不同樱花品种茎解剖结构特征比较

为给樱属植物的形态学研究提供解剖学依据,同时为其引种栽培提供理论依据,以湖南省森林植物园引种栽培的10个樱花品种的1年生茎为试验材料,采用植物显微技术,观察其解剖结构,比较分析其髓率、木质部率、韧皮部率、皮层率、周皮率和导管分子的形态特征及数量特征。观测结果表明:10个樱花品种1年生茎部的各个结构参数间均存在显著差异(P0.05),其中‘杭早樱’的茎直径、髓直径、髓率和皮层率均小于其它樱花品种,‘修善寺寒樱’的髓直径和髓率最大;各樱花品种导管分子的内径、长度、尾长以及密度均存在显著差异,5种次生壁加厚类型都存在,其中以螺纹导管与网纹导管居多,导管分子多为单穿孔板,少数为复穿孔板和梯状穿孔板,端壁多倾斜且具尾,尾端的形状和长度从粗短尾到细长尾类型不一。研究结果表明:10个樱花品种茎解剖结构与组成均基本相同,但其各结构参数间均呈现出差异,这一结果可以作为樱花种间鉴定和分类的参考依据。     

蓝果树和喜树的茎、叶解剖特征分析

对蓝果树和喜树的茎、叶解剖结构进行研究的结果表明,蓝果树和喜树叶的解剖结构为典型的异面叶,叶表皮外具角质层,栅栏组织1层,排列紧密,海绵组织细胞间隙大;茎中维管束的大小及排列相似,茎中含有晶体,具有裂生型分泌道。蓝果树与喜树营养器官结构参数具有种间差异,蓝果树叶的栅栏组织发达,叶片较厚,主脉韧皮纤维发达;喜树茎的皮层存在环状厚壁组织,叶肉中存在晶体。     

美国红栌的组织培养

美国红栌为漆树科黄栌属落叶灌木或小乔木,是美国黄栌的变种。美国红栌耐寒、耐阴,耐干旱瘠薄,对土壤要求不严。是一个极具欣赏的树种和经济树种。     

麻疯树花的形态和解剖结构

对麻疯树花序、雌花及雄花连续石蜡切片进行观察,结果表明:同一花序不同分枝上花的发育下部枝早于上部枝。同一花序分枝上位于二歧聚伞花序的中央的花发育早期早于两边的花。雌花在发育上经过两性时期,但雄蕊后来停止发育,形成功能上的单性花;雄花的发育则不经过两性时期,即在结构和功能上均为单性花。胚珠原基在发育过程中生长方向发生约90°改变,最终形成倒生胚珠。     

美国红栌的引种试验

通过对美国红栌引种、培育繁殖、造林等试验研究,结果表明:美国红栌适应性强,生长迅速,在黏性重、土层紧实、排水不良地块,成活率仅23%;在砂性重、不积水地块,成活率92%;在南方影响红栌生长的主要因素是雨水,过多雨水会造成烂根。在干旱条件下,施用保水剂能明显提高其造林成活率和生长量;嫁接速度对美国红栌嫁接成活率有显著影响。     

油松外生菌根的形态解剖特征

对油松外生菌根的分支方式、颜色、大小、光泽,菌丝套的表面质地、菌丝组织结构、细胞大小、形状以及菌索、外延菌丝、囊状体等形态和解剖特征进行观察,共描述26种油松外生菌根的形态和解剖特征,其中包括17个担子菌、9个子囊菌,不同外生菌根的形态和解剖特征不同;首次描述一娄疣杯菌的外生菌根形态和解剖特征.结果表明:菌根的形态和解剖特征可以用于油松外生菌根真菌的种、属鉴定,而且随着不同外生菌根的形态和解剖结构特征数据资料的积累,形态鉴定将在外生菌根的生态学研究中发挥重要作用.     

利用茎解剖结构特征探讨萹蓄的系统学位置

为了探讨萹蓄的系统学位置,对萹蓄及蓼属、木蓼属、沙拐枣属的代表种进行了茎的解剖学观察和研究。结果表明：蓼属的萹蓄、沙拐枣属的泡果沙拐枣、心形沙拐枣、木蓼属的细枝木蓼、沙木蓼等植物的厚角组织或厚壁组织不连续,木质部发达,而与蓼族蓼属代表种和其他属的代表种的解剖结构显著不同,研究结果支持萹蓄从蓼族移出,而与沙拐枣属、木蓼属归入木蓼族,这一结果与形态学和地理分布相吻合。     

