4个落羽杉属树种引种造林试验

为丰富沿海围垦滩涂和平原绿化造林乔木树种,对墨西哥落羽杉(Taxodium mucronatum)、中山杉(As-cendens mucronatum)、落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)和池杉(Taxodium ascendens)等4个落羽杉属树种开展引种造林试验,结果表明:绿叶期,墨西哥落羽杉>中山杉>落羽杉与池杉;耐盐性,墨西哥落羽杉>落羽杉>中山杉>池杉;抗风性,中山杉>池杉>落羽杉与墨西哥落羽杉;耐水性,落羽杉>池杉>墨西哥落羽杉与中山杉;生长速度,中山杉>落羽杉与墨西哥落羽杉>池杉。     

优良的滩涂、湿地造林新品种——中山杉

中山杉是原产北美落羽杉属落羽杉、池杉、墨西哥落羽杉3个树种的优良种间杂交种,由江苏省·中国科学院植物研究所经多年的试验研究后选育而成。目前推广应用的主要有中山杉302、中山杉301（落羽杉×墨西哥落羽杉）、118（中山杉302×墨西哥落羽杉）中山杉401（池杉×墨西哥落羽杉）等多个无性系,具有生长迅速、耐水湿、耐盐碱、抗风力强、适应性广、树干挺拔、树形优美、病虫害少、材质优良、绿色期长等特点。     

优良的滩涂、湿地造林新品种—中山杉

中山杉是原产北美落羽杉属落羽杉、池杉、墨西哥落羽杉3个树种的优良种间杂交种,由江苏省·中国科学院植物研究所经多年的试验研究后选育而成。     

公安县中山杉引种栽培试验初报

为加快平原水网造林树种的更新换代,促进中山杉的推广与应用,2011~2017年,公安县林业局从江苏省引种中山杉302无性系,与"三杉"(水杉、落羽杉、池杉)一起在公安县的河滩湿地进行了对比造林试验。结果表明:中山杉302综合生长表现最优,总保存率达91.84%、平均高生长8.31m、平均胸径16.61cm、平均立木材积0.08747m3,落羽杉次之,水杉表现中等,池杉表现最差。由此可见,中山杉在公安县具有较强的生态适应性,作为一个新型的耐水湿乔木树种可以用于公安县平原水网造林树种的更新换代。     

中山杉扦插繁殖技术

介绍了落羽杉属种间杂交种中山杉302(落羽杉×墨西哥落羽杉)和中山杉401(池杉×墨西哥落羽杉)等无性系的硬枝扦插和嫩枝扦插2种繁殖方式及其配套技术。同时较详细地叙述了扦插基质的选择、插穗的剪截和扦插后温度、湿度与光照3个主要生态因子的管理及其对插穗生根的影响。     

中山杉无性系耐盐力的水培试验

本文报道中山杉301、302和4013个无性系及其母本落羽杉、池杉的1年生扦插苗的耐盐力水培试验结果.表明:它们耐盐力强弱的顺序是中山杉301>中山杉401>中山杉302>落羽杉>池杉,它们的耐盐力,3个无性系为含盐(NaCI)量0.3%左右,亲本落羽杉为0.15%,池杉为0.1%左右.     

盐胁迫对‘中山杉405’及其亲本叶绿体结构的影响

对不同浓度盐胁迫下‘中山杉405’及其亲本墨西哥落羽杉和落羽杉的叶肉细胞叶绿体结构进行透射电镜观察.结果表明:随着盐浓度的增加,3种材料叶绿体中的淀粉粒数目增多、体积增大,嗜锇体数量增多,类囊体片层结构呈现不同程度的肿胀、松散变形.4 g/kg盐浓度胁迫条件下,‘中山杉405’叶绿体结构基本保持完整,未出现明显的盐胁迫症状,而墨西哥落羽杉和落羽杉叶绿体的类囊体片层出现不同程度的分解现象.     

