Iron deficiency Chlorosis in peppers

A yellow‐fruited inbred pepper cv. ‘Zehavi’, was found to be highly chlorotic on a previously non‐cultivated calcareous soil in the Arava Valley (Israel) during winter 1981–1982. Foliage symptoms and a test for diagnosing iron indicated iron deficiency, soil application of Fe EDTA corrected the symptoms in the field. When ‘Zehavi’ was sown at the same location, in the winter of 1982–1983, but on calcareous soil which had previously been cultivated for several years, no chlorosis appeared. Inheritance studies indicated recessive control for iron deficiency chlorosis but complete genetic interpretation is suggested only under controlled iron deficiency conditions.     

Effect of Iron Deficiency on Gas Exchange and Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Citrus

Abstract

The effects of iron (Fe) deficiency on catalase and peroxidase activity, net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (g _s ), plant water relations, and specific leaf weight, were studied under greenhouse conditions in two sweet orange (C. sinensis) cultivars grafted on sour orange (Citrus aurantium) and Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi × P. trifoliata). Iron deficiency caused by the absence of Fe in the Hoagland nutrient solution reduced significantly catalase and peroxidase activity, photosynthesis (Pn), osmotic potential (Ψ _π ), turgor potential (Ψ _p ), and specific leaf weight, but did not influence g _s and leaf water potential (Ψ _L ). Iron deficiency caused by increasing concentrations of bicarbonate supplied as NaHCO₃ (10 and 40 mM) in the nutrient solution reduced significantly g _s , Pn, and Ψ _p and increased Ψ _L and Ψ _π . Furthermore, remarkable differences were recorded between the various cultivars/rootstocks combinations.     

生草栽培对桔园环境和柑桔产量品质的影响

１９９３－１９９５年龟井温州蜜柑园种植百喜草，研究了生草栽培对桔园环境和柑桔产量品质的影响。试验结果表明，生草栽培可以改善桔园生态环境，提高柑桔叶片光合速度，减轻异常高温干旱引起的藻果，提高果实产量，并在一定程度上改善果实品质。     

Morphological Changes in Leaves of Mexican Lime Affected by Iron Chlorosis

Iron (Fe) chlorosis reduces the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthates, and crop yield. The effect of Fe chlorosis on leaf composition and cell structure was evaluated in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) with different degrees of Fe chlorosis. Iron chlorosis significantly reduced concentrations of chlorophylls a, b, and a + b, and caused thickening of leaves, due to the increase in palisade and spongy parenchyma cells. The chloroplasts of the chlorotic and albino leaves showed a disorganized ultrastructure; they had an elongated shape with disarrayed thylakoids, underdeveloped grana, scarce starch granules, and hole-like folds in the thylakoid membranes. The accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the upper and lower sides of the epidermis, crystal length, and total crystal content increased with Fe chlorosis severity. The green leaves, in contrast, had chloroplasts with typical ultrastructure. The degree of Fe chlorosis in the leaves significantly affected the concentrations of potassium (K); Fe, manganese (Mn), Fe²⁺, and the phosphorus (P)/Fe and K/calcium (Ca) ratios.     

低磷与接种菌根对柑橘菌根形成及果实品质的影响

试验在柑橘园中设低磷加炭接种菌根、低磷施肥区接种菌根、高磷施肥区接种菌根、高磷施肥区不接种菌根、低磷施肥区不接种菌根5个处理,以研究施磷量与是否接种菌根对柑橘菌根形成及果实品质的影响。结果表明,与高施磷区相比,低施磷肥区和接种菌根都显著提高了柑橘的菌根侵染率,同时也提高了果实品质,改善了果实着色度。     

