芳樟醇型樟树选优与其无性系的含樟油性状评价

以樟树枝叶樟油得油率高和芳樟醇含量高为主要选优目的,在广西的樟树自然分布区及樟树的人工种植地筛选出芳樟醇型樟树优株10株。采用其中的4个优株的组培苗和扦插苗进行无性系造林,对其无性系幼树枝叶的含樟油性状进行评价。与实生苗幼树相比,其优树无性系幼树枝叶的樟油醇含量高出9.2%~12.6%,芳樟醇含量高出8.5%~11.7%,而樟脑含量低于0.59%~0.51%,充分显示了樟树优树无性系所含樟油的优良经济性状,其樟油主成分含量与原优株保持一致性。樟树优株无性系幼树枝叶樟油得油率及其主成分含量,以每年的10月份最高,其次是9月份,此时是每年采收樟树枝叶的最佳月份。     

普通油茶无性系抗炭疽病评价

[目的]评价110个普通油茶无性系对炭疽病的抗病性,为油茶炭疽病抗性种质材料筛选和优良品种推广提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间调查方法和病情指数法,调查2014、2016年两年中110个普通油茶无性系的抗病性。[结果]在参试的110个普通油茶无性系中,未发现免疫(I)、高抗(HR)、高感(HS)无性系,抗病无性系10个,中抗无性系30个,中感无性系65个,感病无性系5个,其中9号、21号、27号、40号、45号、66号、150号、164号、177号、219号是10份抗病无性系。[结论]综合两年调查结果筛选出9号等10份抗病无性系,为深入研究普通油茶抗炭疽病机制和抗病育种提供了育种基础材料和参考依据。     

樟树叶精油成分的初步研究

以气相色谱仪精确测量,确定了樟树樟油中的8种成分:莰烯、蒎烯、桉叶油素、芳樟醇、樟脑、萜品烯、橙花醇和黄樟油素。以主成分分析法提取了支配上述8个化学成分的4个主成分。第1主成分中莰烯、桉叶油素和蒎烯占有较大的负荷系数,第2主成分中萜品烯和橙花醇占有较大的负荷系数,第3主成分中黄樟油素占有较大的负荷系数,第4主成分中樟脑占有较大的负荷系数。     

油樟型樟树精油的成分分析

以油樟型樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)根为研究对象,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,并用气相色谱仪和气-质联用仪对精油进行分析。结果发现,油樟型樟树根的平均得油率为3.10%;从根精油中鉴定出相对含量≥0.16%的组分27种,占精油总量的98.79%;相对含量1%的组分有13种,分别为1,8-桉叶油素(27.10%)、樟脑(23.35%)、黄樟油素(11.96%)、α-松油醇(10.70%)、4-松油醇(5.26%)、石竹烯(3.21%)、愈创木醇(2.44%)、α-蒎烯(1.45%)、甘香烯(1.31%)、香桧烯(1.30%)、龙脑(1.21%)、γ-松油烯(1.17%)、肉豆蔻醚(1.09%),占精油总量的91.55%;相对含量10%的组分有4种,分别为1,8-桉叶油素、樟脑、黄樟油素、α-松油醇,占精油总量的73.11%。油樟型樟树根精油中有较多的活性成分,具有较高的应用价值。     

4个芳樟醇型樟树无性系组培苗年生长动态分析

通过测量4个芳樟醇型樟树无性系组培苗苗高和地径月生长量,分析组培苗苗高和地径的生长动态;并对各无性系苗高和地径进行Logistic曲线拟合,确定Logistic曲线的3个参数及速生点和速生期,为4个芳樟醇型樟树无性系组培苗的培育提供了科学依据。     

四川宜宾地区樟科十四种精油化学成分的研究

为开发四川省宜宾地区樟科植物精油资源,采用GC—MS与气相色谱保留指数定性,微机在线实时采样测定各成分相对含量。结果表明樟属的几种植物其根部精油都主含黄樟油素。樟属同种植物枝叶精油却有不同生化类型;鉴定确认樟树种中有芳樟叶油主含芳樟醇(66％),樟叶油主含1,8-桉叶油素(61％),臭樟叶油主含β—橙花叔醇(26％);黄樟种中有大叶芳樟叶油主含d-芳樟醇(90％),大叶脑樟叶油主含d-樟脑(65％)。而樟属肉桂叶油主含反—肉桂醛(90％),银木叶油主含樟脑(37％)、顺—甲基异丁香酚(21％)。木姜子属山苍子油主含橙花醛(28％)和香叶醛(42％)等等。这些资源精油化学成分,特别是具有强抗菌活性成分的鉴定,为香料工业提供优质单离香料之原料有着现实应用价值。     

