免少耕麦田纹枯病与农业栽培措施的关系

播种期对免少耕田小麦纹枯病的发生影响显著,早播发病重,适期迟播可减轻病害发生;播种量对小麦纹枯病影响不明显;随施肥水平的提高,病害有加重趋势,侵茎率影响较显著。     

免少耕麦田纹枯病与农业栽培措施的关系

播种期对免少耕田小麦纹枯病的发生影响显著,早播发病重,适期迟播可减轻病害发生;播种量对小麦纹枯病影响不明显;随施肥水平的提高,病害有加重趋势,侵茎率影响较显著。     

播期和种植密度对小麦纹枯病发病程度的影响

通过小麦播期、种植密度对小麦纹枯病发病程度的影响对比试验,结果表明,播期早、播种密度大是纹枯病发生程度加重的主要原因。冬前和播种—拔节期积温多,拔节前后气温高,纹枯病病情指数高。     

几种栽培措施对玉米纹枯病和小斑病的影响

栽培措施能直接或间接影响玉米病害的发生。本文研究播期、密度和施氮量等几种常见栽培措施对玉米纹枯病和小斑病发生的影响。通过2012-2013年连续在四川简阳的试验结果表明,供试的10个玉米品种中,春播和夏播玉米纹枯病的病情指数差异不显著,平均病情指数分别为23.42和23.54。但玉米小斑病的病情指数差异极显著,春播玉米和夏播玉米的平均病情指数分别为24.39和86.96。45 000株/hm2和67 500株/hm2两种密度的试验结果表明,密度增加会加重纹枯病和小斑病的发生,但差异不显著。对纹枯病而言,两种密度下都以目前生产上普遍采用的"1.0m+1.0m"等行距栽植时病害发生最轻。对小斑病而言,常规密度45 000株/hm2下,等行距栽植的病害要轻于宽窄行栽植的,高密栽培67 500株/hm2下,等行距栽植的病害要重于宽窄行栽植的。在供试的6个施氮水平下,未见施氮量与玉米纹枯病和小斑病之间有明显的相关性。综上表明,选用合适的玉米品种,适时播种,合理密植可减轻病害的发生,有利于玉米高产稳产。     

水稻纹枯病综合防治技术

<正>水稻纹枯病俗名"花脚杆"、"烂脚瘟"、"云纹病",属热带系病害,我国稻区均有发生,以南部稻区为害重。近年来,水稻纹枯病在隆昌县也有加重发生的趋势,对水稻生产影响大,为了有效地防治该病,笔者介绍水稻纹枯病的防治方法。     

鄂北小麦纹枯病大发生原因分析

我市地处鄂北岗地,小麦年种植面积６．５万公顷,单产在全国居高产行列。小麦纹枯病是我市小麦的主要病害。１９９８年,我市小麦纹枯病大发生,其发生特点及原因如下：一、１９９８年病害发生特点１．秋冬见病早,春季病情上升迅速。９７年１０月３０日即在早播麦田见病...     

小麦纹枯病流行预测的初步研究

小麦纹枯病流行预测的初步研究王向阳（安徽省萧县病虫测报站２３５２００小麦纹枯病８０年代初以来在我地发生为害程度加重。通过近１０ａ来对该病害的观测调查，资料整理分析，有关研究结果报道如下。１材料与方法１．１病情系统调查于小麦返青（２月下旬）开始，至５月...     

