INTERACTION BETWEEN WATER ALKALINITY AND NUTRIENT SOLUTION PH ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH,CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE AND LEAF MAGNESIUM,IRON, MANGANESE,AND ZINC CONCENTRATIONS IN LETTUCE

Alkalinity of water is considered critical for plant growth. Interactions between water alkalinity and solution pH on lettuce were investigated. Seeds of romaine type lettuce were sown in pots containing perlite and irrigated with a high alkaline nutrient solution at four pH values (5, 6, 7, and 8). Considering the high amount of Fv/Fm at pH 5; higher shoot growth (at pH 5) could be due to the improvement of the efficiency of the photosynthesis apparatus of plants and consequently higher photochemical quantum yield. Although, magnesium (Mg) concentration in leaves increased with elevating pH up to 7 and then decreased at 8, but iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations decreased at higher solution pH levels, constantly. In commercial lettuce production in which water with high pH and carbonate species is normally used, it is better to use safe acids to reduce the pH in nutrient solutions to 5.     

大气CO2浓度升高对谷子生长发育与光合生理的影响

研究大气CO2浓度升高对谷子的影响,有助于人们了解未来气候变化后,谷子生产的变化,以提前采取必要的应对措施趋利避害。本研究利用FACE(FreeAirCO2Enrichment)系统首次在大田条件进行了谷子生长发育受CO2浓度升高影响的试验。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高后,谷子的株高、茎粗、叶面积增加,叶片叶绿素含量下降。在相同CO2浓度下,抽穗期FACE圈内谷子叶片气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度与环境CO2浓度的比值(Ci/Ca)会下降,叶片光合能力有所下降,出现光适应,但水分利用效率(WUE)会提高。     

大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆生长发育与产量的影响

研究大气CO2浓度升高对绿豆影响,有助于人们了解未来气候变化后绿豆生产的变化,以提前采取必要的应对措施趋利避害.本研究利用FACE(Free Air CO2 Enrichment)系统在大田条件进行了绿豆生长发育及产量受CO2浓度升高影响的试验.结果表明:大气CO,浓度升高后,绿豆叶面积、株高、节数、茎粗增加;倒数第一...     

增铵对小白菜生长和叶绿素含量的影响

在营养液中添加一定量的铵态氮能提高作物生物量和叶绿素含量。为研究增铵对植物生长及叶绿素含量的影响机理,采用了6个NO3-∶NH4 浓度比为5·0∶0·0、5·0∶2·5、5·0∶5·0、5·0∶7·5、5·0∶10·0和0·0∶5·0的处理对小白菜进行培养试验。结果表明,在5mmolL-1硝态氮存在时,适当添加一定量的铵态氮(2·5mmolL-1)小白菜生物量和叶面积分别增加39·6%和16·3%,叶面积与生物量显著相关(r=0·941,p<0·01)。营养液中铵态氮浓度与叶片SPAD值、活性铁及叶绿体蛋白质含量均显著相关,相关系数r分别为0·914、0·954和0·964。适当提高铵态氮浓度增加小白菜产量的机制在于其促进了叶片扩展,提高了总光合面积,其原因可能是适当提高铵态氮浓度促进了叶片细胞分裂。进一步研究表明,提高铵态氮浓度提高叶绿素含量的原因,可能在于其促进了小白菜体内全铁的再利用,从而提高了叶片活性铁含量和叶绿体蛋白质含量。     

GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND NUTRIENT PARTITIONING OF KENAF AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF CARBON

The effects of carbon (C) levels on growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and nutrient partitioning on five kenaf varieties were investigated. Kenaf plants were grown in pots containing sandy beach ridges interspersed with swales (BRIS) soil. Organic carbon at levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 t ha^?1, were applied to the pots. The results showed that plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate increased with an increase in carbon levels up to 20 t ha^?1but decreased with additional increase in carbon levels. The proportion of nitrogen in leaves was minimum at 0 and maximum at 20 t ha^?1carbon levels. In stem and roots, proportion of nitrogen (N) decreased after 10 t ha^?1carbon, while in leaves phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) increased after 20 t ha^?1. Variety HC2 showed maximum N, P, and K in leaves and total nutrient content.     