湖南省柑橘园土壤营养状况及其对叶片养分的影响

为了解湖南省柑橘园土壤及叶片养分丰缺状况,对湖南省82个柑橘主产区土壤和植株叶片的矿质元素含量进行分析测试,运用曲线回归方法分析了土壤酸碱性与土壤肥力间相关性,采用典型性相关分析方法研究了土壤与叶片养分的定量统计关系。结果表明:全省86.75%的柑橘园土壤pH为酸性至强酸性,78.31%的土壤有机质含量处于适宜水平,有效氮、磷、钾缺乏土壤比例分别为15.66%、69.88%和27.71%,柑橘叶片全氮、磷、钾缺乏比例分别为12.35%、16.05%和18.52%。曲线回归分析结果显示,土壤养分含量与pH存在密切的关系,土壤有机质(Y_1)、碱解氮(Y_2)、有效磷(Y_3)、速效钾(Y_4)与pH(X)的拟合关系分别为:Y_1=2.15X~2–24.17X+85.53(R~2=0.53)、Y_2=0.255X~2–3.17X+91.29(R~2=0.36)、Y_3=5.51X~2–66.37X+208.22(R~2=0.43)、Y_4=5.59X~2–37.24X+213.43(R~2=0.40)。典型性相关分析结果显示,土壤养分含量水平的高低对叶片中其他养分含量也存在明显的影响,柑橘园土壤养分指标(X_1:pH;X_2:有机质;X_3:碱解氮;X_4:有效磷;X_5:速效钾)与叶片养分指标(Y_1:氮;Y_2:磷;Y_3:钾)的拟合模型分别为:U_1=–0.390X_1+0.909X_2+0.398X_3+0.269X_4–0.297X_5,V_1=0.792Y_1+0.637Y_2–0.132Y_3。在园区培肥管理时,应注意调节土壤酸碱度,因土酌情采取增施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥等综合平衡施肥措施。     

Interaction of Different Iron Chelates with an Alkaline and Calcareous Soil: A Complementary Methodology to Evaluate the Performance of Iron Compounds in the Correction of Iron Chlorosis

Abstract

A great number of studies have shown that the stability of iron chelates as a function of pH is not the unique parameter that must be considered in order to evaluate the potential effectiveness of Fe‐chelates to correct iron chlorosis in plants cultivated in alkaline and calcareous soils. In fact, other factors, such as soil sorption on soil components or the competition among Fe and other metallic cations for the chelating agent in soil solution, have a considerable influence on the capacity of iron chelates to maintain iron in soil solution available to plants. In this context, the aim of this work is to study the variation in concentration of the main iron chelates employed by farmers under field conditions—Fe‐EDDHA (HA), Fe‐EDDHMA (MA), Fe‐EDDHSA (SA), Fe‐EDDCHA (CA), Fe‐EDTA (EDTA), and Fe‐DTPA (DTPA)—in the soil solution of a calcareous soil over time. To this end, soil incubations were carried out using a soil:Fe solution ratio corresponding to soil field capacity, at a temperature of 23°C. The soil used in the experiments was a calcareous soil with a very low organic matter content. The variation in concentration of Fe and Fe‐chelates in soil solution over time were obtained by measuring the evolution in soil solution of both the concentration of total Fe (measured by AAS), and the concentration of the ortho‐ortho isomers for Fe‐EDDHA and analogs or chelated Fe for Fe‐EDTA and Fe‐DTPA (measured by HPLC). The following chelate samples were used: a HA standard prepared in the laboratory and samples of HA, MA, SA, CA, Fe‐EDTA, and Fe‐DTPA obtained from commercial formulations present in the market. The percentage of iron chelated as ortho‐ortho isomers for HAs was: HA standard (100%); HA (51.78%); MA (60.06%); SA (22.50%); and CA (27.28%). In the case of Fe‐EDTA and Fe‐DTPA the percentages of chelated iron were 96.09 and 99.12, respectively. Results show that it is possible to classify the potential effectiveness of the different types of iron chelates used in our experiments as a function of two practical approaches: (i) considering the variation of total iron in soil solution over time, MA is the best performing product, followed by HA, CA, SA, DTPA, EDTA, and ferrous sulfate in the order listed and (ii) considering the capacity of the different iron chelates to maintain the fraction of chelated iron (ortho‐ortho isomers for HA, MA, SA, and CA and total chelated iron for EDTA and DTPA) in soil solution, the order is: SA > CA > HA > MA > EDTA ≈ DTPA. This result, that is related to the nature of the chelate and does not depend on the degree of chelated Fe in the products, indicates that SA and CA might be very efficient products to correct iron chlorosis. Finally, our results also indicate the suitability of this soil incubation methodology to evaluate the potential efficiency of iron compounds to correct iron chlorosis.     