保护性耕作对北疆麦后复种青贮玉米田地温和作物生长的影响

2013年在新疆生产建设兵团第七师130团七连8号地段大田,小麦收获的同时,秸秆粉碎还田,然后采取免耕播种和铧式犁翻耕后播种两种耕作方式,对比研究保护性耕作对北疆复播田土壤温度及复播作物生长发育的影响规律。试验结果表明:保护性耕作条件下土壤温度具有明显的阶段性变化,在复播玉米LAI达到1之前秸秆覆盖具有降温效用,土壤温度低于翻耕处理,之后则具有保温作用。整个生育期免耕田土壤温度变化平缓,累积温度、累积温差及日平均温差均低于翻耕处理。免耕处理下作物生育期后移,干物质积累主要在生育后期,产量及干物质积累略低于翻耕处理。     

襄樊市农田杂草现状及化学除草配套技术

襄樊市小麦、油菜等秋播作物常年种植面积36万hm2,水稻、棉花、玉米、花生、芝麻等春夏播作物常年种植面积43万hm2。近几年,随着耕作制度的变革,间作套种面积的扩大以及免耕田的出现,复种指数的提高,农田杂草发生危害逐年加重,已成为影响农作物产量与品质的主要因素之一。1农田     

长孔点肋甲螨发生消长的研究

长孔点肋甲螨主要在稻桩内越冬。雨水对该螨的冲刷作用可达80%。不同耕作措施对该螨的发生有很大影响,该螨在不同耕作田内的发生量为:免耕田>旱旋田>水旋田>旱旋水耙田>深耕田。该螨在不同水稻品种上的发生量也有差别,杂交稻(汕优63)上发生的螨量比粳稻(花寒早)上要高出20%。此外,该螨在7月上旬水稻分蘖期发生量达到高峰。     

Soybean Brown Stem Rot, Phytophthora sojae, and Heterodera glycines Affected by Soil Texture and Tillage Relations

ABSTRACT Investigations were conducted to determine whether the effects of tillage practices on the prevalence of brown stem rot of soybean (caused by Phialophora gregata), Heterodera glycines, and Phytophthora sojae were confounded by soil texture in samples collected in the fall of 1995 and 1996. Soil and soybean stem samples, along with tillage information, were collected from 1,462 randomly selected fields in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. The incidence of brown stem rot was determined from 20 soybean stem pieces collected from each field in a zigzag pattern. The detection frequency of P. sojae (expressed as percent leaf disks colonized) and population densities of H. glycines were determined from soil cores also collected in a zigzag pattern. The soil samples were grouped into various textural classes, and the effect of soil texture and tillage relations on the activities of each pathogen were determined. Both tillage and soil texture affected the incidence of brown stem rot; however, there was no interaction between tillage and soil texture. Conservation tillage had a greater (P < 0.05) incidence of brown stem rot in clay loam and silty clay loam than did conventional tillage. The detection frequency of P. sojae was not affected by tillage, but a tillage x texture interaction (P = 0.013) indicated that the effect of tillage depended on soil texture. There was a greater (P < 0.05) detection frequency of P. sojae in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage in silt loam and loam soils. However, in sandy loam, the detection frequency of P. sojae was greater (P = 0.0099) in conventional tillage than in conservation tillage. Population densities of H. glycines were significantly affected by both tillage and soil texture, but overall, there was no tillage x texture interaction. There was an inverse relationship between population densities of H. glycines and percent clay (r = -0.81, P = 0.01) in no-till fields, but little or no change in nematode densities was observed with increasing clay content in tilled fields. Population densities of H. glycines were less (P < 0.05) in no-till fields than in tilled fields in silty clay loam and clay soils. There was no difference in H. glycines densities between the tillage categories in soils sandier than silty clay loam or clay. The findings emphasize the need for cautious interpretation of the effects of tillage practices on diseases and pathogens in the absence of information on soil texture.     

