Corn Monoculture Yield Response to Fertilization and Nitrate Nitrogen Distribution

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fertilization system, nitrate (NO₃)– nitrogen (N) distribution along soil profile, and their interaction on corn yield. The study was conducted at the experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (Serbia) during 2001–2004. Corn monoculture included four fertilization variants: control (Ø), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizers, mineral fertilizer + corn stalks (NPK + S), and mineral fertilizers + manure (NPK + M). The greatest yield was found in the variant NPK + M (9.25 t ha^?1). Path coefficients showed that greatest direct positive effects on corn yield were exhibited by NO₃-N levels at soil depths of 60–90 cm and 30–60 cm. The path analysis showed that winter precipitation (WP) had a direct negative effect on yield performance. However, the effect of the downward movement of NO₃-N from the topsoil to deeper soil layers of WP on yield was positive.     

Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Cotton Yield

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in central Greece (Platykampos, Larissa) to investigate productivity parameters of cotton under conditions of water stress. A Latin square split-plot design with three replications was used to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels (250, 350, and 450 mm) and three fertilization rates (60, 110, and 160 kg N ha^–1), where irrigation level was the whole-plot factor and the fertilizer was the split-plot factor. The results showed that irrigation level had no significant effect on soil chemical properties, but these only changed with fertilizer application. Concentration of soil nitrates increased in proportion to the amount of applied fertilizer in early July. The associated rise in electrical conductivity (EC) was not sufficiently high as to adversely affect salt-tolerant cotton. The soil acidity produced during formation of nitrate was evident by a soil pH decrease of 0.2 units in the high fertilizer application. A great decline of nitrate N and EC and a rise of pH in all treatments in early August indicated rapid N uptake by the crop during the late stage of vegetative growth. In contrast, cotton yield was not affected by the rate of fertilizer application but by the level of irrigation. This is the reason that correlations between soil properties and yield were insignificant in early July and August. It appears that there was sufficient N available to the crop from sources other than fertilizer N (soil-derived N and irrigation N). Preplant soil nitrates were greater than residual nitrates in the second growing season and indicated depletion of soil mineral N pools of the order of 36 kg N ha^–1 in the 0- to 25-cm depth. Significant negative correlations between soil properties and cotton yield appeared only at the end of the season and indicated that depletion of soil mineral N increased with increasing crop N requirement or irrigation level.     

Winter Wheat Quality Responses to Water,Environment, and Nitrogen Fertilization

Decreasing carbon (C) footprints by reducing nitrogen (N) and water inputs has been speculated to have negative impacts on wheat grain yield and flour processing quality. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of N and water stress on winter wheat grain yield, protein composition, and dough quality. Wheat fertilized at two N rates (unfertilized and recommended) was grown under water-stressed and well-watered environments. Nitrogen and water stress were measured using the ¹³C isotopic approach. Research showed that (1) N fertilizer and the water-management environment produced similar impacts on wheat quality and yield loss due to N stress and yield loss due to water stress (YLWS); (2) N fertilizer increased flour protein, dough stability, and relative concentration of glutenin (%Glu), unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), and relative amount of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS/LMW-GS); (3) the well-watered environment reduced protein contents when N mineralization was low, whereas it did not influence protein content when mineralization was high; and (4) the %Glu was negatively correlated with yield loss due to N stress (YLNS) and positively correlated with stability. This study showed that a clear understanding of the complex relationship between soil variability and climatic conditions should make it possible to develop adaptive management practices, increase profitability, and improve quality.     

