提高肥料利用率技术研究进展

 如何提高肥料利用率、减少由于肥料损失带来的环境污染是长期以来全球共同关注的课题。针对我国肥料利用率低、氮肥损失严重的现状,本文综述了除传统提高肥料利用率技术以外的几项其它技术的最新研究进展,主要包括应用实时、实地氮肥管理技术快速、无损检测作物氮素营养状况,进行作物推荐施肥;研发新型缓/控释肥料,调控肥料养分的供应;运用农田养分精准管理技术,因地制宜、精细准确地施用肥料;通过脲酶抑制剂或硝化抑制剂,有效地抑制NH3挥发和NO3--N淋溶损失等。并对今后提高肥料利用率技术进行了展望。     

新型缓释尿素对玉米和水稻产量、氮肥利用率及无机氮残留的影响

通过连续2年田间试验,研究了3种尿素(普通尿素、缓释尿素1和缓释尿素2)施入土壤后作物产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮残留的差异。结果表明:与普通尿素相比,2种新型缓释尿素均能显著提高作物产量和氮肥利用率,缓释尿素1对玉米和水稻分别增产10.35%和8.00%,氮肥利用率分别提高14.01%和7.41%;缓释尿素2对玉米和水稻分别增产10.12%和12.55%,氮肥利用率分别提高5.87%和4.79%。水田施用缓释尿素2效果更好,而旱田施用2种缓释肥效果相等。     

牛场粪水施用对华北小麦/玉米产量及氮损失的影响

为探讨牛场粪水施用对作物产量、氮素利用率和氮素损失的影响,本研究以小麦和玉米为研究对象,在华北地区进行了田间试验,以不施氮肥为对照（CK）,遵循等氮量原则,设置4个氮肥处理：常规化肥（撒施,CF）、粪水化肥配施（化肥撒施,粪水浇灌,CSF）、粪水浇灌（CS）和粪水深施（CSD）。结果表明：施氮肥处理相比不施氮肥显著增加了作物产量和氮素损失。相比常规化肥处理,施用粪水处理不会降低小麦籽粒和青贮玉米产量,且施用粪水能提高作物氮素利用率,CSD处理的效果最好。相比CF处理,CSF和CS处理不管在小麦季还是在玉米季都会增加氨挥发量,在小麦季分别增加了5.6%和27.1%,在玉米季分别增加了7.8%和14.7%。CSD处理相比CF处理则会降低氨挥发量,小麦季和玉米季分别减少了15.3%和12.6%。不管在小麦季还是在玉米季,相比化肥处理,施用粪水都能显著降低氮淋失量;与CF处理相比,CSF、CS和CSD处理的小麦季的氮淋失量分别减少了38.5%、66.7%和35.8%,玉米季的氮淋失量分别减少了22.6%、39.2%和57.8%。研究表明,粪水深施是华北地区在保证作物产量的情况下,提高氮素利用率和降低氮素损失的有效措施。     

黄土旱塬长期施肥条件下小麦钾素营养和肥料利用率的研究

[目的]为了给黄土旱地经济合理施肥、粮食增产提供科学依据。[方法]在长期定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥对小麦产量、各生育期钾素营养和肥料利用率的影响。[结果]不同施肥小麦增产效果差异显著。单施氮肥小麦增产75.3%,单施磷肥小麦产量则降低24.7%,NM、PM、NPM配施小麦增产75.9%~92.9%;小麦钾素的吸收主要集中在生长发育前期,孕穗期以后因泌钾现象多表现为负吸收,施用有机肥,特别是无机肥与有机肥配施,促进小麦吸钾作用明显,小麦植株各器官含钾量明显提高;单施N肥、NP配施小麦钾素的吸收量、吸收速率较高,单施有机肥及有机无机肥配合施用小麦钾素吸收量和吸收速率比对照也有明显提高;单施N肥小麦氮肥利用率较高为76.73%,单施P肥小麦磷肥利用率较低仅为14.20%,NP配施与单施P肥相比,吸磷量、吸钾量分别增加112.53%和79.36%。施用有机肥可以显著提高作物氮、磷、钾吸收量,但肥料利用率却不高。[结论]施用有机肥以及有机无机肥配合施用,可以明显促进小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,提高小麦产量。     

秸秆还田下不同氮肥处理对玉米氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

通过在秸秆还田条件下不同氮肥处理对玉米养分吸收及产量影响的研究,结果表明:秸秆还田条件下,施用氮肥可以明显提高产量,但并不是越多越好,当尿素超过300 kg.hm-2时,玉米产量不再随氮肥用量增加而增加;不同氮肥处理玉米总吸氮量与产量呈线性正相关;处理3的玉米氮利用效率和氮肥农学效率最高。     