Effects of Irrigation and Tillage on Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Sclerotinia minor Sclerotia and Lettuce Drop Incidence

ABSTRACT The temporal and spatial dynamics of Sclerotinia minor sclerotia and the resulting incidence of lettuce drop were studied under furrow irrigation with conventional tillage and subsurface-drip irrigation with minimum tillage during 1993-95. Lettuce crops were grown each year during the spring and fall seasons. All plants were inoculated immediately after thinning in the spring of 1993. Grids of 24 contiguous quadrats (1 by 1 m(2)) were demarcated in the centers of each 150-m(2) plot. Lettuce drop incidence in each quadrat was evaluated each season prior to harvest. One soil sample (100 cm(3)) was collected from each quadrat at harvest and after tillage prior to planting of the next crop for both spring and fall crops and assayed for S. minor sclerotia using wet sieving. Lloyd's index of patchiness, the beta-binomial distribution, and variance of moving window averages were used to evaluate the spatial patterns of sclerotia and lettuce drop incidence under the two irrigation systems and associated tillage treatments. Disease incidence remained significantly higher under furrow irrigation than under subsurface-drip irrigation throughout the study period, and was significantly higher on fall crops than on spring crops. Under furrow irrigation, the number of sclerotia at the end of a crop season increased significantly over that at the beginning of the season, but no significant changes were detected over years. In contrast, the number of sclerotia within a single season did not increase significantly under subsurface drip irrigation, nor was year-to-year accumulation of sclerotia statistically significant. The degree of aggregation of sclerotia increased significantly during a cropping season under furrow irrigation, but not under subsurface drip irrigation. The conventional tillage after harvest under furrow irrigation decreased the degree of aggregation of sclerotia after each season, but the distribution pattern of sclerotia under subsurface-drip irrigation changed little by the associated minimum tillage. Spatial pattern analyses suggested that the aggregation of S. minor sclerotia occurred at a scale of no more than 1 m, and distribution of diseased lettuce plants was random at a scale larger than 1 m. The combination of fewer sclerotia produced by each crop and its unaltered distribution under subsurface drip irrigation and associated minimum tillage makes it a valuable cultural practice for lettuce drop management.     

Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed seedbank size and composition

Size and composition of the weed seedbank was assessed after 12 years of application of four tillage systems in two crop rotations. Mouldboard and chisel ploughing at 45 cm, minimum tillage at 15 cm and no tillage were compared in continuous winter wheat and a pigeon bean/winter wheat 2-year rotation. Weed control was based upon post-emergence herbicide application. Weed seedling emergence from soil samples taken at 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm depths was assessed in a non-heated glasshouse for 12 months. The tillage system influenced weed seedbank size and composition to a much greater extent than crop rotation. Total weed seedling density was higher in no tillage, minimum tillage and chisel ploughing plots in the 0–15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm layers respectively. Density in the whole (0–45 cm) layer did not differ significantly among tillage systems. With no tillage, more than 60% of the total seedlings emerged from the surface layer, compared with an average 43% in the other tillage systems. Crop rotation did not influence either weed seedbank size or seedling distribution among soil layers, and only had a small influence on major species abundance. The weed seedbank was dominated (>66%) by Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.), which thrived in chisel ploughing and no tillage respectively. Results suggested that crop rotation and substitution of mouldboard ploughing by non-inversion tillage (especially by minimum tillage) would not result in increased weed problems, whereas use of no tillage might increase weed infestations because of higher seedling recruitment from the topsoil.     

Prospects for using minimum and zero tillage in tropical lowland rice

Four field experiments were conducted at The International Rice Research Institute during the 1975 and 1976 crop seasons to develop minimum and zero tillage techniques for transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.). High rates of glyphosate followed by a lower rate of paraquat effectively controlled Paspalum distichum L., but not Fimbristylis littoralis L. The tenminimum tillage treatments based on different combinations and sequences of pre-plant herbicide application, tillage and flooding, gave a similar grain yield to conventional tillage, and significantly higher grain yield than zero tillage treatments. Conventional, minimum and zero tillage were compared over four successive crops. After two crops with zero tillage, the plots were dominated by the perennials, P. distichum and Scirpus maritimus L., but with minimum or conventional tillage, weed control and grain yield were satisfactory. Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer usage by the crop was the same with minimum as with conventional tillage but higher than with zero tillage and was increased by placement at 10 cm depth. The studies indicate that minimum tillage systems are a dependable alternative to conventional tillage for lowland rice production.     

