铜胁迫对海州香薷和紫花香薷根系形态及铜富集的影响

通过水培试验,研究了在不同Cu浓度处理条件下海州香薷和紫花香薷根系形态和植物各器官铜含量、累积量间的差异。结果表明:低浓度Cu处理(<50μmol/L)对海州香薷的生长有一定的促进作用,植株干重、根系长度、根系表面积、根体积和侧根均略有升高。但随着Cu浓度(100～500μmol/L)增加,表现出一定的负效应,海州香薷在500μmol/LCu处理时植株干重、根系长度、根系表面积、根体积和侧根明显受到抑制,与对照相比差异达显著或者极显著水平。紫花香薷在50μmol/LCu处理时根系生长就受到严重抑制,而当浓度再增加时,根系形态的各项指标则无明显变化。海州香薷地上部铜含量明显高于紫花香薷。     

香薷植物修复铜污染土壤的研究进展

土壤铜污染有自然来源和人为来源。铜污染土壤中有机质、Fe／Al氧化物对铜的专性吸附，是影响土壤中铜生物有效性的主要因素。近年来，我国原生植物修复材料如海州香薷、鸭跖草、酸模、紫花香薷在国内铜污染土壤的研究中得到广泛应用。其中．采用海州香薷开展铜污染土壤植物修复机理和修复技术的研究，已从实验室水培、盆栽试验的生长反应特性、耐及解铜毒的生理生化反应，进展到室外大田修复的示范工程及技术推广阶段。紫花香薷在重金属复合污染土壤上，也有修复前景。开展植物修复材料的产后处置研究，综合利用和深加工，增大植物修复材料价值，对加强植物修复工程的示范和推广步伐，有重要意义。     

Copper Tolerance and Accumulation of Elsholtzia splendens Nakai in a Pot Environment

ABSTRACT

Elsholtzia splendens Naki has been identified as a copper (Cu) geobotanical indicator. In this study, the effects of Cu supply levels (control, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 mg kg¹) on the growth and Cu accumulation in E. splendens were studied in one pot experiment. The results showed that no reduction in shoot height and dry weight was noted when the plants were grown at Cu supply levels up to 1000 mg kg^?1 in soil. Slight stimulation on shoot growth was noted at Cu levels ≥ 100 mg kg^?1. Copper concentration in shoots and roots increased with increasing Cu levels, and reached a maximum of 1751 and 9.45 mg kg^?1 (DW) at 1200 mg Cu kg^?1. The amount of Cu accumulated in the roots and shoots were 313 and 22 μ g plant^?1 at external Cu levels of 1000 and 800 mg kg^?1, respectively. The shoot/root Cu ratios ranged from 0.005 to 0.008 and more than 92% of the total Cu taken up by E. splendens was accumulated in roots. Furthermore, Cu concentrations in roots and shoots were significant and positively correlated with total soil Cu, water, ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), ammonium (NH₄)-acetate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extractable Cu. These results indicate that E. splendens can considered as a Cu tolerant and accumulated plant, and root is the major part for accumulation of Cu in E. splendens.     

香薷的重金属耐性与吸收性研究

采用温室土培盆栽试验和水培试验方法,研究了重金属复合污染条件下香薷的Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb耐性和吸收性.结果表明,土培试验中,各重金属处理条件未对香薷造成毒害,香薷均生长良好,且各处理间生物量无显著差异;香薷地上部Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb浓度最高分别为12.1、100、0.83、11.3 mg/kg.水培试验条件下,Cu 50 μmol/L、Zn 200 μmol/L+Cd 10 μmol/L及Pb 100 μmol/L处理时香薷均生长良好,且生物量与对照均无显著差异,根部Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb浓度最高为2 270、1 648、1 029、25 331 mg/kg; Cu 100 μmol/L处理时香薷生物量显著低于对照,但并未死亡,该处理下香薷叶片丙二醛、还原型谷胱甘肽、可溶性糖浓度均显著高于对照.两组试验表明,香薷对Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb有极强的耐性,是一种良好的可栽种于重金属污染土壤的经济作物.     