Analysis of Yield Response Variability to Nitrogen Fertilization in Experiments Performed in the Argentine Pampas

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has become a common practice in corn and wheat crops in the Argentine Pampas during the past decade. In this region, great environmental variability determines erratic responses to fertilization. The quantity of data necessary for defining yield response models to N has not been investigated, and the relative yield transformation, combined with the total nutrient approach, has been widespread when analyzing fertilizer response results. The objectives were to determine the minimum data set necessary for fitting average yield functions suitable for fertilizer recommendation at regional scale and to investigate the consequences of using relative yield on N response functions when the total nutrient approach is used. Published results from two extensive fertilization networks, one with corn and the other with wheat, were used. Data were aggregated at different levels, because one single experiment to the entire network results, and yield response functions to N were fitted. Yield models tended to stability when a set of around 100 or more data points, generated in experiments performed across different sites and years, were used for fitting models with both crops. This amount of data was generated by performing 20 experiments in the corn network and 35 in the wheat network. Relative yield transformation allowed us to obtain models with lower dispersion than yield, but in the case of corn a biased model was generated that leads to underestimating fertilizer requirements. In wheat, similar fertilizer recommendations were produced from yield or relative yield functions. Response variability to fertilization must be addressed in the experimental area by increasing the amount of data used, rather than by applying the relative yield transformation.     

Integrated Effects of Mulching Treatment and Nitrogen Fertilization on Cotton Performance under Dryland Agriculture

ABSTRACT

Crop production in arid regions is characterized with high temperature, drought and salinity which decrease water and nutrient use efficiency. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of wheat residue mulch in relation to N fertilizer application rates for cotton productivity under dryland condition of Uzbekistan. Main plots were control of no mulch addition and a 5 t ha^?1 mulch treatment. These plots were split into 5 N rate plots of 0, 70, 140, 210 or 280 kg of N ha^?1. The results showed that mulching pattern decreased soil temperature by 0.7–1.5°C as compared to conventional treatment (CT), regardless of N fertilization rates. The soil water storage increased by 41.8, 17.3, 48.0 mm in the flowering, boll formation and ripening stages of cotton, respectively under mulching treatment. Soil available N concentration and nutrients uptake by plants consistently increased with the increase of N fertilization rates with positive correlations. At flowering period, the plant height, chlorophyll content, stem diameter, and a number of fruit branches in plants were higher by 32.3%, 46.8%, 26.7% and 55.3%, respectively at 210 kg N ha^?1 under mulching treatment as compared to the non-fertilized control. The highest cotton yield was obtained at 210 kg N ha^?1 application under mulching treatment. The correlation difference between mulch and N application rates was higher (R² = 0.97) than the difference in CTs and N application rates (R² = 0.89). This study showed that mulching had a greater impact to preserve nutrients and water resources in the soil, thereby improved cotton growth and yield.     

土壤Nmin在南疆棉花氮肥推荐中的应用研究

结合6个施氮水平下土壤Nmin速测值分析了土壤Nmin与施肥量和棉花产量关系,对应用土壤Nmin进行棉花氮肥推荐进行了研究。分析结果表明:土壤Nmin与棉花产量和施氮量均呈正相关关系,与土壤深度呈负相关关系;其中0~20cm土层土壤与施氮量和棉花产量相关性最强,可以很好的表征土壤初始供氮能力,因而可以利用它作为棉花氮肥推荐的指标。在考虑土壤初始供氮能力下,供试棉花品种达到最高产量时的最佳施肥量为226kghm-2,此时0~20cm土层土壤Nmin临界值为为20mgkg-1,并结合最佳施肥量和0~20cm土层土壤Nmin临界值计算出了棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期的氮肥追施量。     