平原湖区引种墨杉 落羽杉效果好

<正> 墨杉为我省对墨西哥落羽杉与柳杉杂交种的简称。墨西哥落羽杉、落羽杉均属杉科落羽杉属,前者原产墨西哥,后者原产北美。我县于1973年2月从省林科所引进墨杉和落羽杉枝条进行扦插繁殖,1974年3月栽植,同时用规格相同的池杉苗作对比进行引种栽培试验。试种18年后,经观测墨杉、落羽杉比目前大规模推广的池杉在年生长量、生长势、林相以及对立地条件的适应等方面均表现良好,具有广泛的推广价值。     

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化条件下落羽杉与池杉幼苗的光合特性比较

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化特征设置常规生长水分条件(CK组,土壤含水量为田间持水量的60%~63%)、轻度干旱水分胁迫(T1组,土壤含水量为田间持水量的47%~50%)、土壤水饱和(T2组,土壤表面一直处于潮湿状态)以及水淹(T3组,苗木根部淹水超过土壤表面1cm)4个不同处理组,对落羽杉和池杉当年实生幼苗的光合特性以及生理生态适应机制进行对比研究。研究发现在T2和T3组,落羽杉幼苗的光合色素含量显著低于池杉幼苗。在CK组,2树种幼苗净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、水分利用效率WUE、表观光能利用效率LUEapp和表观CO2利用效率CUEapp的平均值均无显著差异。但是在T2组,落羽杉幼苗的Pn、LUEapp和CUEapp平均值显著低于池杉幼苗的平均值,与之在T3组的Gs平均值显著大于池杉幼苗形成鲜明对比。在T1组,2种植物的Pn、LUEapp和CUEapp平均值显著低于其他3种水分条件下的值。池杉幼苗在T1组仍然保持着与CK组一致的Tr和Gs平均值,与落羽杉幼苗在T1组的Tr和Gs平均值显著低于CK组形成对比。研究结果表明,落羽杉和池杉均具有耐水湿性特点,均可考虑列为三峡库区消落带防护林体系建设树种。但池杉树种的耐旱与耐水湿特性优于落羽杉,最适宜于在土壤饱和水环境中生长。     

江汉平原中山杉引种造林试验研究

通过在江汉平原开展中山杉6个品系的引种造林试验。结果表明,引进的6个品系中山杉无严重病虫害发生,各生长指标均大于池杉,11 a生中山杉平均胸径为17.61 cm、树高为11.06 m、材积为0.1297 m^3,表明中山杉在江汉平原的引种试验基本成功,其中中山杉502和中山杉118最为突出,适合在江汉平原推广造林,丰富江汉平原造林树种。     

落羽杉与池杉幼苗对不同土壤水分含量的生理响应(英文)

研究落羽杉与池杉幼苗对常规水分处理(C)、轻度干旱(MD)、土壤潮湿(WS)以及水淹(FL)等不同水分处理的生理响应特性。与对照组相比,2树种幼苗在轻度干旱与水淹处理条件下叶片自由水含量显著提高,而束缚水含量则显著降低。2树种幼苗在潮湿处理组的叶片自由水与束缚水含量均未出现低于对照组的现象。轻度干旱、土壤潮湿与水淹处理均未导致2树种叶片电导率与丙二醛含量的显著变化(池杉水淹条件下叶片的丙二醛含量变化例外)。水淹处理能显著增加2树种幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量,同时降低其脯氨酸含量。轻度干旱与潮湿处理能显著增加落羽杉而降低池杉幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量。尽管同属的2树种幼苗表现出较多相似的响应特征,二者对不同水分逆境胁迫条件的响应仍然存在许多差异。     

Rooting of baldcypress cuttings

A test of the rooting performance and growth of cuttings from 1-year-old and 25-to 50-year old baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L.) branch tips is reported. Rooting of cuttings from one-year-old trees averaged 75% (0.1% IBA treatment) and 88% (control), cuttings from 25 to 50-year-old trees averaged 12% in both the IBA treatment and the control treatment. Indole-3-butyric acid at a 0.1% concentration did not enhance rooting, but resulted in a significant increase in shoot dry weight on cuttings from one-year-old trees. The results of this experiment suggest that cuttings from mature baldcypres trees have the potential to root, thereby, additional rooting techniques such as girdling and stump sprouts is worthy of pursuing.     