空间环境对小麦叶绿素荧光及光合特性的影响

以小麦品种西农1043、陕253为材料,经空间诱变处理后将种子在地面种植,测定小麦功能叶片的叶绿素荧光参数和光合特性的变化。研究表明:空间诱变处理后,2个供试材料的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)均比对照低,同时处理的净光合速率也低于对照,非光化学猝灭(qN)较对照有所升高。表明小麦种子经过空间诱变处理后,光合系统的发育受到一定程度的影响,光合电子传递、光合原初反映过程受到抑制,光合作用能力下降,植株形态受到影响,千粒重有所下降。     

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS APPLICATION ON GRAIN YIELD,LEAF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT AND SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SOYBEAN CULTIVARS

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic amendments on grain yield, leaf chlorophyll content, and some morphological characteristics of three soybean cultivars in Mazandaran province located at north of Iran in 2006. Chemical fertilizer (75 kg ha^?1 potassium sulfate and triple superphosphate), two levels of municipal solid waste, vermicompost and sewage sludge biosolid (20 and 40 Mg ha^?1) enriched with%50 chemical fertilizers needed by soil were applied to soybean cultivars (‘032’ and ‘033’ promising lines and ‘JK’ cultivar). The experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Some important plant characters such as grain yield, leaf chlorophyll content, number of branches, number of nodes on the main stem, length of internodes, stem diameter, first pod height and plant height were determined. Results showed that application of 40 Mg ha^?1 sewage sludge enriched with chemical fertilizers increased plant grain yield and stem diameter and application of 40 Mg ha^?1 vermicompost enriched with half chemical fertilizer increased the number of nodes on the main stem, significantly. The maximum length of internodes, first pod height and plant height were obtained when the 40 Mg ha^?1 sewage sludge and vermicompost enriched with half chemical fertilizer in ‘032’ line was used. Biomass, number of branches, stem diameter, number of nodes on the main stem of soybean cultivars had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield.     

EFFECT OF SWINE MANURE EXTRACT ON LEAF NITROGEN CONCENTRATION,CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT,TOTAL POTASSIUM IN PLANT PARTS AND STARCH CONTENT IN FRESH TUBER YIELD OF CASSAVA

The effects of swine manure extract (SME) as foliar fertilizer (FSME), soil fertilizer (SSME), and both soil and foliar fertilizer (FNSSME) on leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, chlorophyll content, total potassium (K) in plant parts and starch content in the fresh roots, compared to a conventional, chemical fertilizer (CF) were studied in cassava cultivar ‘Hauybong 60’. The results showed that plants on FNSSME had the highest chlorophyll contents and SPAD values at four months after planting (MAP). Cassava plants treated with SSME and FNSSME had highest starch content and was significantly higher than in plants treated with CF and a FSME. There was a strong, positive relationship between the leaf nitrogen concentration and chlorophyll content in cassava at 6 MAP. The results of the study indicated that an application of FNSSME to cassava plants could provide a higher chlorophyll content and higher tuber quality of the plants than those applied with chemical fertilizer.     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥施用对小麦生长期间土壤溶液阴离子含量的影响

在中国稻/麦轮作 FACE(Free-Air CO2 Enrichment)平台上,采用根际土壤溶液取样器来研究大气CO2 浓度升高和不同 N 肥水平对小麦生长期间土壤溶液离子组成的影响。结果表明,高 CO2 浓度条件对土壤溶液pH 值无显著影响,但却普遍降低土壤溶液中 Cl-、NO3 和 SO4 3 种主要阴离子含量;相对于 N 150 kg/hm2 施 N - 2-水平,N 250 kg/hm2 施用量显著降低土壤溶液中 NO3 含量,同时也明显降低 Cl-和 SO4 含量。 - 2-     