施氮对水稻产量、氮素利用及土壤无机氮积累的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同施氮量(0、60、120、180和240 kg hm~(-2))对水稻氮肥利用、产量、土壤氮素供应及氮素平衡的影响,结果表明,水稻产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后产量下降,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合,得出最佳施氮量为204 kg hm~(-2)。施用氮肥可显著增加水稻氮吸收总量,并随施氮量的增加显著增加,当施氮量超过180 kg hm~(-2)后,氮吸收总量不再显著增加。氮肥当季回收率、农学利用率、偏生产力和生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而下降,分别由44.0%、25.5 kg kg~(-1)、145.6 kg kg~(-1)和58.1 kg kg~(-1)下降至31.1%、13.6 kg kg~(-1)、43.6 kg kg~(-1)和43.7 kg kg~(-1)。氮收获指数表现为随施氮量的增加先增后降,以施氮量180 kg hm~(-2)处理最高,为68.7%。土壤无机氮(Nmin)含量在水稻整个生育期呈现先快速下降后缓慢升高的趋势,施氮处理各层土壤Nmin积累量与不施氮处理差异均达显著水平(P0.05),且基本随着施氮量的增加而增加。水稻成熟期土壤残留Nmin量和表观损失均随施氮量的增加而增加。氮盈余主要以土壤Nmin残留量为主,表观损失在氮盈余比例较小,但随着施氮量的增加显著增加。水稻氮吸收量、土壤无机氮残留量和氮素表观损失量与施氮量呈显著的正向相关性。在本试验条件下,综合水稻产量、氮肥利用效率和土壤无机氮积累等方面的因素,在吉林省水稻主产区,适宜施氮量应控制在180~204 kg hm~(-2)范围内。     

Optical Sensor‐Based Algorithm for Crop Nitrogen Fertilization

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) fertilization for cereal crop production does not follow any kind of generalized methodology that guarantees maximum nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this work was to amalgamate some of the current concepts for N management in cereal production into an applied algorithm. This work at Oklahoma State University from 1992 to present has focused primarily on the use of optical sensors in red and near infrared bands for predicting yield, and using that information in an algorithm to estimate fertilizer requirements. The current algorithm, “WheatN.1.0,” may be separated into several discreet components: 1) mid‐season prediction of grain yield, determined by dividing the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) by the number of days from planting to sensing (estimate of biomass produced per day on the specific date when sensor readings are collected); 2) estimating temporally dependent responsiveness to applied N by placing non‐N‐limiting strips in production fields each year, and comparing these to the farmer practice (response index); and 3) determining the spatial variability within each 0.4 m² area using the coefficient of variation (CV) from NDVI readings. These components are then integrated into a functional algorithm to estimate application rate whereby N removal is estimated based on the predicted yield potential for each 0.4 m² area and adjusted for the seasonally dependent responsiveness to applied N. This work shows that yield potential prediction equations for winter wheat can be reliably established with only 2 years of field data. Furthermore, basing mid‐season N fertilizer rates on predicted yield potential and a response index can increase NUE by over 15% in winter wheat when compared to conventional methods. Using our optical sensor‐based algorithm that employs yield prediction and N responsiveness by location (0.4 m² resolution) can increase yields and decrease environmental contamination due to excessive N fertilization.     

Plant Responses of Ultra Narrow Row Cotton to Nitrogen Fertilization

ABSTRACT

Recent developments in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production technology in the Mississippi River Delta region include drill planting cotton. Production systems that include drill planting cotton are referred to as ultra narrow row (UNR). Ultra narrow row cotton production is a low input system designed to maximize economic returns. Cotton grown under UNR systems is generally lower yielding and lower returning than conventionally spaced cotton, but the inputs and input costs are also generally reduced compared to conventionally spaced cotton production systems. Studies were conducted for five location-years in southeastern and northeastern Arkansas to determine the optimum N-fertilizer rate for UNR cotton. Plant maturity was estimated using nodes above white flower (NAWF) measurements. The NAWF indicated that greater nitrogen (N)-rates delayed maturity of the crop, although differences were not always significant. Lint yields were significantly different in only three of five location-years. Yield responses of UNR cotton tended to maximize with N-treatments between 56 and 84 kg N ha^{? 1} when significant differences were observed. Plant height, similar to lint yield, was significantly different due to N-treatments in three out of five location-years, and generally increased with increasing N-fertilization up to 112 kg N ha^{? 1}. Boll load was significantly influenced by N-fertilization in only two of five location years. In these two instances, 84 kg N ha^{? 1} was sufficient to maximize boll load. Boll weight, a component of yield, was determined in the southern Arkansas location only. Significant differences in boll weight due to N-fertilization were found in only two of four years. Boll weight generally increased with increasing N-fertilization.     