Effect of Iron and Auxins on Peroxidase Activity and Rooting Performance of Three Citrus Rootstocks In Vitro

Abstract

The effects of FeCl₃, Fe‐EDDHA and Fe‐EDTA as iron sources at 5.6 ppm, as well as their combined effect with the auxins IBA and α‐NAA on rooting capacity and total peroxidase activity of three Citrus rootstocks (Swingle Citrumelo, C. taiwanica, and C. aurantium) in vitro were studied for eight weeks. No root or callus formation was observed in the presence of IBA independently of the Fe source, or in the absence of Fe in the culture medium independently of the hormone used. Low rooting percentage obtained by FeCl₃, while the best results were obtained using Fe‐EDDHA as Fe source. The time of root appearance was also influenced by the different sources of Fe as well as by the kind of the rootstock. In the presence of Fe‐EDTA plantlets survived for four weeks and then died. Total peroxidase activity declined sharply shortly before root appearance, but the decline was less pronounced shortly before callus formation (in some cases of FeCl₃ treatment).     

赣南华盛顿脐橙果实发育中几种矿质营养含量动态的研究

赣南红黄壤的土壤条件导致柑橘树体缺素现象比较普遍,而华盛顿脐橙缺素症状并不明显.本文以赣南华盛顿脐橙为试验材料,对其果实发育中果实不同部位(果皮和果肉)的B、Ca、K、Mg和叶片(越冬老叶和当年春梢叶)的B、Ca、K、Mg、Fe、Mn和Zn含量变化进行了对比测定.结果表明:果皮和果肉B含量均于果实膨大期出现显著上升高峰;而对应的Ca含量在幼果期至果实膨大初期相对较高,之后趋明显下降.老叶的B、Ca、Fe和Mn含量均相对稳定,对应春梢叶四者含量均于花后100 d(高温干旱期)出现大幅度下降,之后呈类似的变化趋势;而春梢叶的K、Mg和Zn含量并无此显著下降过程,且老叶的Mg和Zn含量均低于缺乏临界值.     

夏季高温干旱对温州蜜柑果实生长的影响

利用实测气象资料和果园定点观测,对浙江省2003年夏季高温干旱特征及其对温州蜜柑生长的影响进行了分析。结果表明:夏季高温干旱使树体光合作用受阻,座果率明显下降,果径增长缓慢,产量明显下降。据此提出温州蜜柑种植过程中防御旱热害的对策。     

Comparison of Various Analysis Methods for Determination of Iron Chlorosis in Apple Trees

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare iron (Fe) concentrations (mg kg^?1) of the leaves measured by different methods and to determine the most suitable method to be used in evaluation of iron chlorosis in apple trees. For this purpose, green and chlorotic leaves were collected from 76 apple orchards in 1998 and 1999. Iron concentrations (mg kg^?1) of dried leaf samples were measured with 4 different methods, 1 N HCl (Method 1), 0.1 N HCl (Method 2), 0.005 M DTPA (Method 3), and 1.5% o-phenanthroline (Method 4). Total Fe concentrations (mg kg^?1) of dried leaf samples were also analyzed. Total chlorophyll and peroxidase enzyme activity in fresh leaf samples were measured. The total chlorophyll, peroxidase enzyme activity, Fe concentrations (mg kg^?1) determined by Method 1, Method 3, Method 4, and total Fe concentrations (mg kg^?1) of green leaves were higher than those of chlorotic leaves. On the other hand, no significant difference was found between Fe concentrations (mg kg^?1) of green and chlorotic leaves, measured with Method 2. Significant relationship observed amongst chlorophyll concentrations, peroxidase enzyme activity, and Fe concentrations (mg kg^?1) of samples suggests that 1 N HCl method was the most suitable method amongst the methods used in this study for apple trees.     