TOMATO LEAF CHLOROPHYLL METER READINGS AS AFFECTED BY VARIETY,NITROGEN FORM,AND NIGHTTIME NUTRIENT SOLUTION STRENGTH

ABSTRACT

Leaf chlorophyll content is closely related to leaf nitrogen (N) content, so it is reasonable to assume that NH₄–N:NO₃–N ratio in the nutrient solution used to grow tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hydroponically may affect leaf greenness, and consequently chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings. It has also been shown that increasing nutrient solution strength (NSS) increases tomato productivity, but there are no reports regarding how NSS affects SPAD readings under greenhouse conditions. Genotype may also influence SPAD readings, and standardization for cultivar and sampling time may be needed. The objective of this study was to characterize SPAD readings for five tomato cultivars, and SPAD reading response to a combination of two nutrient solutions strength (NSS) (1X and 4X Steiner solution strength daily applied 18 days after transplanting at 7 p.m.) and two concentrations of NH₄–N in solution (0 and 25%) in order to evaluate the potential of SPAD readings as a tomato yield predictor in greenhouse production systems. The SPAD readings were not uniform across tomato varieties tested, being consistently higher for “Max” and lower for the other varieties. Initially, SPAD readings for tomato varieties used in this study were low at the vegetative stage, and increased up to 40 days after transplant (DAT), but subsequently decreased at 49 DAT, or the fruit set of the first and second clusters. After this time, SPAD readings showed no variation. Chlorophyll meter readings for Max were higher in the top plant layers, but decreased in the top plant layer of the other tomato varieties. The SPAD readings were higher for plants supplied with 25% NH₄–N than those without NH₄–N in solution, but the use of a nighttime nutrient solution did not affect SPAD readings. None of the possible interactions among tomato variety, NH₄–N:NO₃–N ratio, and NSS were consistently significant. SAPD readings may be useful in monitoring low or high supply of N in greenhouse grown tomato plants.     

EFFECTS OF O3 AND SOIL ACIDIFICATION,ALONE AND IN COMBINATION,ON GROWTH,GAS EXCHANGE RATE AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF RED PINE SEEDLINGS

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - One-year-old seedlings of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc.) were grown in typic red-yellow forest soil (Typic Hapludults) artificially adjusted to pH...     

EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING BACTERIA ON YIELD,GROWTH, LEAF WATER CONTENT,MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY,AND IONIC COMPOSITION OF STRAWBERRY UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS

Plant growth promoting effects of Bacillus subtilis EY2, Bacillus atrophaeus EY6, Bacillus spharicus GC subgroup B EY30, Staphylococcus kloosii EY37 and Kocuria erythromyxa EY43 were tested on strawberry cv. ‘Fern’ in terms of fruit yield, growth, chlorophyll reading value, leaf relative water content (LRWC), membrane permeability and ionic composition of leaves and roots under saline conditions. Compared with 0 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment, the average decrease of yield and LRWC were 51.6% and 21.0%, respectively, when 35 mM NaCl was applied. However, EY30, EY37, and EY43 treatments under saline condition (35 mM NaCl) significantly increased fruit yield (54.4%, 51.7% and 94.9%) compared with 35 mM NaCl treatment without plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). The LRWC increased from 72.0% in 35 mM NaCl treatment to 88.4%, 86.6%, 84.2%, 83.5%, and 86.2% by EY2, EY6, EY30, EY37, and EY43 applications, respectively. The lowest membrane permeability among the bacterial strains was obtained from EY37 treatment (37) while it was 33 and 58 in 0 mM NaCl and 35 mM NaCl treatments, respectively. The concentration of all plant tissue nutrients investigated [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] with the exception of root phosphorus (P) and Mg concentration significantly decreased with 35 mM salt treatment. Nitrogen content of leaves varied between 3.04 and 3.14% in bacterial treatments under saline conditions while it was 2.71% in 35 mM NaCl treatment. In contrast sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) of leaves and Cl content of roots were significantly decreased by root inoculation with all bacterial treatments in comparison to 35 mM NaCl treatment with no inoculation. Treatment with Bacillus EY30, Staphylococcus EY37 and Kocuria EY43 to strawberry plants can ameliorative the deleterious effect of salt stress on fruit yield, growth and nutrition. These results demonstrate that PGPB treatment could be offer an economic and simple means to increased plant resistance for salinity stress.     

