Chromosomenzahlen von Pflanzen der Insel Kuba I

Zusammenfassung Die Chromosomenzahlen von 20 Arten der Flora von Kuba werden vorgelegt. Die Zahlen wurden nach der Quetschmethode an der Hauptwurzel junger Keimpflanzen ermittelt. Von 12 Arten sind die Chromosomenzahlen bisher offenbar noch nicht festgestellt worden. BeiAndira inermis hat der Autor 2n=22 Chromosomen statt 2n=20 (Atchison 1951) gefunden. Bei den restlichen Arten besteht Übereinstimmung mit älteren Angaben. Ausgehend von den 2n=12 Chromosomen vonEchites umbellata, der niedrigsten bisher bei den Apocynaceen festgestellten Chromosomenzahl, wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, x=6 als Basiszahl der Apocynaceae anzusehen.

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Chromosome numbers of plants from Cuba I

Summary In this study the chromosome numbers of 20 wild species from Cuba are pointed out. The counts have been made from squash preparations of the root tips of germinating seeds. The numbers of 12 species probably are recorded for the first time. Only the chromosome number (2n=22) ofAndira inermis disacords with the older count (2n=20 from Atchison 1951). The number ofEchites umbellata, 2n=12, allows to propose x=6 as a basic number of Apocynaceae.

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20 . ; . 12 . Andira inermis 2n=22 2n=20 ( 1951). . 2n=12 Echites umbellata, Apocynaceae, x=6.

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Ergebnisse der 1. Alexander-von-Humboldt-Expedition der Kubanischen Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1967/68 Nr. 16.     

Beziehung zwischen dem Stickstoff-Entzug der Pflanzen und der Abnahme von spezifisch gebundenem NH4-N im Boden

Relationship between the N uptake of plants and the mobilization of nonexchangeable NH₄-N In a pot experiment with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) the relationship between the release of nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ and the N uptake of plants was studied. For this purpose the surface soil of an alluvial soil and of a grey brown podsolic soil was labelled with ¹⁵NH₄-N. The following results were obtained: After treating the soil with 15-N the alluvial soil contained 4,55 mg and the grey brown podsolic soil 1,64 mg nonexchangeable ¹⁵NH₄-N/100 g soil. In the alluvial soil 72% and in the grey brown podsolic soil 66% of the nonexchangeable ¹⁵NH₄⁺ had been released during the growing season when ryegrass was planted. However, without plants there was no change in the content of labelled nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ in the alluvial soil or only a slight decrease in the grey brown podsolic soil. A highly significant correlation was found between the ¹⁵NH₄-N released and the ¹⁵N uptake of ryegrass in the alluvial soil (r = 0,78⁺⁺⁺) as well as in the grey brown podsolic soil (r = 0,98⁺⁺⁺).     

Schwermetall- und Nährelementgehalte von Pflanzen und Bodenproben schwermetallhaltiger Halden im Raum Bleiberg in Kärnten (Österreich) I. krautige Pflanzen

Heavy metal- and nutrient contents of plants and soil samples from metal liferous waste dumps in Bleiberg (Carinthia, Austria). I. herbaceous plants Lead and zinc concentration in the fine fraction (< 0,2 mm) of mine dump material were twice as high as in coarser fraction (2–0,2 mm) (table 1). Due to high metal levels in roots of several mine dump plants (table 3) interactions between plants and soil-microorganisms are assumed. Furthermore root originating exsudates (organic acids) are probably responsible for an increase in heavy metal availability in soil in spite of a general high pH of soil solution. The low mobility of lead within intact plants is caused by a selective affinity of this metal to cell wall pectines. On the other hand a physiological barrier (endodermis/pericycel) in primary roots of these plants is assumed, which partly prevents lead from upward transport into the shoots. Heavy metal compartmentation may be part of a tolerance mechanism diminishing a surplus of toxic metals within plant metabolism.     