Recent Advances on the Technologies to Increase Fertilizer Use Efficiency

To increase fertilizer use efficiency （FUE） and to minimize its negative impact on environment have been the focal points in the world for a long time. It is very important to increase FUE in China for its relatively low FUE and serious losses of nutrients. Recent advances of the technologies to increase FUE are reviewed in this article. These include site-specific and real-time nitrogen management, non-destructive quick test of the nitrogen status of plants, new types of slow release and controlled release fertilizers, site-specific nutrient management, and use of urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor to decrease nitrogen losses. Future outlook in technologies related to FUE improvement is also discussed.     

Substituting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with optimal amount of crop straw improves rice grain yield,nutrient use efficiency and soil carbon sequestration

Crop straw return after harvest is considered an important way to achieve both agronomic and environmental benefits.  However, the appropriate amount of straw to substitute for fertilizer remains unclear.  A field experiment was performed from 2016 to 2018 to explore the effect of different amounts of straw to substitute for fertilizer on soil properties, soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, grain yield, yield components, nitrogen (N) use efficiency, phosphorus (P) use efficiency, N surplus, and P surplus after rice harvesting.  Relative to mineral fertilization alone, straw substitution at 5 t ha^–1 improved the number of spikelets per panicle, effective panicle, seed setting rate, 1 000-grain weight, and grain yield, and also increased the aboveground N and P uptake in rice.  Straw substitution exceeding 2.5 t ha^–1 increased the soil available N, P, and K concentrations as compared with mineral fertilization, and different amounts of straw substitution improved SOC storage compared with mineral fertilization.  Furthermore, straw substitution at 5 t ha^–1 decreased the N surplus and P surplus by up to 68.3 and 28.9%, respectively, compared to mineral fertilization.  Rice aboveground N and P uptake and soil properties together contributed 19.3% to the variation in rice grain yield and yield components.  Straw substitution at 5 t ha^–1, an optimal fertilization regime, improved soil properties, SOC storage, grain yield, yield components, N use efficiency (NUE), and P use efficiency (PUE) while simultaneously decreasing the risk of environmental contamination.     

Effect of side deep placement of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of single season late japonica rice

Side deep placement of nitrogen plays an important role in improving rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Few studies have examined the effects of reducing the times of nitrogen(RTN) application and reducing the nitrogen rate(RNR) of application on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under side deep placement of nitrogen in paddy fields. Therefore, a field experiment of RNT and RNR treatments was conducted with nine fertilization modes during the 2018–2019 rice growing seasons in a rice–wheat cropping system of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated under side deep placement of nitrogen. We found that under the same nitrogen application rate, the yield of RTN3 increased by 9.64 and 10.18% in rice varieties NJ9108 and NJ5718, respectively, compared with the farmers' fertilizer practices(FFP). The nitrogen accumulation of RTN3 was the highest at heading stage, at 11.30 t ha–1 across 2018 and 2019. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the N agronomic use efficiency(NAE), N physiological efficiency(NPE) and N recovery efficiency(NRE) of RTN3 were 8.1–21.28%, 8.51–41.76% and 0.28–14.52% higher than those of the other fertilization modes, respectively. RNR led to decreases in SPAD value, leaf area index(LAI), dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency. These results suggest that RTN3 increased rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency under the side deep placement of nitrogen, and RNR1 could achieve the goals of saving cost and increasing resource use efficiency. Two fertilization modes RTN3 and RNR1 both could achieve the dual goals of increasing grain yield and resource use efficiency and thus are worth further application and investigation.     

