脱落酸诱导黑荆树悬浮细胞抗冻性

研究了脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）诱导黑荆树悬浮培养细胞抗冻性发育的有关问题，其中包括ＡＢＡ施用浓度、抗冻性发育的时间进程、ＡＢＡ诱导可溶性蛋白质含量增高、环己亚胺对抗冻性发育的抑制作用等。研究结果表明，黑荆树悬浮培养细胞能够在添加ＡＢＡ的ＭＳ培养基中，在２５℃进行抗寒诱导，以１０ｍｇ／ＬＡＢＡ处理８天的悬浮培养细胞在－６℃的存活率达８３．６％，而对照存活率为零。ＡＢＡ能够诱导悬浮培养细胞可溶性蛋白质含量增高５．５倍，环己亚胺能够抑制蛋白质含量增高，同时也抑制低温驯化和ＡＢＡ诱导的抗冻性发育。     

甜杨抗冻性低温诱导过程中G6PDHase ,ATPase及蛋白质的变化(英文)

首次研究了低温锻炼对甜杨 (Populussuaveotlens)幼苗抗冻性的效应 ,并对低温锻炼中的G6PDHase ,ATPase及蛋白质的动态变化过程进行了测定 .另外 ,在低温锻炼前用蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺对甜杨幼苗进行预处理 .试验结果表明 ,适当的低温锻炼可明显提高甜杨幼苗的抗冻性 ,但整个低温锻炼过程必须分两个阶段进行 ,第一阶段在 - 10℃的温度下锻炼 6天 ,虽对甜杨幼苗抗冻性的提高效应不明显 ,但它是不可缺少的 ,它可为第二阶段的 - 2 0℃锻炼的进行及抗冻性的完全发育提供基础 .伴随着幼苗枝条中蛋白质含量及G6PDHase和ATPase活性提高的同时 ,也明显提高了幼苗的抗冻性 ;脱锻炼 2天后 ,幼苗抗冻性下降到未锻炼水平 ,而枝条中蛋白质含量及G6PDHase和AT Pase活性虽有下降但略高于未锻炼 .蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚胺预处理则明显降低了幼苗抗冻性和蛋白质含量 .进一步分析发现 ,低温锻炼中的G6PDHase和ATPase活性及蛋白质含量的变化与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关     

马占相思树对低温冻害的抗性研究

以盆栽马占相思（Acacia mangium)PNE17868家系幼苗为材料，研究了低温胁迫下树苗生长发育有关的生理生化指标的变化及其与抗冻害的关系。结果表明，随着低温胁迫程度的加深和时间延长，植株细胞电导率显著升高，细胞膜ATPase活性呈下降趋势，而可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量亦不断升高，表现出耐寒植物较典型的生理特点，说明该植株有明显的渗透调节能力和抗寒性。在零下低温（0～-6℃）胁迫下，植物细胞防御系统的保护酶类（CAT、POD、SOD）的活性先是升高，然后有所下降，但下降幅度不大。这表明了马占相思PNE17868家系对低温有较强的适应能力，在温度日益降低（0～-6℃）条件下体内保护酶仍能维持较高的活性水平，减轻了由膜脂过氧化引起的膜伤害，是植物提高抗寒性、免遭低温冻害的重要原因。     

在低温锻炼中毛白杨幼苗可溶性总蛋白、RNA、DNA、RNase及抗冻性的变化

低温锻炼不仅提高了毛白杨幼苗存活率和抗冻性以及RNA和可溶性总蛋白的含量 ,降低了RNase活性 ,而且能减轻低温胁迫引起的RNA和可溶性总蛋白含量的下降程度和RNase活性的提高 ,有利于幼苗在恢复过程中RNA和可溶性总蛋白水平的迅速回升以及RNase活性的降低 .进一步研究发现 ,DNA含量无论在低温锻炼中还是在低温胁迫下或是在随后的恢复生长期均保持相对稳定 ;低温锻炼所引起的RNA含量的增加 ,与RNase活性的降低呈明显的负相关 ,与可溶性总蛋白含量的增加以及幼苗抗冻性的提高成正相关 .这表明低温锻炼可能抑制RNase活性 ,有效地促进RNA含量的增加 ,而RNA可能参与了可溶性总蛋白的合成及抗冻性的诱导     

