应用双分子荧光互补(BiFC)方法分析烟草中介体亚基之间的互作

中介体是一种大分子蛋白复合物,中介体亚基之间的相互作用是中介体复合物在真核生物的转录调控中发挥作用的基础。本研究利用同源搜索,克隆了烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)中介体亚基基因NtMed6、NtMed18和NtMed21,测序结果表明NtMed6、NtMed18和NtMed21与拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana)中介体同源基因的序列一致性分别为69.46%、76.91%和77.01%。通过筛选适宜的侵染培养基优化了农杆菌介导的烟草叶片瞬时表达进行亚细胞定位方法,分析了linker序列对亚细胞定位结果的影响。发现以YEB+100mmol/LAS和AA+100mmol/LAS为侵染培养基时荧光强度大,并且表达荧光的细胞多;构建融合表达载体时添加5个氨基酸编码序列的linker提高了融合蛋白亚细胞定位结果的可靠性。烟草中介体亚基亚细胞定位表明,NtMed8、NtMed18、NtMed6和NtMed21定位在细胞核和细胞质内,但主要在细胞核里。为进一步证实NtMed8属于烟草中介体亚基,同时研究NtMed8与其它亚基的相互作用,构建了35S驱动的含有EYFPN-端1-173氨基酸和C-端151-238氨基酸编码序列标签的融合表达载体(pNYE和pCYE)。把NtMed8、NtMed18、NtMed6和NtMed21的全长ORF亚克隆到相应的载体上,共转化烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)叶片,结果表明,NtMed8与NtMed18存在互作,同时还观察到NtMed8与NtMed6的互作以及NtMed18与NtMed6的互作。BiFC用于检测蛋白之间的互作是一种快捷有效的方法,能够应用于中介体亚基之间结构联系的研究。     

烟杆腐解速率及养分释放规律研究

利用安徽省池州市东至县典型烟田土壤,采用尼龙网袋法研究了烟杆还田后的腐解速率及养分释放规律。结果表明,烟杆还田后,腐解速率表现为前期快、后期慢。试验期间(120 d),常规还田、添加白云石粉和生石灰还田烟杆的累计腐解率分别为56%、53%和49%。各处理烟杆还田的养分释放率均为钾磷氮。烟杆还田前15 d内,钾的释放达到88%,磷的释放率为76%,而氮的释放率仅为53%。烟杆还田对土壤pH有显著影响,在整个腐解过程中生石灰和白云石粉处理土壤pH均显著高于常规还田和不还田处理。烟杆还田显著增加土壤速效钾的含量,较不还田提高47%。由烟杆腐解特点和养分释放的规律可见,烟杆中的钾是水浸提的速效钾,水稻推荐施肥量中可考虑减去(或部分减去)所用烟杆的钾含量。     

Zinc and Sulfur Effects on Growth and Nutrient Concentrations in Rocket

This study was conducted to determine how the range of sulfur (S) supply (from deficient to luxuriant) interacted with possible toxic zinc (Zn) levels. Rocket seedlings were grown for 30 d at three Zn (1, 75, and 150 μM) and three S (0.03, 0.5, and 1.5 mM) concentrations in nutrient solution under controlled conditions. Plant leaves did not show symptoms of S deficiency or Zn toxicity, which was confirmed by pigment determination. Treatments affected only leaf area and shoot dry-weight percentage. The accumulation of Zn was greater in roots than in shoots and increased linearly with Zn supply. Shoot S concentration was affected by S deficiency, whereas nitrogen concentration was least at the greatest S and Zn concentrations.     