不同施肥模式对春玉米产量、水分利用效率及硝态氮残留的影响

通过2年田间试验,研究了减量施氮和减氮配施不同比例控释肥对黄土旱塬春玉米产量、水分利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留量的影响,旨在为黄土高原旱作农业区提供合理的施肥管理模式。试验于2017年4月至2018年9月在黄土旱塬雨养农业区进行,供试作物为春玉米,采用半覆膜种植方式,一年一熟制。试验共设置CK(不施氮肥)、N1C1(控释尿素65%+普通尿素35%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1C2(控释尿素50%+普通尿素50%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1C3(控释尿素35%+普通尿素65%,N200kg/hm^2)、N1(减氮模式,普通尿素,N200kg/hm^2)、N2(传统施氮模式,普通尿素,N250kg/hm^2)6个处理,测定土壤含水量、收获期土壤剖面(0—300cm)中的硝态氮含量及春玉米产量。结果表明:与N2处理相比,减氮处理(N1)并没有减少作物产量,反而显著增加作物产量(p<0.05),2017年、2018年分别增加9.6%和6.9%,土壤水分利用效率分别提高13.3%和10.2%(p<0.05)。同等施氮量(200kg/hm^2)下,与全尿素N1处理相比,2017年配施不同比例控释肥的各处理降低了春玉米的产量和水分利用效率;2018年N1C2处理较N1处理显著增加春玉米的产量和水分利用效率(p<0.05),分别增加7.7%和11.6%。此外,试验2年后减氮模式N1和减氮配施一定比例的控释肥处理显著减少土壤剖面(0—300cm)中硝态氮的残留量(p<0.05),与N2处理相比,N1处理减少了61.2%;同等施氮量(200kg/hm^2)下,与N1处理相比,N1C2处理降低了50.8%。     

氮肥和土壤质地对滴灌棉花根系分布及产量的影响

通过大田二因素随机区组试验,研究了滴灌条件下不同质地棉田土壤棉花根长密度和根表面积的垂直分布特征及其对产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥、灌水都可以显著降低棉花根长密度和根表面积,其关系表现为显著负相关;(2)花期之前棉花在0~20 cm土层根长密度表现为砂土黏土壤土,花期之后表现为砂土壤土黏土;在20~40 cm土层表现为壤土黏土砂土,且深层土壤砂土中棉花根长密度下降势显著高于壤土、黏土;在不同质地土壤中,粗根表面积均表现为N2(施氮量360 kg/hm~2)N3(施氮量480 kg/hm~2)N1(施氮量240 kg/hm~2)CK(不施氮处理);(3)根系分布特征参数与籽棉产量相关性分析结果显示,根长密度、根表面积对籽棉产量的形成均有显著影响,棉花籽棉产量的有效提高手段之一是在某些特定生育期适度地降低根系特征参数。     

滨海盐碱地不同施肥模式对棉花氮磷养分积累和产量的影响

为探索盐碱地棉花种植最佳施肥模式,在山东省东营市中度滨海盐碱地设置了6种施肥模式(包括不施肥对照、习惯施肥、优化施肥、一次性施肥、减量化肥以及减量化肥+有机肥),通过对棉花关键生育时期植株调查取样和测定分析,探讨了不同施肥模式对棉花养分积累及产量的影响。结果表明:一次性施肥处理(非控释氮和控释氮1∶2配合)与同等养分水平的优化施肥处理相比,棉花的干物质积累量和各器官氮磷含量均有显著提高,前者花铃期氮磷养分总积累量分别比优化施肥处理高23.39%和13.97%,比不施肥处理高50.98%和46.94%。减量化肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O减量20%)+有机肥处理棉花产量最高,比不施肥处理高31.14%,比习惯施肥处理高13.37%,经济效益增长1 925元/hm~2;一次性施肥处理棉花产量与习惯施肥相近,经济效益比习惯施肥增长了279元/hm~2。籽棉产量与吐絮期土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量呈显著正相关。在中度滨海盐碱地采用减量化肥(N、P_2O_5、K_2O减量20%)+有机肥和一次性施肥处理措施节本增产效果较好。     