Effect of inoculum density and soil tillage on the development and severity of rhizoctonia root rot

Rhizoctonia spp. cause substantial yield losses in direct-seeded cereal crops compared with conventional tillage. To investigate the mechanisms behind this increased disease, soils from tilled or direct-seeded fields were inoculated with Rhizoctonia spp. at population densities from 0.8 to 250 propagules per gram and planted with barley (Hordeum vulgare). The incidence and severity of disease did not differ between soils with different tillage histories. Both R. solani AG-8 and R. oryzae stunted plants at high inoculum densities, with the latter causing pre-emergence damping-off. High inoculum densities of both species stimulated early production of crown roots in barley seedlings. Intact soil cores from these same tilled and direct-seeded fields were used to evaluate the growth of Rhizoctonia spp. from colonized oat seeds. Growth of R. oryzae was not affected by previous tillage history. However, R. solani AG-8 grew more rapidly through soil from a long-term direct-seeded field compared to tilled soils. The differential response between these two experiments (mixed, homogenized soil versus intact soil) suggests that soil structure plays a major role in the proliferation of R. solani AG-8 through soils with different tillage histories.     

Characterization of early leaf spot suppression by strip tillage in peanut

ABSTRACT Epidemics of early leaf spot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), caused by Cercospora arachidicola, are less severe in strip-tilled than conventionally tilled fields. Experiments were carried out to characterize the effect of strip tillage on early leaf spot epidemics and identify the primary target of suppression using a comparative epidemiology approach. Leaf spot intensity was assessed weekly as percent incidence or with the Florida 1-to-10 severity scale in peanut plots that were conventionally or strip tilled. The logistic model, fit to disease progress data, was used to estimate initial disease (y(0)) and epidemic rate (r) parameters. Environmental variables, inoculum abundance, and field host resistance were assessed independently. For experiments combined, estimated y(0) was less in strip-tilled than conventionally tilled plots, and r was comparable. The epidemic was delayed in strip-tilled plots by an average of 5.7 and 11.7 days based on incidence and severity, respectively. Tillage did not consistently affect mean canopy temperature, relative humidity, or frequency of environmental records favorable for infection or spore dispersal. Host response to infection was not affected by tillage, but infections were detected earlier and at higher frequencies with noninoculated detached leaves from conventionally tilled plots. These data suggest that strip tillage delays early leaf spot epidemics due to fewer initial infections; most likely a consequence of less inoculum being dispersed to peanut leaves from overwintering stroma in the soil.     

Prevalence of sclerotinia stem rot of soybeans in the north-central United States in relation to tillage, climate, and latitudinal positions

ABSTRACT Since the early 1990s, Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, has caused considerable damage to soybean production in the north-central United States. To determine the extent of its distribution and associated factors, investigations were conducted in 1995 and 1996 in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. Investigations also were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri. In each state, soybean fields were randomly selected in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. From each field, 20 soybean stems 20 cm long (from the base) in 1995 and 1996 and full-length stems in 1997 and 1998 were sampled in a zigzag pattern. During the 4-year period, stem samples were collected from 1,983 fields and assessed for the presence or absence of the disease. Of the five states, Sclerotinia stem rot was most prevalent in north-central Iowa and southern Minnesota. Sclerotinia stem rot was not detected in Missouri during the 4-year investigation period. The disease was most prevalent in 1996 and least prevalent in 1995. The prevalence of the disease was strongly related to cumulative departures from normal maximum and minimum temperatures in July and August. The disease was more prevalent when yearly temperatures were below normal than when they were above normal. In 1996, a year with a cooler-than-normal summer, the disease was detected farther south than in 1995. In both years, the prevalence of the disease was exponentially related to latitudinal positions of the fields (R(2) = 0.93 and 0.83 for 1995 and 1996, respectively) reflecting the effect of the north-south variations in temperature. During the 4-year period, there was no relationship between precipitation and the prevalence of the disease. The lack of relationship may suggest that there was no shortage of moisture since it is one of the primary factors for disease development. The prevalence of Sclerotinia stem rot was less in no-till than in minimum-till or conventional-till fields (P = 0.001 and 0.007, respectively) and greater in minimum-till than in conventional-till fields (P = 0.07). Fields that had Sclerotinia stem rot, however, did not differ in incidence of the disease regardless of the tillage system.     