镧对铜尾矿区黑麦草铜耐性与积累特性的影响

通过对铜陵铜尾矿库地区土壤添加不同浓度的La,研究了外源La处理对高浓度Cu胁迫下,黑麦草对Cu的耐性和积累特性的影响。结果表明:低浓度La对黑麦草种子萌发起到了促进作用,而高浓度La对黑麦草种子萌发有抑制作用。当La浓度达到100 mg kg-1时,La对黑麦草的发芽率、发芽指数、生物量和耐性指数较对照组均达到显著抑制水平(P<0.05)。黑麦草的茎叶重、根重、茎叶长、根长和耐性指数随着La浓度的增加而减少,平均抑制率分别为:11.90%、12.62%、7.21%、13.78%和13.33%。La对黑麦草的根生长的抑制作用大于茎叶。La对根重的平均抑制率比茎叶重高出2.77%;对根长的平均抑制率比茎叶长高出6.75%。黑麦草体内Cu含量随着添加La浓度的增加而增加,其中根系中Cu的含量平均上升了6.99%,地上部分Cu的含量平均上升了8.49%。显示出外源La处理增加了黑麦草对铜尾矿库区Cu的吸收和迁移。     

两种矿山生态型香薷对铜的吸收、分布和积累特性研究

Two ecotypes of Elsholtzia, Elsholtzia splendens and E. argyi, are dominant plants growing on Cu and Pb-Zn smelters, respectively. Samples of the two ecotypes and the corresponding soils from fields of a copper mining area and a Pb-Zn mining area of Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed to investigate Cu or Zn tolerance of these two ecotypes. Effects of nine Cu levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 mg Cu L^-1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O) on growth and uptake, translocation and accumulation of Cu in these two ecotypes were examined in a solution culture experiment. The experimental results showed that dry weights (DW) of shoots and roots were depressed, and growth of E. splendens was less depressed than that of E. argyi when treated with ≥ 5 mg Cu L^-1. Concentrations of Cu in shoots of E. splendens and E. argyi exceeded 1 000 mg kg^-1 DW at ≥ 40 mg Cu L^-1. The maximum Cu accumulated in the shoots of Cu-treated E. splendens and E. argyi reached 101 and 142 μg plant^-1. Furthermore, analysis of plant samples from the fields showed that these two ecotypes can tolerant excess heavy metals and produced high dry matter, and E. splendens can accumulate 11.7 mg Cu plant^-1 grown on the Cu smelter. Therefore, E. splendens and E. argyi could be good plants for phytoremediation.     

铜锌铅复合污染土壤上香薷植物的生长和重金属吸收动态

盆栽试验研究了海州香薷和紫花香薷在Cu、Zn、Pb复合污染泥沙土上的重金属耐性与吸收动态。结果发现,在Cu、Zn、Pb全量分别为223、1068、232mg/kg的土壤上,两种香薷植物地上部生物量随生长时间的延长其增长趋势明显,其中叶片积累的生物量略高于茎秆积累的生物量;在整个生长期中重金属含量呈现动态变化,重金属吸收量有增加趋势。     

植物对铜的吸收运输及毒害机理研究进展

铜是植物生长发育必需的微量元素,但过量的铜对植物有毒害效应。因而植物体在长期的进化过程中形成了一套内稳态机制来调控铜离子在细胞中的浓度;既能满足细胞正常代谢对铜的需求又要使细胞免受铜毒害。植物对铜内稳态机理主要涉及植物对铜运输、螯合和区室化作用等方面,以此来达到对铜离子的吸收、分配和解毒的功能。本文综述了植物对铜的吸收运输与解毒的最新进展。     

海州香薷和鸭跖草铜吸收机理

研究了解偶联剂、P-型ATP酶抑制剂、离子通道抑制剂、蛋白合成抑制剂和缺铁缺锌诱导对海州香薷(Elsholtzia.splendens)和鸭跖草(Commelina.communis)铜吸收的影响。结果表明,海州香薷对铜的富集能力高于鸭跖草,但鸭跖草对铜的运输能力大于海州香薷。解偶联剂2,4.二硝基苯酚(DNP)和P-型ATP酶抑制剂钒酸钠(Na3VO4)对海州香薷和鸭跖草铜吸收均有一定的抑制作用,说明两种植物对铜可能存在主动吸收。钙离子通道抑制剂LaCl3对海州香薷铜吸收有抑制作用,而对鸭跖草铜吸收没有抑制作用;蛋白合成抑制剂放线菌酮(CHD)对海州香薷铜吸收没有抑制作用,而显著抑制了鸭跖草对铜的吸收。说明海州香薷铜吸收与钙离子通道密切相关。缺铁诱导大大提高了海州香薷与鸭跖草对铜的吸收。低浓度铜处理下,缺锌诱导对两种植物铜吸收影响不大;但高浓度铜处理下,缺锌诱导促进了铜吸收。     