Ammoniakemissionen aus alternden Pflanzen und bei der Zersetzung von Ernterückständen

Ammonia emissions from senescing plants and during decomposition of crop residues NH₃ emissions from plant stands, measured under simulated environmental conditions with the wind tunnel method, ranged between 0.8 and 1.4% of the N content of the shoot, equivalent to 1.1 to 2.9 kg NH₃-N ha^?1. The highest emissions were observed in faba beans whereas the emissions in winter wheat, spring rape and white mustard were lower. The total NH₃ emissions were not affected by removing a part of the ears (sink reduction), but emissions occurred earlier, as did the plant senescence. This suggests that the NH₃ emissions are closely related to senescence. NH₃ emissions from decomposing crop residues ranged from 0.9 to 3.7% of the N content. The emissions from sugar beet leaves and potato shoots with high water content reached from 8.6 up to 12.6 kg N ha^?1, whereas the emissions from field bean straw with high dry matter and N content were relatively low. (3.1 kg N ha^?1, or 0.9% of the N content). The NH₃ emissions from sugar beet leaves were reduced by 81% by ploughing and 63% by mulching.     

Isolierung von Solasodin-glykosiden aus Pflanzen der GattungSolanum L.Solanum-Alkaloide. XXVIII. Mitteilung

Zusammenfassung Über die alkaloidchemische Untersuchung von 68Solanum-Arten der UntergattungenArchaeosolanum Bitt. undLeptostemonum (Dun.) Bitt. sowie der SektionMorella (Dun.) Bitt. (UntergattungEusolanum Bitt.) wird ausführlich berichtet. Aus 40 Arten konnten Solasodin-glykoside (Solasonin, Solamargin,-Solamargin bzw. -Solanigrin) isoliert werden (Tabelle 1), so daß in Verbindung mit weiteren Literaturbefunden (Tabelle 2) nunmehr 67 solasodinführende Pflanzen bekannt sind.

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Summary A report of the chemical examination of 68Solanum species for alkaloids is given. These species belong to the subgeneraArchaeosolanum Bitt. andLeptostemonum (Dun.) Bitt., as well as to the sectionMorella (Dun.) Bitt. of the subgenusEusolanum Bitt. From 40 species solasodine glycosides (solasonine, solamargine,-solamargine, -solanigrine) have been isolated (table 1). Together with the earlier literature (table 2) 67 solasodine containing plants are known up-to-date.

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68 Solanum, Archaeosolanum Bitt.,Leptostemonum (Dun.) Bitt. Eusolanum Bitt. Morella (Dun.) Bitt. 40 : , ,- - (. 1). (. 2) , 67 , .

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XXVII. Mitteilung: Schreiber, K., Kulturpflanze11, 422–450 (1963), voranstehend.

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Auszug aus der Habilitationsschrift von K. Schreiber, Univ. Jena 1961; vorläufige Mitteilungen: Schreiber (1956, 1957a und 1958a), Schreiber und Mitarb. (1961).     

Einfluß von Sorte und Phosphordüngung auf den Phosphorgehalt und die Aktivität der sauren Phosphatasen von Weizen und Gerste. — Ein Beitrag zur Diagnose der P-Versorgung von Pflanzen —

Influence of cultivar and phosphorus application on P concentration and acid phosphatase activity in wheat and barley. — A contribution to the diagnosis of P supply of plants — Acid phosphatase activity compared to total P concentration was studied as a diagnostic criterion of the phosphorus nutritional status of wheat and barley. In a field experiment with wheat cv ‘Sperber’ the influence of P level on P_ase activity and P concentration was monitored at four developmental stages. Significant correlations with grain yield were found for P_ase activity at all four stages whereas P concentration was significantly correlated with grain yield in the early stage (DC 26–27) only. Genetic variability and influence of P supply on P_ase activity and P concentration was studied at low and at high P supply with 9 wheat and 23 barley cultivars grown for 4 and 5 weeks in pot experiments. The variability of P_ase activity caused by cultivars was higher than that caused by P supply. It is, therefore, concluded that the acid phosphatase activity is not suitable as a generally applicable tool for diagnosing P supply. In comparison, total P concentration of the plants was influenced to a higher degree by P supply than by cultivars. Total P is, therefore, more suitable as a criterion for diagnosing P supply of plants than P_ase activity. The samples, though, have to be collected in stages before DC 27.     