Identification of salt tolerant baldcypress (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxodium distichum</Emphasis> (L.) Rich) for planting in coastal areas

Coastal baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) forests are being killed in the southern United States as a result of saltwater intrusion. Tank studies have indicated substantial intraspecific variation in salt tolerance within baldcypress populations, but only one field study has been conducted and it used a limited seed source. The major objective of this project was to expand the collection range of baldcypress across the southeastern United States and determine if there are baldcypress populations that can survive and grow in saltwater damaged areas. Seeds were collected in 1996 from eight estuarine areas (James River = VA; Cape Fear River = NC; Winyah Bay = SC; Ogeechee River = GA; Ochlockonee River = FL; Mobile Bay = AL; Biloxi River=MS; Chalmette = LA). Seeds were stratified and planted, and seedlings were grown for 2 years before planting in two abandoned ricefields on Hobcaw Barony near Georgetown, South Carolina in 1999. Salinity levels reached 18.5ppt during 2001 at the peak of the worst drought on record. By 2002, the only seedlings surviving were those from LA, AL, and FL. After 5 years in the field, LA seedlings were the best performers with a mortality rate of only 27%. More detailed analyses of the biologic and genetic characteristics of trees growing in the LA site need to be completed to determine if they represent a source of baldcypress seed possessing greater tolerance to saline conditions. If so, seeds need to be collected and nurseries established to grow seedlings to help restore degraded wetland swamp areas along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts.     

Salinity effects and differential germination of several half-sib families of baldcypress from different seed sources

Saltwater intrusion is responsible for the destruction of large expanses of baldcypress swamps along the Gulf of Mexico in the southern United States. Recent restoration efforts have focused on the identification, and subsequent planting, of moderately salt-tolerant plant material within these ghost forests. The long-term persistence of cypress swamps in these areas, however, will ultimately depend on the germination of seeds from the improved parent trees. This study investigates the germination capacity of seeds collected from baldcypress parent trees, located in both freshwater and brackish water environments. Seeds were tested at four different salinity levels under controlled conditions for a period of 65 days. Mean germination under the 0, 2, 4, and 6 g l^-1 seawater treatments was 26.3, 22.9, 15.4, and 10.2%, respectively. Although none of the eight families used in this study had a germination greater than 50%, three families demonstrated superiority in their germination capacity under all four salinity treatments. In general, brackish water seed sources had greater germination success than the two families from freshwater sources. Results indicate that families previously identified as moderately salt-tolerant based on physiological and morphological parameters may be equally successful in seed germination capacity under moderately saline conditions.     

不同土壤水分含量下落羽杉根、茎、叶营养水平的差异

应用温室盆栽试验方法,采用完全随机试验设计,研究了土壤水分含量对1年生落羽杉实生苗的营养吸收及分配的影响。试验共有5种处理,即W1(淹水,水深为土壤表面以上5cm)、W2(渍水,水面与土面保持水平)、W3、W4、W5(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的75%、50%和25%),处理时间为130d。研究结果表明:(1)随着土壤水分含量的减少,落羽杉根、茎和叶中全N质量浓度均逐渐升高,根、茎、叶中全P质量浓度则又先升高后下降的趋势,以W3水分处理最高,根、茎和叶中全Ca、全K、全Na、全Mg、全Fe质量浓度则有不同的变化趋势;(2)所有处理根、茎、叶中全Fe、全N、全P、全Mg、全Na、全Ca、全K质量浓度大小的顺序为叶>根>茎;(3)随着土壤水分含量的减少,落羽杉对各种营养元素的吸收累积量减少,分配到根和茎中的比例增加,分配到叶中的比例逐渐减少。     