植物对重金属镉的吸收转运和累积机制

Cd是土壤污染的主要因素之一,痕量的Cd2 不仅对植物生长有毒害作用,同时对人体健康产生极大的危害.研究植物如何从土壤中吸收Cd2 ,并在整个植物体内运输和积累的机理,对开发植物修复技术及生态环境的恢复具有重要意义.近年研究表明:土壤微环境影响植物对Cd2 的吸收;植物根细胞壁通过选择性吸收可以吸附和固定土壤中的Cd2 ,其中大部分Cd2 被截留在细胞壁中,其余的则通过协助扩散或主动运输等方式透过细胞膜进入根细胞中;在根细胞中Cd部分累积在液泡中,部分则通过木质部运输到地上部分;茎叶部的大部分Cd2 通过络合作用被固定在液泡中,少量被截留在细胞壁和细胞质中.在植物结实期,Cd通过韧皮部进入籽实中,而籽粒中的Cd几乎不能运输到其他部分,主要通过食物链进入动物和人体中.本文综述了植物对Cd的吸收和运输机制方面的研究进展.     

Uptake and Translocation of Copper in Brassicaceae

Abstract

Ten cvs. of four Brassicaceae species were tested to evaluate their copper (Cu) uptake and translocation. Germination and root length tests indicated that Brassica juncea cv. Aurea and Raphanus sativus cvs. Rimbo and Saxa were the species with the highest germinability and longest roots at Cu concentrations ranging from 25 up to 200 µM. Raphanus sativus cv. Rimbo grown in hydroponic culture at increasing Cu concentrations (from 0.12 up to 40 µM) for 10 days produced a relatively high biomass (17.2 mg plant^?1) at the highest concentration and had a more efficient Cu translocation (17.8%) in comparison with cvs. Aurea and Saxa. The potential of cv. Rimbo for Cu uptake was then followed for 28 days at 5, 10, and 15 µM Cu. In comparison with the control, after 28 days of growth the 15 µM Cu‐treated plants showed a reduction in the tolerance index (?40%) and in the above‐ground dry biomass (?19%). On the contrary, an increase in the below‐ground dry weight was observed (+35%). Copper accumulated during the growth period both in the below‐ and above‐ground parts (about 14 and 4 µg plant^?1 at 10 and 15 µM Cu, respectively), but the translocation decreased from 50 to 30% in the last week at all the concentrations used. In addition, cv. Rimbo grown in a multiple element [cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Cu, lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)] naturally‐contaminated site accumulated all elements in the above‐ground part in a range from 5 to 62 µg plant^?1.     

锌胁迫对菖蒲抗氧化酶活性和富集特性的影响

试验研究了不同Zn~(2+)浓度(0,100,200,500,1000 mg kg~(-1))对菖蒲的外部形态和体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化酶随土壤中Zn~(2+)浓度的变化以及菖蒲对土壤中Zn~(2+)富集效果。结果表明:(1)在处理浓度Zn~(2+)200 mg kg~(-1)时,三种酶的活性与对照值相比有明显的提高,植株未出现明显的外伤症状,叶片中叶绿素含量上升,未对菖蒲表现出明显的负面影响;(2)当Zn~(2+)200 mg kg~(-1)时三种酶的活性开始出现下降,下降程度与受污染的程度正相关,菖蒲出现明显外伤症状并加剧,叶片叶绿素含量不断下降,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸的含量不断上升,细胞质膜透性逐渐增加。(3)菖蒲体内Zn~(2+)含量的分布规律均为根(地下部分)茎、叶(地上部分),菖蒲各器官Zn~(2+)浓度随着处土壤浓度增加而升高。(4)四种土壤酶活性都随着Zn~(2+)浓度的增加而不断下降。菖蒲可用于轻度锌污染土壤修复。     