有机-无机专用混配肥对烤烟产量和养分利用率的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了有机-无机专用混配肥对烤烟产量和养分利用的影响。结果表明,与施等NPK养分的普通专用肥相比较,施用有机-无机烟草专用混配肥AB、BB处理的氮肥利用率提高2.6%～4.5%,磷肥利用率提高近2%,处理AA钾肥利用率提高3.6%,增加烟叶中氮、磷和钾的分配比例,有利于烟叶产量的形成,提高烟叶可利用程度,处理AA、AB和BB增产8.52%、24.20%、15.57%,中部烟叶所占比例提高12.96%、12.10%和11.98%,上部烟叶所占比例下降14.69%、12.22%、12.61%;烟碱、总氮、蛋白质含量有所下降,钾含量提高7.36%～12.27%,烟叶施木克值、糖碱比更趋于协调。     

生态环境对烟草农艺性状和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以6个烟草品种为材料,在云南省昭通市昭阳区、巧家县和镇雄县3个试验点大田条件下,比较各烟草品种在不同生态环境下的农艺性状差异,并利用Mini-PAM便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪观测分析各品种中部叶片的叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明：烟草叶片是对环境反应最敏感的器官,巧家县降水充沛,太阳辐射充足,各烟草品种烟叶的长、宽和面积均较大;镇雄7月上、中旬气候条件相对较干旱,各品种最大光化学量子产量和有效光化学量子产量普遍较低;K326和云烟203的实际光化学量子产量和电子传递速率在3个试验点之间的差异表现一致,说明二者在光能捕获和电子传递方面存在着对环境响应的相似机理。各品种在不同生态环境下非光化学猝灭（NPQ）的强弱不一致,表明各品种对生态环境适应性具有多样性和可塑性。     

Effect of rate of nitrapyrin and source of N on soil pH and response of burley tobacco

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on Maury silt loam soil (Typic Paleudalf) during 2 years to determine the effects of rate of nitrapyrin and source of N fertilizer on soil pH and response of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.cv.^xKy‐14'). All sources of N were applied at the rate of 280 kg N ha^‐1. The information was needed to increase the efficiency of N fertilizer use and improve the growth and safety of tobacco.

Results indicated that application of a NO₃ ^‐source of N fertilizer or low rates of nitrapyrin (0.56 to 2.24 kg ha^‐1) decreased surface soil acidification and the concentration of plant Mn, while plant dry weight early in the growing season was increased. The early growth benefits noted for .nitrapyrin did not lead to increased cured leaf yields or value. Cured leaf yield and value were highest in plots receiving Ca(NO₃)₂, followed by KH₄NO₃, then urea.

Concentration of protein N, total alkaloids, and total volatile nitrogenous bases of cured leaves increased and NO₃ ^‐‐N decreased as rate of nitrapyrin increased. Total N concentration of cured leaf, however, was not significantly affected by nitrapyrin application, indicating that the proportion of absorbed N as NH₄ ⁺increased as nitrapyrin rate increased.     

土壤对养分离子吸附特性初步研究

针对土壤本身对养分离子具有吸附固定特性降低了养分的有效性,运用土壤养分状况系统研究法通过吸附试验研究新疆两种土壤对养分离子的吸附固定能力。研究结果表明:棕漠土对P、Zn、Cu的吸附固定能力比潮土强,两种土壤对K、B和Mn吸附固定差异不显著,棕漠土的养分限制因子是N>P>Mn>B,潮土的养分限制因子是N>Mn>P>K,因此施肥时考虑到土壤对养分离子的吸附固定能力确定合理的施肥量。     

湘南典型植烟土壤养分供应及烟株吸收特征

养分是烤烟生长与烟叶品质形成的基础，为探究烤烟大田生育期间土壤养分供应、烟株养分吸收以及两者匹配情况及其与烟叶品质问题的关系，本研究测定和分析了湘南目前施肥模式下典型植烟土壤速效养分含量（铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾）、表观肥料养分利用率、烟株养分吸收以及有关烟叶品质指标，并监测了烤烟大田生育期间的气候条件及土壤温湿度变化状况。结果表明：①施氮总量较高(183 kg/hm2)，且基施氮量占比高(48.4%)，烤烟大田生育前期(0~36 d)土壤速效养分丰富，但烟株生长较慢，导致当季肥料养分利用率不高；②最后一次追肥时间(43 d)偏晚，使得后期烟株脱氮困难，造成顶叶和上二棚叶烟碱含量过高，还原糖含量偏低；③早春低温是烤烟大田生育前期烟株生长缓慢的重要影响因子。针对目前施肥模式与烟株养分需求不匹配问题及其主要影响因素，提出减施基肥、适时适量追肥的优化施肥模式以及应用控缓释肥料、促生微生物、高效多功能叶面肥和施加外源碳等对策。     