温度对水稻突变体W1叶色及叶绿素生物合成的影响

本文研究了温度对水稻突变体W1叶色及叶绿素 (Chl)生物合成的影响。W1是温敏型叶色突变体 ,叶色转变的临界温度约为 2 3℃。在高温下 ,突变体W1的Chl和类胡萝卜素 (Caro)含量与对照无显著的差异 ,幼苗呈绿色 ;低温 (1 5～ 2 0℃ )下W1的Chl和类胡萝卜素 (Caro)含量明显较低 ,表现白化。突变体W1白化苗中的Chla和Chlb含量同时下降 ,Caro Chl的比值增大 ,说明该突变体属于不是由Caro降低而导致的总叶绿素缺陷型。白化苗中Chl生物合成的中间产物原叶绿素 (酸 ) (Pchl)、镁原卟啉 (Mg proto)、原卟啉IX(ProtoIX)含量减少 ,而δ 氨基酮戊酸 (ALA)和胆色素原(PBG)大量积累 ,证明突变体W1低温下Chl生物合成卟啉原形成部位受阻     

强光胁迫下外源NO对霍山石斛叶绿素荧光的影响

以兼性景天酸代谢CAM植物霍山石斛为材料,研究了强光胁迫条件下,外源一氧化氮(NO)对霍山石斛叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:在强光胁迫下,0.1mmol/L硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理显著缓解强光对霍山石斛光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的抑制,霍山石斛PSⅡ荧光参数潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数qL、非光化学猝灭系数NPQ和ΦNPQ下降缓慢,且非光化学猝灭系数ΦNO值较低,PSⅡ反应中心恢复较快,说明该处理缓解了光抑制的发生,保护了光合机构免受强光胁迫的伤害,而经0.5mmol/L SNP处理后,霍山石斛的Fv/Fm、ΦpsⅡ、qL、NPQ和ΦNPQ下降程度增加,ΦNO也较高,恢复较慢,表明该处理加剧了PSⅡ反应中心光抑制的发生。可见,高浓度(0.5mmol/L)SNP处理可加剧光抑制的发生,而低浓度(0.1mmol/L)SNP处理可缓解强光对石斛的胁迫作用。     

EFFECTS OF WATERSHED LIMING ON PICEA RUBENS SEEDLING BIOMASS AND NUTRIENT ELEMENT CONCENTRATION

Effects of watershed liming on the biomass and tissue chemistry of planted Picea rubens Sarg. (red spruce) seedlings were investigated for two growing seasons after two subcatchments in a forested Adirondack, New York (U.S.A.) watershed were limed aerially with 6.89 t ha^-1 of calcitic limestone (CaCO₃). Picea rubens has been the focus of numerous atmospheric deposition research studies, but less well investigated for responses to amelioration. Picea rubens seedlings were planted in limed and reference subcatchments and harvested the first and second growing season after liming to measure total, foliar, and stem (i.e., branch) biomass, and concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Al, Na, and P in the annual growth increment of foliage and branches. In the second year after liming, both foliage and stem biomass of seedlings from reference plots were at least 50% greater than seedling biomass from limed plots. Seedlings in limed areas had significantly greater foliar concentrations of Mg and P in the first year after liming, but not in the second year. Foliar Ca was not significantly different in limed than reference seedlings. Foliar Al concentrations were greater in reference than limed seedlings, but still below documented toxicity levels. Stem concentrations of Mg, K, and P in seedlings from limed areas decreased significantly between the first and second growing season after liming, while reference seedling stem concentrations either increased or declined only slightly. Correlations among foliar nutrients and foliar biomass from limed plots were negative and suggest an inverse dilution effect. Foliar Al concentrations were negatively correlated with Ca, Mg, K, and P in seedlings from reference plots, but positively correlated in limed plots. The adverse response of P. rubens seedlings to lime may reflect changes in nutrient availability associated with changes in soil pH.     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS ON GROWTH,CHLOROPHYLL A FLUORESCENCE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF TWO GRAFTED SCIONS OF TOMATO

Two tomato scions (cvs. ‘Raf’ and ‘Gorety’) were grafted on three different rootstocks: S. torvum, ‘Beaufort’ (Lycopersicum esculentum × Lycopersicum hirsutum) and intermediate grafting of eggplant ‘Cristal’ between tomato and S. torvum (double graft). Plants were grown in Mediterranean greenhouse conditions. The response to grafting was measured through growth parameters, F_v/F_m and leaf macronutrients analysis, and it was compared with non-grafted plants. The scions grafted on S. torvum in simple and double graft showed lower fresh and dry weight of leaves, number of commercial fruits, plant height, F_v/F_m and decreased their capacity to absorb several nutrients resulting in a lower mineral concentration in scions leaves, as a result of a thickened graft union. On the other hand, both scions showed a good response when grafted on the rootstock ‘Beaufort’, with which growth parameters, yield and photosynthetic capacity were similar to non-grafted plants.     