重庆市柑橘园土壤养分现状研究

采集了重庆市柑橘主产区104个柑橘园0~30 cm的土壤样品进行土壤养分状况分析。结果表明,重庆有90.5%柑橘园土壤p H适合柑橘生长;有87.5%的柑橘园土壤有机质含量偏低;土壤速效氮和有效磷缺乏的柑橘园分别占到77.9%和55.8%,土壤速效钾缺乏和过量并存;柑橘园土壤缺乏有效硫、钙、镁、硼、锰、铜、铁和锌的比例分别为24.0%、13.5%、44.2%、92.4%、35.6%、45.2%、41.3%和72.1%;部分柑橘园的土壤有效钙、镁、铁、锰和铜含量存在过量现象,分别占所有调查柑橘园的54.8%、6.7%、21.2%、16.4%和4.8%;除土壤p H与有效硼外,大部分柑橘园土壤农化样的有机质与其他有效养分含量均高于土壤背景样。因此,该区柑橘生产需根据果园所处地形、土壤养分与管理措施等条件合理施肥,建议在柑橘园增施硼、锌肥,同时要控制含微量元素的农药施用量。     

生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分与有效养分及果实产量、品质的影响

试验研究生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分和有效养分含量及果实产量品质的影响结果表明,生草栽培7～11月份干旱时期可提高果园土壤含水率;生草栽培初期降低果园土壤有效氮、磷、钙、镁、锰、铜和锌等矿质养分含量,但生草栽培2年后土壤有效氮、钾、铁和锌等矿质养分含量高于清耕对照。生草栽培可提高果实产量和果实可溶性固形物含量,降低果实柠檬酸含量,且种植百喜草比白三叶效果更明显     

Synthetic Iron Chelates as Substrates of Root Ferric Chelate Reductase in Green Stressed Cucumber Plants

This work studied the behavior of different iron (Fe)-chelates as substrates of ferric chelate reductase (FCR) and their ability as Fe suppliers for mildly chlorotic plants. FCR activity and Fe concentration in xylem sap were determined in green stressed cucumber plants with different stress levels using different synthetic chelates as substrates. Both reduction and Fe concentration in the xylem sap were higher for the less-stable Fe chelates, except for Fe-EDTA, which presented a relatively low Fe concentration in sap. It was concluded that a high stability of the chelate in the nutrient solution reduces the Fe reduction, but other factors, such as the complexation of the Fe(II) by the chelating agents, should be considered when the complete process of Fe uptake is studied. The use of both indexes together, i.e., FCR determination and xylem sap concentration, is useful for understanding the Fe uptake from different Fe chelates.     

长江下游地区水肥一体化对设施番茄氮肥利用率及氨挥发的影响

长江下游地区设施菜地面源污染问题突出、劳动力紧缺,亟需节工、增效且环境友好的施肥技术;水肥一体化滴灌施肥在北方设施蔬菜生产上得到广泛应用,而应用在长江下游地区后对氮肥利用率及氨挥发的影响如何,尚不明确。采用田间小区试验对设施番茄滴灌施肥后的氮肥利用率、土壤氨挥发和速效氮（铵态氮和硝态氮）残留等指标进行了系统观测和分析。结果表明：在相同施氮量下,相比传统肥料撒施方式,滴灌施肥可使氮肥利用率由23.92%提高至40.89%,全生育期氨挥发累积量由37.25 kg·hm^-2减少至3.07 kg·hm^-2,氨挥发损失率由16.56%减少至1.36%,显著减少了31.85%的土壤硝态氮（NO₃^--N）残留量。本研究为设施菜地水肥一体化技术在长江下游地区的推广应用提供了科学依据。     

Effects of Iron Deficiency on Thylakoid Membrane Structure and Composition in the Alga Dunaliella salina