Effects of Root Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Inoculations on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Grapevine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seven nitrogen (N₂)-fixing and/or phosphorus (P)-solubilizing and siderophore-producing microorganism based bio-fertilizers in single and triple strain combinations isolated from the acidic rhizospheric soil of native tea, grapevine, and wild red raspberries. As a result of this study, bacterial efficiency was found to be variable and depended on the bacterial strains and evaluated growth parameters. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has improved macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations in grapevine leaves, and stimulated plant growth. Triple inoculation and single inoculation based bio fertilizers were found to stimulate overall plant growth, including shoot and leaf weight, main shoot length, leaf ground index, chlorophyll, nitrogen, zinc and iron content of grapevine cv ‘Italy’. Bio-fertilizers increased the nutrients such as nitrogen, zinc and iron concentrations and consequently increased the chlorophyll content of the leaves.     

Directed evolution of yeast ferric reductase to produce plants with tolerance to iron deficiency in alkaline soils

One of the most serious problems in agriculture worldwide is low iron (Fe) availability, due to high soil pH. About 30% of arable land is too alkaline for optimal crop production. Non-graminaceous and dicot plants, which use a reduction strategy to uptake Fe, suffer from Fe deficiency under these conditions, because the ferric chalets reductase in the root plasma membrane functions inefficiently at high pH. The refrel (reconstructed yeast ferric reductase) gene was subjected to random mutagenesis to obtain variants with high activity under high pH conditions. A mutant library was screened using a yeast in vivo assay system, and screens at pH 8.0 and 8.5 produced 10 candidates. In vivo ferric reductase activity was analyzed quantitatively. Yeast cells carrying the variant with the highest ferric reductase activity showed 6.0, 8.7, and 38 times greater activity at pH 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0, respectively, than did cells containing the original refrel gene. An amino acid substitution at position 312 was common to most of the high-activity variants. This substitution is believed to play an important role in the increased reductase activity at high pH. Interestingly, this mutation is near a hams-coordinating histidine co on, and the corresponding residue is probably located in the intramembranous region close to the cytoplasm. The variant gene with the highest reductase activity was introduced into tobacco, and transgenic tobacco carrying the gene showed enhanced tolerance to low Fe availability. This result should be useful in the engineering of non-graminaceous and dicot plants tolerant to Fe deficiency in alkaline soils.     

Rate of nitrapyrin and soil ph effects on nitrification of ammonium fertilizer and growth and composition of burley tobacco

Abstract

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rate of nitrapyrin and soil pH on nitrification of NH₄ ⁺ fertilizer in soil, and growth and chemical composition of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. ‘KY ‐14'). Such experiments were needed to develop information for increasing efficiency of N fertilizer use and to lessen the fertilizer‐induced soil acidity and salt effects on tobacco plants.

Results for laboratory and greenhouse incubations indicated that nitrification proceeeded slowly below pH 5.0 and the nitrapyrin necessary to delay nitrification increased with both increasing soil pH and length of incubation time. Generally, nitrification could be delayed 30 days by nitrapyrin rates of 0.25 or 0.5 μg g^‐1 regardless of soil pH. but rates of 1 μg g^‐1 nitrapyrin or higher were required for 60 days and longer incubation times, particularly at higher soil pH.

Growth and morphology of tobacco plants were either unaffected, or affected positively, by low rates of nitrapyrin (up to 2 μg g^‐1). However, rates of 4 μg g^‐1 and above reduced total plant dry weight, reducing sugars and contents of mineral elements. Concentrations and content of plant NO₃ ^‐ N and Mn were greatly decreased by application of nitrapyrin. Values for most parameters measured increased with increasing soil pH. The data show that low rates of nitrapyrin may be used to alter the ratio of NO₃ ^‐ to NH₄ ⁺ N absorbed by tobacco and possibly improve growth and safety of tobacco.     