油茶不同无性系品种对炭疽病感病性初步分析

为探究湖北省油茶炭疽病感病情况,调查分析了油茶长林系列CL3、CL4、CL23、CL40、CL18五个无性系品种和鄂油系列EY102、EY151、EY63、EY81、EY54 五个无性系品种的不同植株方向、不同植株部位及不同无性系品种间的炭疽病感病差异。结果表明：油茶植株东西向及植株上层、下层更易发生炭疽病;10个无性系品种间炭疽病感病率存在极显著差异,CL18、CL23、CL4 3个无性系品种更易发生炭疽病,感病率为6.97%～9.66%,达到感病2级,其余无性系品种均为感病1级,感病率仅为0.58%～2.74%;长林系列比鄂油系列无性系更易发生炭疽病,CL3、CL40和鄂油系列5个无性系品种对炭疽病的感病性较弱。     

杉木45个无性系在种子园抗炭疽病的调查

本文是对靖县排牙山林场杉木嫁接种子园炭疽病自然发病情况的调查报告。用1977—1982年的调查结果,按各无性系的平均感染指数大小分类,将杉木45个无性系划分为抗病(X)。属于抗病的有5个无性系,占45个无性系的11.11%;中庸的22个,占48.89%;感病的18个,占40%。以10、Ⅲ和20号无性系最抗病,即使进行人工接种也不发病。尤其是20号无性系,是属于生长快(>X S)的一类,但结实少(<(?))。20号家系的子代也表现较好,其速生抗病的优良性状较稳定,可作为建立高一级种子园和杂交组合的材料。     

江西吉安右旋芳樟醇型黄樟鲜枝叶油的质量标准研究

用水蒸汽蒸馏提取d-芳樟醇型黄樟鲜枝叶油。用芳樟油对其进行主成分对照,并采用气相色谱测定不同立地条件的精油主成分,提出右旋芳樟醇型黄樟鲜枝叶油的质量标准建议,黄樟鲜枝叶油芳樟醇含量大于90%,樟脑含量小于1.5%。     

桉树无性系抗青枯病性能的测选初报

用WFT接种技术对47个桉树无性系进行了对青枯病的抗性测定 ,通过青枯病株率计算和逐步聚类分析 ,认为31个无性系是抗病品系 ,10个无性系是感病品系 ,6个无性系是高感品系。在31个无性系抗病品系中 ,经生产实践证明 ,其中MLA、ZU6、W5、LH1、LH2、LH3、SH1、M1等8个无性系显示出很强的抗病性 ,至今未发生青枯病株。大面积推广应用优良抗病无性系造林 ,防治桉树青枯病的大面积发生 ,目前已取得初步成效。     

Development of the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata in shoots of poplar clones with differing resistance1

Differences in the development and rate of spread of C. fimbriata hyphae between susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones were observed. Conidia of various shapes and ascospores appeared in necrotic parts of shoots of susceptible and moderately resistant clones while in the resistant one only cylindrical conidia were present.     

Relative natural resistance of Populus deltoides clones against defoliator Clostera cupreata (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) in northern India

Populus deltoides (poplar) that is extensively being planted commercially in agroforestry combinations in northern India is prone to attack by a defoliating insect, Clostera cupreata. In order to evaluate the relative susceptibility/resistance of different clones and to identify the resistant ones, 80 clones of American origin were evaluated in Dehra Dun, India. The feeding potential of the pest on different clones varied significantly. The clones were grouped into six categories depending on their susceptibility as most resistant or R1 (12 clones), moderately resistant or R2 (14 clones), marginally resistant or R3 (10 clones), marginally susceptible or S1 (17 clones), moderately susceptible or S2 (18 clones) and most susceptible or S3 (nine clones). Clone 110120 of Tennessee was most resistant where as Oklahoma clone 104 was most susceptible to this pest. Amongst the most resistant clones (R1), only three clones, WSL-4, WSL-12 and WSL-18 (source: WIMCO Seedlings Ltd, India) were found to be superior, in terms of growth increment, as compared to the standard and most widely planted clones in northern India i.e. G-3 and G-48, and are promising clones for plantation in defoliator prone areas.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杨树上发生的两种病毒