重庆稻田基础地力水平对水稻养分利用效率的影响

【目的】土壤基础地力水平与土壤养分的供应能力有着直接的关系,进而影响作物对土壤和肥料养分的吸收。研究基础地力与水稻养分利用效率的关系,评价不同地力水平下水稻对土壤和肥料养分利用的影响,为在不同地力下提高养分利用效率提供依据。【方法】利用2006—2012年重庆测土配方施肥项目水稻"3414"试验,调查每个试验点无肥区(N0P0K0)、无氮区(N0P2K2)、无磷区(N2P0K2)、无钾区(N2P2K0)和全肥区(N2P2K2)处理的产量及秸秆和籽粒氮磷钾养分含量,计算重庆不同区域水稻养分吸收量、土壤有效养分利用效率和依存率以及肥料回收率、农学效率,采用指数及线性拟合、基础地力产量分级方法评价基础地力对水稻养分利用效率的影响。【结果】重庆不同区域稻田基础地力产量5.40—6.45 t·hm~(-2),基础地力等级处于低和中低等级的(4 t·hm~(-2)和4—5 t·hm~(-2))样本数为63,占总样本量的25.6%。随着稻田基础地力等级的提高,水稻产量和养分吸收量也随之不断增加,高基础地力等级稻田其有机质和碱解氮也相对较高,p H过低可能是低基础地力等级稻田(4 t·hm~(-2))的限制因素。重庆水稻施氮磷钾肥增产率分别为18.5%、5.2%和3.9%,在相同的施肥水平下,随着基础地力等级的提高,水稻氮磷钾肥料回收率分别下降6.9%、4.5%和3.1%。基础地力产量与土壤有效氮利用效率、土壤养分依存率存在正相关,说明较高的基础地力会促进水稻对土壤养分的吸收,提高土壤养分利用效率,而基础地力与氮肥回收率、肥料农学效率呈负相关,说明高基础地力会降低肥料的利用效率。基础地力与土壤有效磷、有效钾养分利用效率和磷钾回收率相关性不强,但与相应氮指标能够达到显著相关或极显著相关,说明基础地力对氮的反映能力高于磷钾。【结论】高基础地力可以提高水稻产量和对土壤养分的吸收量,但对肥料养分的利用效率下降。在高基础地力条件下,施肥对水稻的增产作用和地力提升作用有限,应限制肥料的投入。     

海南中部国家重点生态功能区农户粮食生产与生态要素的函数研究——以琼中县为例

以重点生态功能区内的琼中县为例,将自然资本和农户家庭特征作为生产要素纳入水稻的生长函数中,根据农户问卷调查数据,结合遥感信息解译结果,构建了琼中县水稻生产函数。结果表明:村庄内部及周边的天然植被、人工林面积均与水稻单产存在显著正相关;在琼中县目前的施肥情况下,尿素与水稻产量存在正相关,而复合肥和磷肥与水稻单产没有显著相关关系;农户劳动力是影响水稻单产的重要因素,随着外出务工人数的增加,水稻单产呈下降趋势;非农家庭的水稻产量显著低于纯农家庭和兼业家庭。     

Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates

Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice (IJHR) is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.However,the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.Three rice cultivars currently used...     

High quality and high efficiency fertilization of rice

正Rice (Oryza sativa L.), one essential staple cereal, feeds over 60%of the world’s population (FAO 2020). As the global population grows, improving rice yield becomes an effective strategy to achieve food security (Deng et al. 2019).The use of chemical fertilizer, especially N fertilizer,has historically played a critical role in the growth of rice yield (Zhang et al. 2015; Wood et al. 2020). However,     

中国西南地区玉米产量对基础地力和施肥的响应

【目的】明确西南地区土壤基础地力与不同施肥措施对玉米产量的影响,以期为西南玉米种植区土壤培肥以及合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】依据2006年以来在西南地区布置的508个玉米田间试验,选取不施肥对照(CK)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、氮磷钾(NPK)5个处理,测定玉米产量和养分吸收分析了西南地区玉米基础地力产量和地力贡献特征、玉米施肥产量反应和农学效率。采用直线拟合和边界线分析评价玉米种植区土壤基础地力与玉米施肥产量及产量差的关系;用稳定性指数和可持续性指数评估了基础地力状况对施肥产量稳定性和可持续性的影响。【结果】西南地区玉米基础地力产量在3.9-4.7 t·hm~(-2)(平均为4.4 t·hm~(-2));施肥能显著提高玉米产量,施肥(NPK)区平均产量为7.7 t·hm~(-2),比基础地力产量平均增产3.3 t·hm~(-2),边界线分析结果表明,重庆、四川、贵州的施肥高产潜力分别为11.5、12.7、12.6 t·hm~(-2)(平均为11.7 t·hm~(-2))。玉米产量的地力贡献率和肥料贡献率平均分别为57.1%和42.9%;玉米地力贡献率随着基础地力产量的提升而增加。西南地区肥料对玉米的增产效果表现为氮肥磷肥钾肥。重庆、四川、贵州及整个西南地区玉米现实生产力与基础地力拟合直线决定系数分别达0.356、0.393、0.448和0.434(P0.0001);随着基础地力的提升,玉米施肥产量差降低,产量的稳定性和可持续性增加。【结论】在西南地区,提高土壤基础地力可以提升玉米的施肥产量,提高产量的稳定性和可持续性,降低产量差,减少玉米对肥料的依赖性,促进西南地区玉米的高产稳产。     