镉对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量及籽粒产量的影响

大田栽培条件下,以不同Cd^2＋耐性的2个小麦品种洛旱6号（Cd^2＋耐性较强）和豫麦18号（Cd^2＋耐性较弱）为材料,研究Cd^2＋胁迫条件下小麦对旗叶叶绿素积累、旗叶面积、籽粒千粒重、籽粒灌浆速率及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：低Cd^2＋（10mg/kg）处理下,洛旱6号的叶绿素a＋b平均含量下降1.6%,平均旗叶...     

不同营养液栽培方式对黄瓜生长发育影响的研究

营养液栽培是一种新的农业栽培技术,是现代化农业生产的一个重要方面 。目前,它在很多国家的蔬菜、花卉、牧草等生产中得到应用,起着越来越大的作用。本文从生理、生态、解剖、产量等方面对黄瓜在水培、砂培及土培盆栽条件下的生育效果进行了比较研究,并对试验结果给予了生理上的解释,同时提出了与国外同类研究不同的观点。     

THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF PRIVET

Abstract

Sodium (Na) movement between plants and humans is one of the more critical aspects of bioregenerative systems of life support, which NASA is studying for the establishment of long‐term bases on the Lunar or Martian surface. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which Na can replace potassium (K) in red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp vulgaris) without adversely affecting metabolic functions such as water relations, photosynthetic rates, and thus growth. Two cultivars, Ruby Queen and Klein Bol, were grown for 42 days at 1200 μmol mol^?1 CO₂ in a growth chamber using a re‐circulating nutrient film technique with 0%, 75%, 95%, and 98% Na substitution for K in a modified half‐strength Hoagland solution. Total biomass of Ruby Queen was greatest at 95% Na substitution and equal at 0% and 98% Na substitution. For Klein Bol, there was a 75% reduction in total biomass at 98% Na substitution. Nearly 95% of the total plant K was replaced with Na at 98% Na substitution in both cultivars. Potassium concentrations in leaves decreased from 120 g kg^?1 dwt in 0% Na substitution to 3.5 g kg^?1 dwt at 98% Na substitution. Leaf chlorophyll concentration, photosynthetic rate, and osmotic potential were not affected in either cultivar by Na substitution for K. Leaf glycinebetaine levels were doubled at 75% Na substitution in Klein Bol, but decreased at higher levels of Na substitution. For Ruby Queen, glycinebetaine levels in leaf increased with the first increase of Na levels and were maintained at the higher Na levels. These results indicate that in some cultivars of red beet, 95% of the normal tissue K can be replaced by Na without a reduction in growth.     

NITROGEN NUTRITION ON LEAF CHLOROPHYLL,CANOPY REFLECTANCE,GRAIN PROTEIN AND GRAIN YIELD OF WHEAT VARIETIES WITH CONTRASTING GRAIN PROTEIN CONCENTRATION

Wheat cultivars (‘AC Barrie’, ‘Brook Field’, ‘Hoffman’, and ‘Norwell’) with different protein concentrations were compared under four nitrogen (N) levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha^?1) in an environment-controlled greenhouse, and the same experiment with an additional N level (200 kg N ha^?1) was repeated in the field in 2007. In the greenhouse experiment, application of 100 kg N ha^?1 resulted in significantly greater grain yield due mainly to higher number of grains per spike and heavier mean grain weight; in the field study, the 150 kg N ha^?1 treatment produced the greatest yield (P<0.01) primarily due to more number of grains per spike. Crude grain protein percentage was increased significantly with each increment of N up to the highest level; however, protein yield (kg ha^?1) increased significantly with fertilizer up to 150 kg N ha^?1. Leaf chlorophyll contents were increased linearly with increment of N levels up to 150 kg ha^?1 both in the greenhouse and field trials while leaf area indices continued to increase up to the highest application rate (200 kg N ha^?1). Canopy reflectance, expressed as normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), attained maximum value with 150 kg N ha^?1 in the field experiment. Among the varieties tested, “Hoffman” out-yielded other three varieties due to heavier grain weight. Although highest grain and/or plant crude protein content were recorded in ‘AC Barrie’, it was the variety ‘Hoffman’ that produced the highest total protein (kg ha^?1) with largest NDVI and leaf area index (LAI) values.