三种观赏海棠花芽分化进程的形态解剖特征

采用常规石蜡切片法,对原产于我国的垂丝海棠和引自北美的观赏海棠‘印第安魔力’、‘春雪’花芽分化的形态发育进程进行观察分析。结果表明:垂丝海棠花芽形态分化始于7月中上旬,分化进程可划分为6个阶段:花芽分化前期、花序原基分化期、萼片原基分化期、花瓣原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、雌蕊原基分化期,同朵小花各轮原基发育顺序严格,各分化期时间上存在重叠现象。初步判断垂丝海棠营养芽向花芽转变的生理分化期发生在6月上旬至7月中上旬之间,持续时间短于42天。物候观察和切片观察的结果表明垂丝海棠花序类型更偏向于伞形花序而非伞房花序。‘印第安魔力’的花序原基分化期约比‘春雪’晚1个月,这可能是导致‘印第安魔力’的花期相对于‘春雪’较滞后的原因之一。     

速生灌木沙柳的纤维形态及解剖结构研究

采用光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)并结合Kajaan i FS200分析仪研究了沙柳(Salix psamm ophilaC.W ang et Ch.Y.Yang)的纤维形态和解剖结构。结果表明:沙柳主要由导管、木纤维、木射线薄壁细胞及少量轴向薄壁细胞组成。沙柳属于阔叶木散孔材,年轮界限明显,木射线单列同型、导管上的纹孔排列方式较复杂。通过与毛白杨、麦草和红松的形态学参数比较研究发现,沙柳虽然属于短纤维,纤维平均长度为0.52 mm,但是其纤维含量较高,纤维形态良好,长宽比值较大,壁腔比值较小,有助于在打浆抄纸过程中形成纤维间良好的结合,提高纸张的物理强度,是良好的造纸原料。     

不同光质对美国红栌叶片结构的影响

以美国红栌为材料,用红、蓝、绿、黄4种颜色的转光膜分别对其进行35 d的遮光处理,并采用石蜡切片技术进行显微结构的观测.结果表明:黄色和蓝色转光膜遮光处理可显著增大其叶比重,对栅栏组织厚度、叶片厚度、海绵组织厚度也都有显著增厚的作用,其中黄色转光膜作用最为显著.     

红梣播种育苗技术

文章从果实采集、种子催芽处理、整地作床、播种、播后管理和苗木移植等方面,对红梣播种育苗技术进行了详述,对生产具有指导作用.     

滨海滩涂洋白蜡的光合特性

洋白蜡作为引进种,已在我国广泛种植.以上海南汇滨海森林公园内5年生洋白蜡树种为研究对象,系统研究了其叶片光响应曲线和光合作用日变化.结果发现,洋白蜡光补偿点为32.69 μmoL/(m2·s),光饱和点为948.55 μmoL/(m2·s),暗呼吸速率为1.06 μmoL/(m2·s);净光合速率日变化呈现双峰曲线,最大值为(11.37±2.14)μmol/(m2·s),经相关性分析发现净光合速率与气孔导度、光合有效辐射间存在显著的正相关性;蒸腾速率日变化也呈现双峰曲线,并与气孔导度、温度、大气CO2浓度、光合有效辐射间存在显著的正相关,与相对湿度存在显著的负相关.     

In vitro and ex vitro rooting of micropropagated shoots using three green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) clones

Shoot multiplication using seedling materials was achieved by subculture on Murashige and Skoog salts with Gamborg's B5 vitamins (MSB5) medium containing a combination of 5 M 6-benzyladenine (BA), 5 M thidiazuron (TDZ), and 1 M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with three green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) clones, SD1009 (South Dakota origin), SD2002 (South Dakota origin), and KA2018 (Kansas origin). Shoots were rooted using in vitro and ex vitro methods. For in vitro rooting studies, elongated shoots were transferred to rooting plugs supplied with liquid MSB5 medium containing a 3×3 factorial arrangement of two different auxins, -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and IBA, at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 M). The most effective treatment for in vitro root number, root length, and shoot height was 5 M IBA. The three clones also were tested for ex vitro rooting using a quick dip in 1 mM NAA, 1 mM IBA, or control (no auxin). The maximal ex vitro rooting response occurred when shoot explants of the three clones were dipped in 1 mM IBA. Significant clonal differences were noted in response to in vitro and ex vitro rooting treatments. Rooted plantlets were acclimated to the greenhouse.     