Phytochemische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen der einheimischen Flora und des Gaterslebener Sortiments I. Mitteilung

Zusammenfassung 317 Pflanzenarten aus 73 Familien der einheimischen Flora und des Gaterslebener Sortiments wurden nach einem ausführlich beschriebenen Standardverfahren orientierend auf Alkaloide, Saponine, Triterpene und Sterine untersucht.

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Summary 317 plant species from 73 families of the indigenous flora and of the sortiment in Gatersleben have been preliminarily investigated for alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes, and sterols, using a fully described standard procedure.

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m 317 73 - «», «», «» «». .

     

Einfluss der Kaliumdynamik im wurzelnahen Boden auf die Magnesiumaufnahme von Pflanzen

Influence of potassium dynamics at the soil-root interface on magnesium uptake of plants At the soil-root interface potassium concentration of the soil solution can be depleted by potassium uptake of the plant. The influence of this effect on the magnesium uptake of ryegrass, barley, maize and rape was studied in pot experiments with luvisols from loess. The results have shown that the rate of magnesium uptake was doubled when the potassium concentration at the root surface decreased below 20 μmol K/1. Magnesium uptake is therefore inhibited by K concentrations above this limit. Application of potassium fertilizer increases the potassium concentration of the soil solution. However, via exchange of adsorbed Mg ions from the soil matrix, K application also increases magnesium concentration of the soil solution. As a result of K application magnesium uptake increases in this case if K concentration of the soil solution at the root surface is kept below 20 μmol K/1 by K buffering or K uptake. Magnesium uptake decreases however, if K concentration exceeds 20 μmol/1 soil solution because the inhibitory effect of potassium on Mg uptake is stronger than the favourable influence of Mg concentration.     

Phytochemische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen der einheimischen Flora und des Gaterslebener Sortiments

Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung früherer Untersuchungen wurden weitere 104 Pflanzenarten aus 24 Familien der einheimischen Flora und des Gaterslebener Sortiments nach einem Standardverfahren orientierend auf vorkommende Alkaloide, Saponine, Sterine und weitere Triterpenoide geprüft.

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Summary In continuation of earlier described investigations 104 further plant species from 24 families of the indigenous flora and of the sortiment in Gatersleben have been studied preliminarily for occurring alkaloids, saponins, sterols and other triterpenoids using a standard procedure.

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am ¶rt;au . 104 24 «», «», «» «».

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I. Mitteilung: Aurich und Mitarb. (1965).     

Phytochemische Untersuchungen an Pflanzen der einheimischen Flora und des Gaterslebener Sortiments

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer Untersuchungen wurden weitere 148 Pflanzenarten aus 20 Familien vor allem des Gaterslebener Sortiments nach einem Standardverfahren orientierend auf vorkommende Alkaloide und Saponine geprüft.

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Summary In continuation of former investigations 148 further plant species belonging to 20 families mainly from the collection at Gatersleben have been studied preliminarily for occurring alkaloids and saponins using a standard procedure.

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. 148 20 , . .

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II. Mitteilung: Aurich und Mitarb. (1966).     