不同施肥模式对稻田氮磷流失及产量的影响

通过在巢湖派河小流域进行田间小区试验,研究了T1(常规复合肥)、T2(生物有机肥替代30%氮肥)、T3(控失肥替代30%氮肥)、T4(生物有机肥和控失肥各替代15%氮肥)不同施肥模式下水稻田面水中氮磷浓度变化、径流氮磷流失以及水稻产量。结果表明:处理T1的田面水总氮、总磷平均浓度分别为10.30,0.45 mg/L,与T1相比,T2、T3、T4的田面水总氮平均浓度分别降低了12.2%,6.5%,5.3%,田面水总磷平均浓度分别降低了26.7%,15.6%,13.3%。T1的径流总氮、总磷累积流失量分别达17.68,1.60 kg/hm~2,处理T2、T3、T4的径流总氮累积流失量较T1分别降低了35.0%,30.8%,25.5%,径流总磷累积流失量较T1分别降低了16.3%,21.9%,22.5%。处理T1的籽粒产量为8.95 t/hm~2,处理T2、T4的产量较T1分别增加了7.8%,6.5%,差异显著,处理T3的产量较T1降低了2.2%,差异不显著。与施用常规复合肥(T1)相比,生物有机肥替代30%氮肥(T2)、生物有机肥与控失肥各替代15%氮肥(T4)这2种施肥模式既可显著提高作物产量,又能有效降低稻田氮磷流失风险。研究结果可为巢湖流域稻田面源污染的防治提供理论依据。     

不同施肥模式对蔬菜产量及菜地氮流失的影响

在天然降雨条件下,通过3茬蔬菜（苋菜、青菜、茄子）的田间小区试验,研究了不施肥、单施化肥、优化施肥（化肥有机肥配施）、单施有机肥、增施氮肥、增施磷肥6种施肥模式对蔬菜的产量、植株氮素累积量、氮肥利用率及氮随地表径流流失的影响。结果表明,与不施肥相比,其它5种施肥模式可分别提高产量93.55%,103.74%,96.68%,130.78%,136.04%;不同施肥模式下,通过地表径流流失的总氮量为68.11～92.10kg/hm2,与单施化肥相比,单施有机肥和优化施肥可分别使地表径流总氮流失量减小4.67%和2.02%,增施氮肥和增施磷肥可使地表径流总氮流失量在优化施肥的基础上增加10.53%和8.28%。因此在蔬菜的施肥上应改进肥料的配比,在施N量和施P量保持稳定的条件下,增加有机肥的施用比例,减少化肥的施用比例,将能有效降低菜地氮的排放。     

缓释肥侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

利用田间小区试验,系统研究了基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响。试验结果表明:与农民常规施肥处理(FP)比较,侧条施肥技术高缓释肥处理(HF)水稻氮素投入比农民常规施肥处理(FP)降低约40%,水稻产量没有显著降低,穗粒数比农民常规施肥处理增加了8.36%。侧条施肥技术显著提高了水稻地上部吸氮量和氮肥偏生产力,降低了氮素的表观损失量。侧条施肥各处理氮肥偏生产力在39.1~67.8之间,显著高于FP处理的23.7。FP处理氮素表观损失量高达174.2 kg·hm-2,侧条施肥各处理表观损失量在23.2~61.9 kg·hm-2之间。综合考虑水稻产量和环境因素,基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术是一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术。     