Effect of soil water changes on photosynthetic characteristics of Taxodium distichum seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Four different kinds of water treatment were applied to examine the photosynthetic characteristics of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The aim was to shed light on the physio-ecological adaptation of this species to changing water levels for revegetation purposes. The water treatments were normal growth water condition (CK), light drought water stress (T1), growth under soil water saturation (T2) and growth with soil submersion (T3). T3 had the lowest content of photosynthetic pigment; T1 and T2 did not differ from CK in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b in the four groups ranged from 2.04 to 2.69 and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid from 3.08 to 4.51. In group T1, the seedling of baldcypres had lower apparent light use efficiency, lower apparent CO₂ use efficiency and a lower net photosynthetic rate, with the net photosynthetic rate 24.9% lower than that of group CK. However, T2 and T3 did not differ from CK in apparent light use efficiency, apparent CO₂ use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate. Water use efficiency of the four treatments consistently increased as treatment was prolonged; the average water use efficiency of T3 was the lowest while that of CK was the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the net photosynthetic rate of baldcypress seedlings was positively related to transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, apparent light use efficiency and apparent CO₂ use efficiency, but highly negatively related to the ratio of chlorophyll a to b. Net photosynthetic rate was not significantly related to the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid, relative air humidity and intercellular CO₂ concentration. The transpiration rate was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and negatively related to water use efficiency. The results showed that different water treatments could effectively influence the baldcypress seedlings’ content of photosynthetic pigment, leaf gas exchange and apparent resources use efficiency. The results verified that the species T. distichum takes on the features of a water-tolerant and hydrophilic plant, which can be considered as one of the species for the building of a forest protection system for the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Baldcypress should not be planted in drought-stricken soils. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8) [译自:生态学报, 2005, 25(8)]     

Natural regeneration of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) in a Louisiana swamp

Due to large reserves of second-growth cypress (Taxodium distichum and T. distichum var. nutans) in the southeastern United States, logging of cypress is once again becoming attractive. This increased activity has led to the question of whether adequate natural regeneration will be established after logging. Four logged cypress stands in the Barataria Basin region of Louisiana were sampled to determine vegetation characteristics and survival and growth of baldcypress seedlings and stump sprouts. Coppice regeneration was prolific during the first year after cutting, however, most of the sprouts died in the following years. In addition, even though observations were made during a particularly dry year, no seedling establishment occurred.     

Intraspecific variation in the response of Taxodium distichum seedlings to salinity

Seedlings of 15 open-pollinated families of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) were tested for their tolerance to combined salinity and flooding strees. Ten of the families were from coastal locations in Louisiana or Alabama, USA, that were slightly brackish. The other families were from locations not affected by saltwater intrusion. Five salinity levels were investigated — 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g l⁻¹ artificial seawater—all with flooding to approximately 5 cm above the soil surface. Survival, height growth, leaf area and total biomass all declined with increasing salinity. Significant variation was found among salinity levels, families, and salinity×family interactions for leaf area and total biomass. Two tolerance indices were also developed to compare family response with salinity. In generalm families from brackish sources had greater total biomass, leaf area, and tolerance index values than families from freshwater sources at the higher salinity levels. A selection and breeding program designed to develop moderately salt-tolerant baldcypress seedlings for use in wetland restoration projects and other applications appears to be well-justified.     

SECTION 4:INTEGRATED ASSESSMENTS

Abstract

Reforestation of degraded lands is occurring on a limited basis in portions of the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW). In theory, markets for ecosystem services could encourage more extensive reforestation and ensure that reforestation efforts provide more than just timber. The most relevant ecosystem markets for the PCW are carbon sequestration, watershed services, and four biodiversity markets-bioprospecting, certification of biodiversity friendly products, ecotourism, and existence value. This paper examines the possibility for a land owner or land manager to participate in two or more of these markets. Two land use scenarios-native forest plantation and small-holder agroforestry-emerge as likely candidates for participation in multiple ecosystem service markets. These scenarios are examined to determine whether the strength of incentives to provide a bundle of timber and ecosystem services is sufficient to encourage expansion of these land uses with the Panama Canal Watershed.     

池杉幼苗对不同土壤水分水平的光合生理响应

为模拟三峡库区消落带土壤水分变化特征,作者设置了常规生长水分条件(CK)、轻度干旱水分胁迫(T1)、土壤水饱和(T2)以及水淹(T3)4个不同处理组,研究池杉当年实生幼苗在三峡库区消落带水位变化条件下的光合生理生态响应机理和适应对策.研究结果表明,不同水分处理均显著影响池杉幼苗光合色素、叶片气体交换以及表观资源利用效率.池杉幼苗不仅具有耐水湿的特点,还具有一定程度的耐旱性.在消落带防护林体系建设中,池杉适宜栽植于土壤饱和水或渍水的环境中;在干旱环境条件下应注意浇水抗旱,使池杉保持正常的净光合速率.