Identifizierung und Bestimmung einiger Gibberelline und der Einfluß von Chlorcholinchlorid (CCC) auf das Gibberellinspektrum der einzelnen Getreidearten

Identification and determination of some gibberellins in the gibberellin spectrum of some cereals, als affected by CCC treatment The gibberellin contents of wheat, barley and oat plants, treated with CCC, were studied during the vegetative period. It was possible to identify a characteristic gibberellin spectrum for every cereal plant examined, although the variation was in a limited number of gibberellin forms. A great variation in the content of individual gibberellic acid forms was noticed, as well, among the different cereals studied. The highest content of gibberellins was found with GA₃. The content of GA₅ was lower than that of GA₉ while was not generally higher than that of GA₈. CCC-treated cereal plants showed lower values of gibberellins when compared with those of control. On the other hand, CCC treatment did not affect the content of gibberellins in the spikes which showed a considerably high content of GA₃, GA₅ and GA₉. A higher content of GA₇ was observed in both barley and oats, but not in the case of wheat, during tillering stage. However it was difficult, from the results of the present work, to indicate whether GA₇ is reponsible for the week effect of CCC obtained with both barley and oats or not.     

Defektverbindung und fremdionen-dotierung bei der ausfällung von eisen(II)- und eisen(III)- phosphaten

The products obtained by precipitation of iron(III)-phosphates in the pH-range from 2 to 13.35 differ in their composition from the ones reported in the literature, e.g. FePO₄2H₂O or FeH₂(OH)₂PO₄, except at low pH values.The molar ratio of 1 : 1 for P and Fe is disturbed to a significant extent and foreign ions are also incorporated as integral parts of the precipitation products.The change of the P/Fe ratio within the pH-range from 2 to 11 is the result of continuous substitution of OH^? for PO₄^? ions. This exchange may be explained as a transition between phosphate- and hydroxide-“Defektserie” (reference is to sets of compounds which form partial rather than complete isomorphous series), whereby the critical composition and the critical precipitation product are defined by the inflection point of the exchange curve.During the hydrothermal recrystallization of amorphous precipitation products, crystalline iron phosphate (strengite) is formed at low pH values, and crystalline iron hydroxide is formed at high pH values. The precipitation products formed at intermediate pH values have a heterogeneous composition and fail to crystallize under these conditions.     

Entwicklung der Niederschlags-Deposition von Schwermetallen in Westdeutschland. 2. Arsen,Chrom, Kobalt und Nickel

Development of heavy-metal deposition by precipitation in West Germany. 2. Arsenic, chromium, cobalt, and nickel Between 1984 and 1993 the deposition of As, Cr, Co and Ni with bulk precipitation was measured on 6 open field sites in Northrhine-Westphalia/Germany. The absolute amount of As, Cr, Co and Ni deposition varies according to field sites and annual precipitation. In all studied areas, however, As deposition with bulk precipitation decreased significantly during the observation period. Considering all research stations under study, the average As deposition fell from 11.0 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 3.0 g ha^?1 (r = ?0.982***). The reduction in As deposition corresponds with the reduction in As emission within the same period of time prognosticated. Immission of Cr and Co also decreased significantly over the majority of the studied areas. The avarage Cr immission fell from 8.5 g ha^?1 in 1984 to 3.5 g ha^?1 in 1993 (r = ?0.888***), whereas the average Co immission decreased from 2.6 g ha^?1 to 1.1 g ha^?1 (r = ?0.869***). In contrast, no reduction in Ni deposition with precipitation was found on any of the studied areas under observation. Co shows the lowest deposition rates. On average, 2.2 times as much Cd, 2.7 times as much As, 3.2 times as much Cr, 6.5 times as much Ni, and 66 times as much Pb was deposited on the six open field sites in Northrhine-Westphalia in 1993.     

Radiogaschromatographie von Kohlenhydraten,Organischen Säuren und Aminosäuren aus Pflanzen

Radio gaschromatography of carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids A method for the radio-gaschromatographic determination of carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids as well as the simultaneous recording of the specific activity of radioactive labelled compounds of these fractions is described and its application to the analysis of plant extracts or protein hydrolysates demonstrated. The application of 0.05–0.1 mCi ¹⁴C/g fresh weight of plant material is enough to obtain a sufficiently strong labelling even in short-term incubation experiments (15 sec.), as for example in photosynthesis research.