氮肥减施对红壤旱坡花生地氮素径流和渗漏损失及表观平衡的影响

针对红壤旱坡地土壤侵蚀严重和渗漏淋溶强烈并存的现状,为探讨减量施氮对作物产量、氮素径流和渗漏损失特征及氮素表观平衡的影响,选择赣北红壤旱坡花生地开展田间随机区组试验,设置5个处理：100%施氮量(N_100%,纯施氮180 kg·hm^–2)、减1/6施氮量(N_1/6)、减1/3施氮量(N_1/3)、减1/2施氮量(N_1/2)和不施氮(N₀),每个处理重复3次。结果表明：(1)与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6和N_1/2处理的花生产量和植株吸氮量略低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6和N_1/2处理在主茎长、株高、冠幅、饱果数和原始分枝数等农艺性状上无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)与N_100%处理相比,N_1/6、N_1/3、N     

减氮和机械侧深施肥对机插杂交稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究侧深减量施缓释肥对水稻生长、氮素利用及土壤肥力等的影响,本研究以两系杂交稻品种晶两优534和三系杂交稻品种宜香优2115为供试材料,通过设置R₁₅₀(一次性机械侧深施缓释肥150 kg·hm^-2)、R₁₂₀(一次性机械侧深减氮20%施缓释肥120 kg·hm^-2)、R₉₆N₂₄ (基肥侧深施缓释肥96 kg·hm^-2, 穗肥撒施尿素24 kg·hm^-2)、N₁₅₀(基肥人工撒施尿素90 kg·hm^-2,穗肥撒施尿素60 kg·hm^-2)、N₀(不施氮肥)5种不同的氮肥施用处理,分析机械侧深减氮施肥对机插稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,侧深施用缓释肥显著提高了机插稻分蘖数、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和土壤肥力,对机插稻产量和氮素利用存在显著影响。侧深施缓释肥显著提高了机插稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数,两品种均以一次性机械侧深施用常规施氮量缓释肥处理(R₁₅₀)的产量最高,比2次人工撒施常规尿素处理(N₁₅₀)平均增产13.05%。采用机械侧深施肥,减氮20%的“基缓追速”处理(R₉₆N₂₄)产量均高于与人工撒施常规施氮量处理(N₁₅₀)。R₉₆N₂₄的氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率和产量均高于N₁₅₀。综上所述,与人工撒施常规尿素相比,采用机械侧深施基肥能保证水稻整个生育期对氮素的需求,显著提高机插稻氮素利用率;缓释肥减量20%侧深施可保持土壤肥力和产量不减,达到减氮稳产的目的。本研究结果为机插稻优质绿色高效生产提供了理论依据和实践指导。     

控释尿素不同条施深度下鲜食玉米产量和氮素利用效应

通过田间试验研究一次性施肥条件下控释尿素不同条施深度(0,5,10,15cm)对鲜食玉米产量、干物质积累变化、氮素利用率和土壤无机氮含量的影响,为控释尿素在鲜食玉米上的应用推广提供依据。结果表明:控释尿素施用深度的不同主要影响鲜食玉米抽雄至乳熟收获期的干物质积累,该阶段10,15cm深度下鲜食玉米的干物质积累速率和积累量显著高于0,5cm。随着控释尿素施用深度的增加,鲜食玉米鲜穗产量、乳熟收获期植株总吸氮量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥表观利用率均呈现递增趋势,与0cm相比,15cm深度处理的鲜穗产量和收获期植株总吸氮量分别显著提高13.3%和53.0%,氮肥偏生产力从70.9kg/kg增加到80.4kg/kg,氮肥农学利用效率从6.8kg/kg增加到16.3kg/kg,氮肥表观利用率从3.3%提高到33.7%;10cm深度处理仅较0cm处理显著提高了植株总吸氮量和氮肥表观利用率,而5cm深度处理的鲜穗产量、乳熟收获期植株总吸氮量、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥表观利用率与0cm处理间均无显著差异。抽雄期叶片光合特性测定结果表明,与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素的施用显著提高了单株叶面积、叶面积指数和穗位叶净光合速率,与0cm相比,15cm深度处理的单株叶面积、叶面积指数、叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度均有不同程度的提高。关键生育期的土壤无机氮测定结果表明,控释尿素施用深度的增加可以提高拔节期、抽雄期和乳熟收获期行间(施肥部位)0—20cm土层、抽雄期和乳熟收获期行间(施肥部位)20—40cm土层以及乳熟收获期玉米种植行(非施肥部位)0—20cm的土壤无机氮含量。可见,控释尿素深施能够提高鲜食玉米抽雄期以后的土壤供氮能力和改善叶片光合特性,促进干物质积累和氮素吸收,从而提高氮肥利用率和鲜穗产量。试验设置条件下,控释尿素最佳的施用深度为15cm。     

