amounts of HNO₃-extractable phosphorus. Up to 90% of this P appears in the organic fraction. The content of NH₄F-HCl-extractable P is only 0.7 to 3.4 mg/kg. It is concluded that due to excessive Al in the organic matter the humus mineralization is inhibited compared to the Haplumbrepts of the region.