Spatial variation of technical efficiency of cereal production in China at the farm level

Rice, wheat and maize are the main staple food crops to ensure the food security in China with diversified climate condition, cropping system and environmental and socio-economic factors across provinces. Spatial variation of technical efficiency in farmers' field is helpful to understand the potential to improve farmers' yield given the inputs level and reduce the yield gap. The study is based on a large-scale farm household survey which covered 1 218 rice farmers, 3 566 wheat farmers and 2 111 maize farmers in the main producing areas. The results indicate that rice farmers are with very high technical efficiency level, nearly 0.9 on average, with little room to improve the efficiency of agricultural inputs. Similar results have been found in wheat and maize farmers' fields, although the technical efficiency levels are lower than that of rice farmers while still at a high level with obvious variation across regions. Farmers with higher yield level also achieve better technical efficiency in most locations. Both local environmental and socio-economic factors significantly affect farmers' technical efficiency. In the context of urbanization and economic development, improved and new agricultural technologies need to be prioritized and facilitated to improve cereal yield at farm level.     

水稻氮磷钾肥增产效应及当季利用率的探讨

近十年来,红塔区春和镇水稻生产中偏施氮肥、轻施磷钾肥的现象突出,已成为高产的主要限制因素。为提高单产,探索水稻科学施肥方法,通过田间试验和土壤、植株、籽粒养分的室内分析,进一步研究春和镇水稻氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应及养分吸收规律,达到提高肥料利用率、增加经济效益的目的。结果表明：施肥是水稻增产的重要措施,而氮素肥料是春和镇水稻增产的最主要的养分限制因子,其次是钾肥,再次是磷肥;平衡施肥条件下能减少有效氮的损失,同时促进土壤钾素的活化及吸收能力,氮、磷、钾肥的利用率比肥料单一施用分别提高5.6%、3.2%、54.3%。因此,春和镇水稻肥料施用中在保证适量氮肥的前提下,磷、钾肥要合理配比,才能提高肥料利用率,促进水稻增产。     

Sustainability of the rice–crayfish farming model in waterlogged land: A case study in Qianjiang County,Hubei Province,China

The rice–crayfish farming model has been rapidly developed and become an economically viable method to supply food in China in recent years.  However, its environmental and economic sustainability has not been thoroughly investigated.  This study uses a survey in 2016 and a field experiment in 2017 in Qianjiang, Hubei Province, China to assess the relative economics of concurrent rice–wheat (RW), rice–crayfish (RC), and crayfish monoculture (CM) models in waterlogged land areas.  The field survey indicated that the RC model had a higher benefit–cost ratio (3.5:1) than the RW (2.0:1) and CM (3.1:1) models and the RC model protected farmers’ enthusiasm for grain production facing unfavourable weather conditions.  The field experiment aimed to explore nitrogen management strategies in RC fields.  In the experiment, four levels of nitrogen concentration gradient - 0 kg N ha^–1 (0 N), 75 kg N ha^–1 (75 N), 150 kg N ha^–1 (150 N) and 225 kg N ha^–1 (225 N), were set in a 2-year-old rice–crayfish (RC2) field, an 8-year-old rice–crayfish (RC8) field, and a RW field as a control.  The field experiment results suggested that the peak  rice yield in RW, RC2, and RC8 occurred when 225 N, 150 N and 75 N were used, respectively.  In RC2 and RC8, however, residual feed-nitrogen that was not used by crayfish was utilized by rice plants.  Thus, an optimal amount of nitrogen in RC fields was proposed to improve the nitrogen use efficiency and reduce environmental pollution by nitrogen fertilizer.  Farmers use less nitrogen but have higher net income in RC than in RW and CM.  It is necessary to sustainably develop integrated farming technologies (i.e., proper field configurations for rice fields) to effectively sustain rice production.  The results also showed that the RC farming model was a viable diversification option for rice farmers in waterlogged land.       

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus(P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons(2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high(30.36 mg kg^–1) and low(9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize(Pwm) ...     