稻秸还田下减量化施氮对小麦产量、养分吸收及土壤理化性质的影响

为明确稻秸还田下减量化施氮对小麦产量、养分吸收及土壤理化性质的影响，以小麦品种“宁麦16”为试验材料开展了试验研究，设置了不施氮对照（CK）、施氮量（常量施氮225kg/hm2，N1；减量20%施氮180 kg/hm2，N2）和氮肥运筹（基肥与追肥的比例为5:5，M1；基肥与追肥的比例为7:3，M2）处理，测定并分析了不同施氮量和氮肥运筹下小麦产量与其构成因素、养分吸收与分配、氮肥利用效率及土壤理化性质。结果表明，稻秸还田下，施氮可使小麦产量显著增加，N2处理小麦产量较N1处理仅降低了80.72kg/hm2，提高基施氮肥比例可使小麦单位面积有效穗数增加。施氮显著促进了小麦籽粒、秸秆和地上部的氮素、磷素和钾素吸收，N2处理小麦氮素、磷素和钾素吸收量低于N1处理；N1和N2水平下，M2处理小麦氮素和磷素吸收量均高于M1处理，而钾素吸收量低于后者。N2处理小麦氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥表观利用率和氮素生理效率较N1处理提高，而100kg籽粒吸氮量降低。N1处理土壤碱解氮含量显著高于CK；N2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量低于N1处理，而土壤有效磷含量高于后者；N1和N2水平下，M1处理土壤有机质和碱解氮含量高于M2处理，而土壤有效磷和速效钾含量表现为M2处理高于M1处理。综合来看，稻秸还田下，常规施氮量基础上减量20%，适当提高基施氮肥比例，可增加单位面积有效穗数，实现小麦高产稳产，提高氮肥利用效率。     

不同氮肥施用对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同氮肥处理对双季稻产量及氮肥利用率影响。结果表明:增施氮肥处理比不施氮肥处理双季稻的有效穗数、每穗粒数均显著提高,早稻产量增产77.0%~127.1%,晚稻增加62.9%~108.0%;早稻中等量控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理水稻单位有效穗数、每穗粒数、农学利用率均增加,同时增产5.0%,氮肥利用率提高18.0个百分点;减量控释氮肥处理与普通尿素处理比有效穗数、每穗粒数、产量、氮肥农学利用率有所下降但氮肥利用率提高18.6~20.2个百分点,晚稻中各控释氮肥处理较普通尿素处理每穗粒数增加、产量增产,增产率为9.7%~27.7%,氮肥利用率提高28~31.1个百分点,且农学利用率显著提高;不同用量控释氮肥处理间早稻有效穗数、产量随氮肥用量增加而增加,晚稻中当施氮水平≤162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,水稻单位有效穗、每穗粒数、结实率、产量随氮肥增加而增加;当施氮水平162 kg/hm2(按纯氮算)时,随施氮量增加而减少。