Abstract

The unicellular green alga Dunaliella was previously proposed as a model photosynthetic organism for adaptation to iron deficiency. The purpose of this study was to find out how iron limitation affects the structure and composition of the photosynthetic system of Dunaliella salina. Iron deprivation did not retard proliferation of D. salina cells, but was associated with a decrease in cell volume and chlorophyll content, and with a four‐fold reduction in iron content and a two‐fold increase in Cu content. Electron microscopic analysis revealed shrinkage of the chloroplast and decrease in stacked thylakoid membranes. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in the presence of DCMU and of 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra indicated gross changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of reaction centers and in the organization of their associated light harvesting antenna. Differential analysis of protein composition led to the identification of a major thylakoid membrane protein (Tidi), that was specifically induced under iron deprivation. Partial sequencing suggests that Tidi is a novel type of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein. These results clearly show that iron limitation is associated with extensive reorganization of the photosynthetic system in Dunaliella.     

土壤因子对植物缺铁失绿的影响

本文主要从土壤 pH ,重碳酸盐 ,和氮素形态等几方面综述了各种土壤因子对土壤缺铁失绿的影响 ,并提出了进一步加强研究的方向     

冻害对浙江柑桔产量的影响

对1961－2000年冬季气候资料统计表明，40年来浙江省柑桔主产地不同等级冻害出现的频率，从时间分布特征来看，1月最大，12月次之，2月最小；从年代分布特征来看，60年代出现频率最大，70年代次之，80年代第三，90年代最小。柑桔明显减产时，多出现冻害，而且，较强冻害出现时，可以连续两年减产，冻害是影响浙江柑桔产量的一个重要因子。提出防冻措施，对确保柑桔优势高产有重要的现实意义。     

云南玉溪柑橘园土壤养分状况与分布特征

在云南省玉溪市华宁南盘江低热河谷区、华宁山地丘陵区、元江干热河谷区和新平山地丘陵区4个柑橘生态区,选取一个月内未施肥的101个代表性柑橘园采集土壤进行分析。结果表明:玉溪柑橘园土壤pH变幅在3.98～8.07,52.48%的土壤p H基本适宜柑橘生长,14.85%的土壤pH适宜柑橘生长;土壤有机质匮乏,59.40%的土壤低于15 g/kg。土壤碱解氮、有效磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼的平均含量分别为78.64、53.95、273.15、3240.37、233.39、23.21、43.82、5.67、2.89、0.50mg/kg。总体上,土壤碱解氮和有效硼含量不足(低量和缺乏),比例分别为78.22%和66.34%;有效钾、钙、锰和铜含量以超标(高量和过量)居多,比例分别为64.36%、51.48%、56.44%和83.17%;有效磷、铁、锌含量以丰富(适宜、高量和过量)为主,比例分别为67.31%、75.24%和88.12%;有效镁不足、适宜和超标的果园各占约1/3。在土壤养分状况的区域特征方面,华宁优于新平,新平优于元江。土壤pH与有效钙、镁含量的正相关性极显著,与有效锰、铜含...     

供铁水平对不同氮源条件下水稻生长和元素吸收 积累的影响及种间差异

采用控制条件下的水培试验方法,研究了不同氮源条件下,外源供铁水平对粳稻品种中花11和籼稻品种扬稻6号的苗期生长特征、铵含量和铁、钾离子含量的影响。结果表明:外源铁浓度水平升高会显著缓解铵抑制的粳稻中花11的根系长度,但不缓解铵抑制的籼稻品种扬稻6号根长。外源铁浓度升高处理会显著增加两水稻品种根部铁离子含量,而显著降低两水稻品种铵态氮条件下水稻根部铵离子含量,且两品种间变化趋势相似。高量铵/铁共胁迫条件下,两水稻品种根部钾离子含量均显著降低,且两品种间变化趋势相似。粳稻中花11根系生长明显更耐铁毒害胁迫;硝态氮条件下,籼稻品种扬稻6号根部钾离子变化对铁毒害胁迫更敏感。上述结果显示外源铁浓度水平对根系铵毒害的缓解效果在不同水稻生态型之间存在差异,且这种差异可能与铁胁迫抗性之间存在关联。