三种草本植物缓冲带对铜和铅面源污染的净化效果

为研究不同草本植物缓冲带对铜和铅面源污染的净化效果,选择早熟禾(Poapretensis)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)三种草本植物在哈尔滨市某内河河段构建滨岸缓冲带试验样地。结果表明,以单种种植的方式构建的草本植物缓冲带均对重金属铜和铅有一定的净化效果。在三种植物的生长各阶段,紫花苜蓿缓冲带对重金属铜和铅始终保持最佳的净化效果;并且紫花苜蓿缓冲带对铜离子的径流、渗流平均去除率最高,分别为84.75%和88.20%;对铅离子的径流、渗流平均去除率最高,分别为94.95%和96.13%;三种植物体内重金属铜总积累量由高到低为:紫花苜蓿(283.07 mg)>黑麦草(157.14 mg)>早熟禾(57.39 mg);三种植物体内重金属铅总积累量由高到低为:紫花苜蓿(20.32 mg)>黑麦草(16.64 mg)>早熟禾(4.53 mg),紫花苜蓿对重金属铜和铅表现出较好的积累能力。因此,紫花苜蓿缓冲带对铜和铅面源污染净化效果最佳。     

Zinc and Lead Accumulation by Two Contrasting Ecotypes of Sedum alfredii Hance at Different Zinc/Lead Complex Levels

The old mined ecotype (OME) was more tolerant to high zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) levels than the nonmined ecotype (NME) of Sedum alfredii H. The greatest stem values of Zn and Pb of the OME at Zn/Pb of 2.0/0.1 mM reached 19.9 and 0.460 g kg^?1 respectively, which was 15 times greater for Zn but similar for Pb as compared with the MNE. The greatest leaf values of Zn and Pb for the OME were about 67 and 400 times more than for the NME. At Zn/Pb level of 1.0/0.2 mM, the OME shoots achieved the maximum Zn and Pb accumulation. No antagonistic effect of Zn and Pb was noted in the OME grown below tolerable metal levels, and Zn addition could enhance Pb uptake by the roots. The extraordinary ability to tolerate and accumulate both Zn and Pb by the mined ecotype of Sedum alfredii H. could be valuable for phytoremediation of multimetal‐contaminated soils.     

富硒与非富硒水稻品种对硒的吸收分配的差异及机理

采用盆栽试验方法研究了富Se与非富Se水稻(秀水48和丙9652)对土壤中Se吸收累积的生育期动态变化和Se在水稻植株不同部位的分配差异.结果表明:随着生长发育期的推进,水稻在拔节期对Se累积量骤增,从拔节期到灌浆期水稻Se的累积量占总Se累积量的65%-77%,说明这一段时期是水稻吸收Se的关键时期,水稻生命周期中吸收的Se大部分在这个时期完成.在水稻苗期,秀水48较高的Se吸收量是由于其根系对亚硒酸盐吸收能力较高.而在籽粒成熟期,两个品种生物量和Se吸收量没有差异,无论在低Se土壤还是加Se土壤上,秀水48籽粒Se含量都显著高于丙9652,这说明水稻对土壤Se的吸收是非恒定的,富Se水稻秀水48比非富Se水稻丙9652有较强的Se吸收能力和较强的Se转运能力,但是,Se在两个水稻品种的籽粒和其他器官中的分配差异是引起籽粒Se含量差异的一个重要原因.土壤不施Se时植株各器官Se含量顺序依次为根＞叶≈茎＞籽粒,Se易于向营养体富集,土壤施亚硒酸盐后植株各器官Se含量则为根＞籽粒＞叶＞茎,表现出Se向籽粒富集的特征.     

湿地植物通气组织和渗氧对其重金属吸收和耐性研究进展

湿地植物具有强大的通气组织和根部渗氧能力特征,使得其根际微环境处于氧化状态从而适应湿地土壤浸水的环境。近年来,湿地植物通气组织和渗氧在重金属吸收和耐性研究方面已引起了人们的关注,并对此进行了相关的研究。本文分别对湿地植物通气组织和渗氧特征,通气组织和渗氧对重金属吸收和耐性影响、对根际微环境影响等方面的研究进展和存在问题进行了综述,并提出了该领域未来可能的研究方向。认为针对从通气组织和渗氧角度出发研究湿地植物重金属耐性机理,应重点对湿地植物根际重金属的环境化学行为展开深入研究,在研究方法和手段上应注重新技术的开发与应用。     

Assessment of microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a copper accumulator and a non-accumulator