从河南、湖南和北京采集到的具明显系统紫红色坏死变形[PV-1]和叶禄绿皱缩[PV-2]杨树病株，经病害症状观察、病毒提纯和电镜观察、病毒回接、生化性状等试验，证明两种分离物是球状病毒粒子和杆状病毒粒子，是杨树上发生的两种病毒的病原。用杨树毒汗接种能感染多种草本植物。从病毒粒子的形状大小、理化性质，生物测定和血清反应，认为[PV-1]和[PV-2]分别属CMV和TMV。抗病品种鉴定看，国内乡土种和北方型的品种抗病力较强，南方型的美洲黑杨和欧美杨易感病。     

油茶苗圃炭疽病原菌鉴定及抗药性

【目的】探讨中国油茶苗圃炭疽病原菌种类,揭示油茶苗圃炭疽病菌抗药性,为其防治提供依据和指导。【方法】分离油茶苗圃炭疽病菌,并对分离菌株的ApMat基因进行PCR扩增和测序,通过对序列系统发育分析鉴定炭疽病原菌种类;采用区分剂量法测定所有菌株对杀菌剂多菌灵、乙霉威、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的抗药性。【结果】湖南、江西、海南和广东4个省份分离的95株的油茶苗圃炭疽病病原菌主要是果生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fructicola)、暹罗炭疽菌(C.siamense)、山茶炭疽菌(C.camelliae)和胶胞炭疽菌(C.gloeosporioides)4个种,其中炭疽病菌分布范围最广、分离数量最多(83株,占总分离菌株的87.4%)。抗药性测定结果表明,对多菌灵产生抗性的菌株有31个,占总分离菌株的32.6%;对戊唑醇产生了抗性的菌株有31株,占总分离菌株的32.6%。其中对多菌灵和戊唑醇这2种杀菌剂均具有抗性的菌株有6株,占总分离菌株的6.3%;对多菌灵、乙霉威和戊唑醇3种杀菌剂均有抗性的菌株有2株,占所有分离菌株的2.1%。但所有95个菌株对咪鲜胺敏感,说明目前苗圃油茶炭疽病菌尚未对咪鲜胺产生抗药性。29个高抗多菌灵而对乙霉威敏感菌株第198位氨基酸由谷氨酸(Glu)突变为丙氨酸(Ala),2株对多菌灵和乙霉威具有双重抗药性的菌株第200位氨基酸由苯丙氨酸(Phe)突变为酪氨酸(Tyr)。【结论】我国油茶苗圃炭疽病菌已对多菌灵/乙霉威和戊唑醇产生严重的抗药性,但对咪鲜胺尚未检测到抗药性。     

Multiplex real-time PCR detection of pathogen colonization in the bark and wood of Picea sitchensis clones differing in resistance to Heterobasidion annosum

A quantitative multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed to assess the extent of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. growth in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) bark and wood and to determine correlations between lesion length and fungal colonization. Based on lesion length and real-time PCR, the responses of four 3-year-old Sitka spruce clones to inoculation with H. annosum were characterized as showing either resistance or susceptibility to the pathogen. In susceptible clones, the extent of bark colonization did not differ from the visible length of the bark lesion, whereas lesions were longer than the extent of fungal colonization in resistant clones. The resistant clones contained considerably less fungal DNA than the susceptible clones, relative to the amount of host DNA in both the bark and the wood, indicating less resistance and more host cell death in the susceptible clones following inoculation. In both resistant and susceptible clones, fungal colonization in the wood extended beyond the visible necrotic lesion in the bark, indicating that host defense responses are weaker in wood than in bark. The spread of the pathogen in both bark and wood was less in the resistant clones than in the susceptible clones, indicating that defenses in both bark and wood of the resistant clones were superior to those in the susceptible clones.     