低浓度镉对大白菜苗期生长及营养元素吸收积累的影响研究

在实验室用水培模拟轻度污染土壤,研究低浓度 Cd(5 1.μmol/L)对不同Cd耐性的4个大白菜品种苗期生长及营养元素吸收积累的影响.结果表明,低浓度Cd对耐性强的品种的生长有促进作用,对耐性差的品种的生长有抑制作用.5umol几Cd显著促进大白菜根系对S、Cu的吸收,分别增加22.0%～58.0%、45.9%～116.0%,但抑制S、Cu向地上部转运;大白菜地上部K、P、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn含量受到Cd的较强抑制,且抑制程度存在品种差异.     

缓释肥对紫色土油菜生长和养分吸收利用的影响

分析缓释专用配方肥与当地常用肥对油菜生物量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用及其在土壤中累积的影响,为油菜节肥高效生产提供依据。通过大田试验,以油菜品种三峡油5号为试验材料,设置6种施肥处理:以不施肥(F₀)和常规施肥(F_c)为对照处理,缓释专用配方肥设置4种施肥水平(F₃₇₅:375 kg·hm^–2,F₅₂₅:525 kg·hm^–2,F₆₇₅:675 kg·hm^–2,F₈₂₅:825 kg·hm^–2)。结果表明,不同施用量的缓释专用肥料对油菜产量、单株有效角果数以F₆₇₅处理最大,F₈₂₅处理次之,F₃₇₅处理最小,其分别较F_c处理增产43.54%、36.82%、13.88%;施用缓释专用配方肥油菜氮养分损失率从F_c处理的78.30%降低至53.97%～73.66%;磷养分...     

缓释尿素在双季稻上的养分供应特征

采用双季早晚稻的田间试验,研究了养分释放期为60 d和90 d的两种不同缓释尿素对整个生育期内水稻养分吸收的影响。结果表明:60 d型缓释尿素一次性施用在早、晚稻上均达到了普通尿素分次施肥时的产量水平,而90 d型缓释尿素一次性施用在早稻上效果好晚稻上效果欠佳。60 d和90 d型缓释尿素一次性施用的优势在于能使水稻有较高的有效穗数及穗粒数,整个生育期地上植株氮(灌浆期不含籽粒)含量也显著高于普通尿素分次施肥、普通尿素一次施用及不施氮处理,而灌浆过程中籽粒、剑叶、倒二位及倒三位叶的氮含量及剑叶SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)也均高于其他3个处理。两种缓释尿素均使水稻出现了不同程度的贪青状况,其中以90 d型缓释尿素贪青最为严重,60 d型缓释尿素的养分释放期对水稻较为适中而90天型缓释尿素较长。     

Rice Growth and Nutrient Accumulation as Affected by Different Composts

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of four different kinds of compost: pea–rice hull compost (PRC), cattle dung–tea compost (CTC), hog dung–rice hull compost (HDR), and hog dung–sawdust compost (HDS). These types of compost differ in nitrogen composition and in the dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], of rice plants. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were planted in an Oxisol soil. Plants were cultivated in pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, mixed with the four different composts (PRC, 404 g; CTC, 395 g; HDR, and HDS, 450 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM) (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120:96:72) The residual effect was studied after the crop was harvested. All treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the root, leaf sheath, leaf blade, stalk, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. After the first crop, the dry matter yield and the amount of N, P, and K absorbed from the CTC or HDS treatments were higher than those of the other treatments, at the most active tillering stage. The growth and nutrient accumulation of rice plants given the PRC treatment were higher than those given the CHEM treatment at the heading stage or the HDR treatment at the maturity stage. In the second crop, the dry matter yield from the PRC, CTC, and HDR treatments was higher than from the other treatments. The nutrient accumulation of the rice plants was positively correlated with the dry matter yield. The residual effect of the HDS compost was the least among all four composts.     