作物养分管理的农机农艺结合技术研究进展

养分高效管理是农业绿色发展的重大需求。随着农业规模化经营和耕作栽培技术的发展,养分管理技术与施肥机具之间农机农艺不匹配的问题日益明显,如何实现养分管理中农艺技术与农机操作的有机结合,成为农业绿色发展亟需解决的关键问题。本文分析了我国养分管理农机农艺结合技术的研究现状及发展方向,提出高效施肥技术需要用适宜的施肥机械作保障,肥料新产品研发需要新的施肥机械,栽培耕作方式变革对农业机械产生新的需求,施肥机械化需要智能化提升,同时肥料产品和施肥技术研发需要考虑机械的可行性。针对东北春玉米、华北冬小麦-夏玉米及南方水稻种植体系的主要养分管理特点,阐述了我国在玉米启动肥及种肥同播技术、玉米秸秆覆盖条带耕作技术、小麦机械化追肥技术、水稻机械化侧深施肥技术及机械化变量施肥技术等方面的研究进展,对如何促进农机农艺结合、提升我国农田养分管理技术水平提出了建议。     

Hole fertilization in the root zone facilitates maize yield and nitrogen utilization by mitigating potential N loss and improving mineral N accumulation

Reducing environmental impacts and improving N utilization are critical to ensuring food security in China.  Although root-zone fertilization has been considered an effective strategy to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), the effect of controlled-release urea (CRU) applied in conjunction with normal urea in this mode is unclear.  Therefore, a 3-year field experiment was conducted using a no-N-added as a control and two fertilization modes (FF, furrow fertilization by manual trenching, i.e., farmer fertilizer practice; HF: root-zone hole fertilization by point broadcast manually) at 210 kg N ha^–1 (controlled-release:normal fertilizer=5:5), along with a 1-year in-situ microplot experiment.  Maize yield, NUE and N loss were investigated under different fertilization modes.  The results showed that compared with FF, HF improved the average yield and N recovery efficiency by 8.5 and 22.3% over three years, respectively.  HF had a greater potential for application than FF treatment, which led to increases in dry matter accumulation, total N uptake, SPAD value and LAI.  In addition, HF remarkably enhanced the accumulation of ¹⁵N derived from fertilizer by 17.2% compared with FF, which in turn reduced the potential loss of ¹⁵N by 43.8%.  HF increased the accumulation of N in the tillage layer of soils at harvest for potential use in the subsequent season relative to FF.  Hence, HF could match the N requirement of summer maize, sustain yield, improve NUE and reduce environmental N loss simultaneously.  Overall, root-zone hole fertilization with blended CRU and normal urea can represent an effective and promising practice to achieve environmental integrity and food security on the North China Plain, which deserves further application and investigation.     

东北玉米化肥减施增效技术途径探讨

减肥增效是提高我国玉米竞争力、保护生态环境的重大需求。论文重点以东北玉米为研究对象,从玉米养分需求规律、养分高效品种的节肥潜力、化肥高效施用的4R技术、化肥的有机替代技术等方面论述减肥增效的技术途径。研究表明,东北地区每生产100 kg玉米籽粒产量的平均N、P_2O_5、K_2O的需求量范围分别为1.56—1.89、0.60—0.88和1.27—2.30 kg;吐丝后对氮磷的需求量分别占全生育期需求量的20%—30%和20%—40%,对籽粒氮磷的贡献率分别为20%—30%和30%—38%。在目前东北土壤生产力状况下,实现玉米12 000 kg·hm~(-2)的产量水平平均氮肥投入量约为180 kg·hm~(~(-2))。应用不同类型新型肥料的节约氮肥潜力为9—25 kg·hm~(-2),应用磷酸二铵和硫酸铵+过磷酸钙做启动肥可以促进苗期生长。应用高地隙追肥机可以有效延长追肥的适宜期,有利于使"养分供应匹配养分需求"。滴灌施肥技术适宜在风砂质地土壤及干旱频繁发生地区推广,实现增产19%—128%,产量可达12 000—13 000 kg·hm~(-2)。地下滴灌施肥技术增产效果相同,应该大力推广。利用主动冠层传感器Greenseeker,可以在春玉米V5-V8期很好地估测叶面积指数、地上部生物量以及植株吸氮量,并应用于变量、精准的氮肥推荐。因地制宜地应用秸秆还田技术,可以节省肥料投入,提升土壤质量。其中秸秆覆盖条耕技术(Strip-till)可以协调传统耕作与免耕的优点,有很好的应用前景。未来应该从农民实际应用的角度出发,将技术研究与技术推广相结合,针对不同的栽培耕作技术模式,建立农民可应用、或在不久的将来可应用的技术规程,实现大面积应用,达到区域性减肥增效的目标。