抗月季根癌病种质资源的筛选与评价

2003年和2004年5月18—20日，以根癌土壤杆菌J-5-1毒性菌株在田间接种了蔷薇属50个材料，以鉴定其对根癌病的抗性。根据发病率、肿瘤大小、肿瘤干质量以及感病后植株生长状况将植物的根癌病抗性分为高度抗病、中度抗病、中度感病、高度感病4个类型。重瓣玫瑰、黄刺梅、‘红双喜’、‘火焰’、‘蓝丝带’表现为高度抗病；多花蔷薇无刺4号、无刺3号、粉团蔷薇、白玉堂等17个材料为中度抗病；荷花蔷薇、多花蔷薇无刺11号、月季花、‘梅郎口红’‘金玛丽’等17个材料为中度感病；香水月季、‘曼海姆’、‘摩纳哥公主’、‘杨基歌“桔红潮’等11个材料则表现为高度感病。为克服田间鉴定的各种限制因素，对根癌病抗性的离体接种鉴定方法作了探讨。结果表明：离体嫩梢接菌后所产生的瘤状愈伤组织量可以作为区分材料根癌病抗性的依据，离体接种与田间接种鉴定结果基本一致。     

Response of in vitro obtained oil palm and interspecific OxG hybrids to inoculation with Phytophthora palmivora

Bud rot (BR) disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is the most devastating disease in oil palm cultivation in America. Oil palms that survived BR epidemics were found in areas highly devastated by the disease; these palms were introduced into Cenipalma's in vitro micropropagation (cloning programme). A severity scale was developed for in vitro palms from five ortets inoculated with two different P. palmivora isolates. Then, eight ortets of Elaeis guineensis and two ortets of the OxG interspecific hybrid were evaluated in two inoculation trials under chamber growth conditions. The clone performance response was consistent with that reported in the field for the corresponding ortets, and two contrasting ortets, one susceptible (ortet 57) and one resistant (ortet 34) were identified. We monitored and compared defence responses to P. palmivora in the contrasting ortets. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after inoculation with the pathogen was observed, with higher accumulation of H₂O₂ in the resistant plants. Catalase (CAT) activity in resistant plants increased after inoculation with the pathogen from 24 hr post‐infection (hpi) and remained high during the observation time. In the susceptible ortets, there was a significant increase on catalase activity only at 48 hpi. Peroxidase (POS) activity increased in clones from both susceptible and resistant ortets, but the increase was much greater in the susceptible ones. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity increased in response to inoculation, and these increases were greater in clones of the susceptible ortet than in clones of the resistant ortet.     

Acclimation of leaves to contrasting irradiance in juvenile trees differing in shade tolerance

Leaves developing in different irradiances undergo structural and functional acclimation, although the extent of trait plasticity is species specific. We tested the hypothesis that irradiance-induced plasticity of photosynthetic and anatomical traits is lower in highly shade-tolerant species than in moderately shade-tolerant species. Seedlings of two evergreen conifers, shade-tolerant Abies alba Mill. and moderately shade-tolerant Picea abies Karst., and two deciduous angiosperm species, highly shade-tolerant Fagus sylvatica L. and moderately shade-tolerant Acer pseudoplatanus L., were grown in deep shade (LL, 5% of full irradiance) or in full solar irradiance (HL) during 2003 and 2004. Steady state responses of quantum yield of PSII (Phi(PSII)), apparent electron transport rate (ETR), nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and photochemical quenching (qP) were generally modified by the light environment, with slower declines in Phi(PSII) and qP and greater maximal ETR and NPQ values in HL plants in at least one season; however, no link between quantitative measures of plasticity of these traits and shade tolerance was found. Plasticity of nine anatomical traits (including palisade cell length, which was reduced in LL) showed no relationship with shade tolerance, but was less in conifers than in deciduous trees, suggesting that leaf life span may be a significant correlate of plasticity. When LL-acclimated plants were exposed to HL conditions, the degree and duration of photoinhibition (measured as a decline in maximum quantum yield) was greatest in F. sylvatica, much lower in P. abies and A. alba, and lowest in A. pseudoplatanus. Thus, as with the other traits studied, vulnerability to photoinhibition showed no relationship with shade tolerance.