不同营养液对无土栽培黄瓜生长发育的影响及其经济效益分析

本试验研究了农用化肥代替化学试剂,做无土栽培营养液肥源的可行性。试验结果表明,利用普通化肥代替化学试剂配制营养液,不仅是可行的,而且能大幅度降低成本,经济效益显著。在春夏季试验中,适当增加营养液中氨态氮化肥的比例,明显地促进黄瓜早熟,提高早期产量。在秋冬季试验中,适当比例的氨态氮肥,能促进黄瓜总产量的提高。春秋两次试验还表明,若含硝态和酰胺态氮的化肥同时作氮源时,可不同程度地促进黄瓜的营养生长及生殖生长。此外本试验还研究了不同营养液对黄瓜叶片中叶绿素的含量,氨基酸的含量及光合作用的影响。     

不同肥料结构对水稻群体干物质生产及养分吸收分配的影响

大田试验研究结果表明:单施化肥的水稻植株干物质积累和养分吸收主要集中于生长中前期。而有机无机肥配施,特别是化肥与厩肥配合施用有利于水稻植株在中后期,尤其是灌浆期对养分吸收和干物质的积累,其中以植株对磷的吸收比例在各肥料结构间差异最大(p<0.01)。有机无机肥配施还可促进水稻植株养分向籽粒中转移和分配。从而明显增加了水稻结实率和千粒重,进而大大提高了水稻籽粒产量(p<0.05或p<0.01)。     

钾素营养对烤烟生长及养分吸收的影响

同钾素浓度处理的砂培试验表明,150mgkg-1的钾素浓度处理其及以下的浓度处理烤烟都出现不同程度的缺素症状。烟叶干物质有随着钾素浓度的增加而增加的趋势。烟叶在不同生育期内对钾素的吸收和累积都是与钾素的供应呈正相关。磷的吸收与钾的供应呈一定的正相关。全氮在烟株体内分布趋势是根>叶>茎,全钾分布趋势是叶>茎>根,磷多集中在根部,叶内含量较少。烟草钾与钙、镁的吸收存在颉颃作用。     

秸秆覆盖对坡地红壤养分流失及烤烟质量的影响

连续2 a采用野外径流小区观测的方式,研究了秸秆覆盖对坡地红壤养分流失和烤烟质量的影响。结果表明:随着秸秆覆盖量的增加,泥沙中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾流失量随之减少,且秸秆覆盖处理显著低于对照(P<0.05),分别降低了53.97%～82.52%、61.49%～85.56%、44.69%～83.75%和52.52%～81.79%。与对照比较,秸秆覆盖处理径流中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾流失量分别减少了59.94%～68.24%、45.97%～61.16%、59.74%～62.63%和47.14%～54.29%。各处理土壤养分流失量与泥沙中养分流失量的变化趋势表现一致,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾流失量较对照分别降低了56.98%～79.79%、54.46%～77.00%、47.88%～80.93%和51.36%～75.78%。此外,土壤有机质、磷和钾多以泥沙形式流失为主,而氮素则以泥沙和径流共同流失为主。秸秆覆盖降低了烟叶总糖和还原糖含量,增加了烟碱、总氮、钾含量及评吸总分。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾流失量与烟叶总糖和还原糖含量呈显著或极显著正相关,与烟碱和总氮含量呈显著或极显著...     

Fertilizer Bands Affect Early Growth of Corn

Nitrogen (N) applied in bands across cornfields often induces differences in plant height, leaf color, and growth stage of corn (Zea mays L.). Especially during wet springs, plants growing immediately over the bands are often noticeably taller and greener for a short period. Plants growing between the bands experience N deficiency until their roots reach the bands. The impacts of such short periods of N deficiency on plant early growth have received little attention. We studied the effects of tracks left by fertilizer applicator on corn growth stage, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll meter readings (CMRs) in a field where conditions seemed favorable for a fertilizer-induced advancement in growth stage. Measurements showed that the reduced plant height or leaf color attributable to a temporary N deficiency was mainly associated with the delay of growth stages and might have little influence on final grain yield.