喷施壳聚糖对核桃抗冻性的影响

通过对核桃枝条短期低温胁迫研究,探讨低温胁迫条件下核桃枝条内的生化代谢过程与树体抗冻能力之间的关系。通过对离体香玲核桃枝条以—2、0、4℃低温处理,并在处理后不同时间测定相关酶活性与抗冻蛋白含量,分析低温胁迫后树体抗冻相关酶活性和蛋白含量。研究结果发现,在—2⁴℃的低温胁迫均能够显著提高核桃枝条内SOD、CAT、POD酶的活性,同时脯氨酸的含量在04℃的低温胁迫均能够显著提高核桃枝条内SOD、CAT、POD酶的活性,同时脯氨酸的含量在0⁴℃的低温胁迫下也有显著增加。说明SOD、CAT、POD和脯氨酸参与了核桃树体的抗冻反应。     

吊丝单区试与扩大化栽培

历时五年，对吊丝单的适生范围，承耐低性及其在临界区域的引种驯化措施进行了系统研究。结果表明，吊丝单可在此纬２９度以南，海拔３００米以下的广大山地，溪河沿岸种植，微域气候需满足冬季极端低温高于－５．５℃，并相应地给出临界点的驯化措施。     

毛白杨抗冻性低温诱导过程中糖的效应(英文)

在低温锻炼和结合蔗糖处理的低温锻炼下 ,对毛白杨 (Populustomentosa)幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,以及幼苗存活率和抗冻性分别进行了测定 .结果表明 ,低温锻炼明显提高了幼苗枝条和叶片的可溶性糖含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗的存活率和抗冻性 .2 0 %蔗糖处理对上述低温锻炼的作用有加强的效果 .进一步分析发现 ,无论是单纯的低温锻炼还是结合蔗糖预处理的低温锻炼 ,幼苗枝条中可溶性糖含量的提高程度均较叶片明显 ,而且它们的含量增加与幼苗抗冻性的提高密切相关 .这表明低温锻炼所引起的可溶性糖积累可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导     

CaCl2在毛白杨幼苗抗冻性低温诱导中的作用

不同浓度的CaCl2 处理对毛白杨幼苗抗冻性的提高效应是不同的 ,其中 10mmol·L-1CaCl2 处理更有利于幼苗抗冻性的提高 ,而且处理最适宜时间为 5天 .低温锻炼不仅提高了毛白杨幼苗叶片和枝条中钙调素含量 ,同时也提高了幼苗抗冻性 .CaCl2 处理对低温锻炼的作用有加强效果 ,而钙离子螯合剂EGTA、钙离子通道阻断剂LaCl3 或钙调素拮抗剂CPZ处理则减弱低温锻炼效应 ,表现出CaM含量和幼苗抗冻性明显降低 .这表明Ca2 + CaM可能参与了幼苗抗冻性的诱导     

PP333与CaCl2对绿玉树扦插苗抗寒性的影响

对绿玉树扦插苗喷洒不同浓度、不同配比的PP333(多效唑)和CaCl2，以提高绿玉树的抗寒能力。试验结果表明：多效唑能显著降低新梢长度的生长，增加分枝数，抑制低温处理时膜透性的增加，提高绿玉树对零上低温的抵抗能力。0．2％PP333能提高叶绿素含量，但低浓度的PP333(0．1％-0．15％)却降低了叶绿素的含量。CaCl2对绿玉树扦插苗的形态影响不明显，0．015％-0．1％的CaCl2能抑制低温下细胞膜透性的增加，提高叶绿素含量。     

天竺桂叶片抗寒性生理生化指标测定及综合评价

通过低温胁迫实验,对河南栾川和湖北襄阳天竺桂叶片的含水量、相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、细胞膜透性、MDA含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、CAT活性、APX活性等生理生化指标测定。综合各项指标表明河南栾川天竺桂叶片耐受低温为-20℃,湖北襄阳天竺桂叶片耐受低温为-16℃。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.