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals from soils. However, assessments of bacterial activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of accumulators have been largely ignored. We studied potential effects of a copper (Cu)-accumulator, Elsholtzia splendens, and a non-Cu-accumulator plant, Trifolium repens, on soil microbial activity and community composition with increasing Cu addition. The results showed that concentrations of Cu in the shoots of E. splendens were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 times those of T. repens under the treatment of different Cu concentrations. Soil microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of E. splendens were higher than those of T.repens. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that addition of Cu decreased the number of bands in bare soil and soil with T. repens. However, there was a significant increase in the number of bands in soil with E. splendens incorporated with either 200 or 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The abundances of five phylogenetic groups related most closely to -, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and CFB group, respectively, were determined in the rhizosphere of plants. Some specific clone such as E13 (metal-contaminated soil clone K20-64) was found in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Results indicated that E. splendens, as a Cu-accumulator, played an important role in governing soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere in response to Cu stress.     

不同浓度钙营养液对烟草矿质营养吸收与积累的影响

本文采用温室水培的方法,研究了不同的钙素供应水平对烟草各种矿质养分的吸收与积累的影响。结果表明,在其它养分形态与浓度一致条件下,随着钙浓度从75mgL-1提高到900mgL-1,烟草生长量呈抛物线型变化。钙浓度为150mgL-1时烟株干物质量最大。超过150mgL-1,随钙的增加而下降,当钙素达900mgL-1(K/Ca为1/6)时,烟株生长严重受抑。随着供钙水平由低到高,烟株氮、磷、钾、锌、锰含量均呈抛物线型变化,含钙量呈直线上升关系,而镁和铜含量则随钙浓度提高而显著下降。烟株各养分积累量均随营养液钙浓度提高呈抛物线型变化,但不同养分出现最大积累量时的营养液钙浓度却不相同。不同供钙水平上烟叶中各元素含量的变化特征与全株的结果基本一致。在低钙浓度范围(75~300mgL-1),钙对钾有协合关系,增钙促进提钾,大于300mgL-1后有拮抗作用,提钙导致降钾。钙与镁、锌、铜、锰间也存在明显的交互作用。烟叶中各元素含量与积累量的变化趋势与整株基本一致。     

不同蔬菜对土壤Cd、Pb的累积能力研究

采用盆钵实验法,研究不同蔬菜对土壤Cd、Pb的吸收能力差异。结果表明蔬菜对土壤Cd、Pb吸收能力的种间差异十分显著。不同作物可食部分对镉的富集能力为:青菜>萝卜>莴苣>四季豆>黄瓜>番茄;不同作物可食部分对Pb的富集能力为:青菜>四季豆、萝卜>黄瓜>番茄、莴笋。作物的Cd、Pb吸收量与土壤浓度正相关;随着土壤含量的增加,青菜和萝卜的Cd、Pb累积系数显著提高,而黄瓜和四季豆的Pb累积系数则大幅降低;铅镉交互作用对作物的铅吸收无显著影响,但对镉吸收有显著影响,尤其是萝卜的Cd吸收量随土壤Pb的增加而明显降低。与其他作物相比,番茄Cd、Pb富集能力均较小,在轻度铅镉污染的农田中种植其食品安全的风险性较低。     

Uptake and Accumulation Characteristics of Arsenic and Iron Plaque in Rice at Different Growth Stages

Arsenic (As) uptake by rice plants and its toxicity to human beings have caused worldwide concerns. Investigating the characteristics of As accumulation in rice in relation to root surface iron plaque during the whole growth of rice would provide important information for devising measures to mitigate rice As uptake in As-polluted areas. Uptake and accumulation characteristics of As in rice at different growth stages as well as iron plaque on rice root surfaces were investigated in a pot culture experiment in a greenhouse. The results showed that As concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves increased with rice growth, while As concentration in spikelets decreased with grain development: 53.63% of As content in leaves, 61.51% in spikelets, and 82.09% in stems were found at both the jointing and booting stages, which suggested that the two stages were the key stages of As uptake. Root surface iron plaque at different growth stages was extracted by DCB (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate). DCB-extractable iron (Fe) and DCB-extractable As were significantly increased with rice growth (P < 0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between DCB-extractable Fe and As (P < 0.001), indicating that iron plaque was very important to sequester As on rice root surfaces.