Organic Matter Added to Bareroot Nursery Beds Influences Soil Properties and Morphology of Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Quercus rubra Seedlings

Bareroot hardwood seedling production involves intensive soil management. To increase soil organic matter (OM), nurseries commonly grow a cover crop for 1 year after every 1–2 year of seedling production. Raising soil OM levels can also be achieved through addition of soil amendments. We studied the influence of chicken manure (CM) and composted leaf, tree, and lawn trimmings (Cp) on soil properties and morphology of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings. CM was applied at 725, 1450, or 2900 kg ha⁻¹ (CM725, CM1450, and CM2900, respectively) and Cp was applied at 200 m³ ha⁻¹. Addition of CM and Cp significantly raised soil OM levels and altered soil chemical properties compared to the control (Ctrl). Root-collar diameter increased with addition of CM1450, CM2900, or Cp compared to CM725 or Ctrl plots for northern red oak, but was largest in soils amended with CM2900 for green ash. Conversely, height was greatest with addition of CM725 for northern red oak, but green ash seedlings were shorter in Ctrl plots than in all amendments except for CM725. Root volume of green ash and northern red oak seedlings was positively influenced by addition of CM or Cp. Seedling responses to nursery soil amendments vary with different forms and amounts of OM. Benefits to seedling growth through application of appropriate materials in the proper balance can improve seedling morphological quality and positively influence soil chemical properties.     

Drought adaptations and responses in five genotypes of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.: photosynthesis, water relations and leaf morphology

Genotypic variation in photosynthesis and plant water relations during drought, and in leaf and seedling morphology were examined in greenhouse-grown Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash) from five populations located along an east-west transect from New York State to South Dakota. During a 17-day drought, South Dakota seedlings, from the most xeric habitat, maintained the highest net photosynthesis and leaf conductance, and New York seedlings, from the most mesic habitat, exhibited the lowest net photosynthesis and leaf conductance. All populations except New York adjusted osmotically during the 17-day drought, by the end of which New York seedlings had the highest osmotic potentials at full and zero turgor. Tissue elasticity increased in New York seedlings, but decreased in Nebraska seedlings during the drought. Leaves of South Dakota seedlings were the most xerophytic. They were smaller in area and greater in thickness and specific mass than leaves of other sources. Leaves of New York seedlings were thinner than those of the other genotypes and among the largest. Seedlings from South Dakota were smaller than those of the other populations.     

针叶植物叶片比较解剖及生态解剖研究综述

针叶林在全球森林系统构成中面积分布最广,且森林分布以针叶林为林线。随着气侯变化问题的日益严重,对针叶植物及其应对环境变化的响应研究逐渐成为热点。本文一方面从比较解剖学角度综述针叶植物叶片解剖结构特点及具有分类价值的解剖性状,另一方面从生态解剖学角度综述针叶外部形态、针叶厚度、针叶表皮及内部解剖结构对干旱、高寒、盐碱和UV-B辐射等逆境胁迫的响应。并提出可能存在的问题和今后发展的方向。     

Growth Characteristics of Introduced Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) and Narrow-leaved Ash (F. angustifolia L.) in Lowland Forest Region in Croatia

American ash and green ash were used about 100 years ago in the lowland regions of Croatia to afforest and fill the depressions where narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl) could not survive. The growth of mean stand trees of green ash and narrow-leaved ash were studied in 14 sites (a systematic sample of 0.03 ha circular plots). A total of 212 trees were cored and 11 cross-section samples were taken for stem analysis. The Mann-Whitney U-test showed statistically significant differences in radial growth between narrow-leaved and green ash at all sites. In green ash, the test revealed a statistically significant difference in the radial growth between the last 20-year-period and the preceding 20-year-period. Green ash are characterised by the fact that annual radial growth in the first 20–30 years is very high (above average), while after that it is consistently suppressed below average growth and amounts to only about 1.5 mm. The obtained results of faster growth and a low final growth value suggest that green ash should be managed with short rotations, since this important pioneer species is intended to improve the conditions in those sites where forest vegetation has regressed.     

槭属植物种子解剖生物学的研究

对黑龙江省分布的11种槭属植物种子,从形态特征、解剖特征、种子休眠特征、结实规律、种子萌发等方面进行了详细的观测和分析,结果表明:种子外观最大者为拧劲槭,最小为小楷槭;除茶条槭成熟率较高外,一般年份其他种子成熟率30%～50%;槭树种子室温储藏5年,发芽率50%以上;解除槭树种子胚休眠0～10℃低温效果显著,3～4 个月低温即可完成胚的生理后熟.同时描述了槭树种子形态特征与解剖特征间关系.