耕作方式对旱地麦田土壤团聚体及其碳氮组分分布的影响

为明确蓄水保墒耕作方式下旱地麦田土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳及碳组分和全氮及氮组分在不同粒径团聚体组分中的分布特征,深入了解不同耕作方式下土壤碳氮固持机制,以连续3 a(2017—2020年)实施不同耕作方式(免耕、深松、深翻)后冬小麦收获期0～20 cm土壤为研究对象,采用湿筛法测算土壤团聚体的构成与稳定性(R_0.25,>0.25 mm团聚体含量;MWD,平均重量直径;GMD,几何平均直径),并测定各粒径团聚体有机碳(SOC)和碳组分(重组有机碳,HFOC;轻组有机碳,LFOC;易氧化有机碳,EOC;可溶性有机碳,DOC;颗粒有机碳,POC)含量、全氮(TN)和氮组分(硝态氮,NO^-₃-N;铵态氮,NH⁺₄-N;可溶性有机氮,SON)含量,分析了碳氮组分的相关关系。结果显示：(1)免耕和深松处理>2 mm团聚体土壤比例较深翻处理分别提高8.8%和22.1%,免耕有利于增加<0.053 mm粉黏粒比例,较深松和深翻处理分别提高46.4%和27.7%。深松处理较深翻...     

Weed flora and seed yield in quinoa crop (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as affected by tillage systems and fertilization practices

The effects of tillage system and fertilization regimes on weed flora in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) were evaluated by means of two field experiments in 2011 and 2012. The experiments were laid out in a split-plot design with two main plots (conventional and minimum tillage) and four sub-plots (fertilization regimes). The results indicated that weed biomass and density in quinoa were influenced by the different fertilization and tillage treatments. Moreover, seed yield in conventional was 5%–13% higher than that of minimum tillage, probably due to the lower weed density and biomass. Concerning fertilization treatments, total weed density and biomass increased under manure application and inorganic fertilization. Tillage effects on weeds were species specific. The density of perennial weeds such as purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and the density of small-seeded weeds such as redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) were significantly lower under the conventional tillage than under the minimum tillage system.     

Effect of prior tillage and soil fertility amendments on dispersal of Phytophthora capsici and infection of pepper

Organic soil amendments including composted cotton gin trash, composted poultry manure, an incorporated rye-vetch green manure, or synthetic fertilizer were applied to subplots, and main plots were either tilled frequently or surface-mulched in experimental field plots between 1997 and 2004. Soil from each replication of the tillage and fertility treatments was sampled in August of 2001, 2002, and 2003, brought to the greenhouse, and infested with Phytophthora capsici to study the effect of previous soil treatments on disease incidence and dispersal of the pathogen. Both the previous tillage and fertility amendments affected the incidence of disease and dispersal of the pathogen. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were significantly greater in soils with previous surface mulch applications than in frequently tilled soils. Final disease incidence, AUDPC and the distance of pathogen spread were also significantly higher in soils amended with cotton gin trash, than rye-vetch green manure, poultry manure, or synthetic fertilizer. Soils amended with cotton gin trash had higher soil water content, lower bulk density, higher humic matter content, higher porosity and higher levels of mineralizable N, than soils with other fertility amendments. Soil water content, soil porosity, humic matter content, and net mineralizable levels nitrogen were positively correlated and bulk density was negatively correlated with final incidence of disease.