不同土壤施用钾肥对小麦生长和土壤钾含量的影响

本研究在人工气候室中对几种不同土壤施钾，观察其对小麦生长和土壤钾含量的影响。盆载试验结果表明，在砂土小麦植株达最高生长量的施钾量（Ｋ）为１２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，其它土壤为６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。钾肥施用越多，土壤有效钾化不施钾处理增加越多。同时对两种有效钾浸提测定方法进行了相关性研究，表明阳离子交换膜（ＣＥＭ）浸提的钾与醋酸铵（ＮＨ４ＯＡＣ）浸提的钾呈显著的正相关。     

我国北方主要土壤非交换性钾释放速率的研究

采用连续流动交换技术研究了我国北方２５个供试土壤非交换性钾的释放速率。结果表明,土壤晨交换性钾释放缓慢,而持续时间长;最大释放速率变幅为０．１９５￣２．３０ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｍｉｎ）,６００分钟平均释放速率变幅为０．０６６￣１．１２１ｍｇ（ｋｇ·ｍｉｎ）,释放持续时间一般在６００分种以上。在６００分种释放时间内非交换性钾释放百分率变幅在５．４％￣３９．６％之间。土壤非交换性钾释放速率与盆栽耗钾试验中玉     

阳离子交换膜技术的评估及钾临界值的估测

Soil and tissue analyses are usually used in identifying potassium(K) deficiencies and predicting K fertilizer requirements of crops.The critical levels of both soil and fresh leaf tissue at seventh leaf stage were developed and assessed for canola,chickpea and sunflower grown on two saskatchewan,soils,with six rates of K fertilizer supply.in a growth chamber experiment.The available potassium in soils was detemined by two methods:1)resin strip extraction,and 2)NH4OAC extraction.The potassium in fresh leaves was determined at seventh leaf stage by a simple procedure using a common garlic press and injector to extract the plant sap and testing the sap with a handheld ion selection electrode meter,The results showed significant relationships between the resin strip extractable K and NH4OAC extractable K,and between the plant uptake of total K and the supple of available K in the soils determined by the two methods.Good relationships were also found between the potassium in fresh leaves and the plant uptake of totak K for canola,chickpea and sunflower.The resin strip extraction for K was calibrated using common NH4OAC extraction,and recommended for routine analyses because of its simplicity and sensitivity.     

耕作土壤非交换性钾有效性的研究

采用两种化学连续提取法及连续耗钾实验,研究了几种耕作土壤非有效性钾释放特性及有效性。结果表明,供试土壤非交换性释放特性和有效性与粘土矿的密切相关,富含伊利石的土壤非交换性钾的释放量大,速率快,有效性高,黑麦草吸收该土壤的非交换性钾量及总吸钾量高,生物量大。而富含高岭石或蒙脱石的土壤非有效性钾有效性明显较低,非交换性钾的释放量和速率,黑麦草吸收该土壤的非交换性钾量,总吸钾量及生物量的均值分别仅为富含     

用阳离子交换树脂膜法和传统化学提取法评估土壤有效钾

Four testing methods using cation exchange membrane (CEM),ammonium acetate,ASI(0.25mol L^-1 NaHCO3 0.01mol L^-1 EDTA 0.01 molL^-1 NH4F) and 1.0molL^-1 boiling nitric acid,respectively,were used to evaluate soil available K.The soil K tested by CEM was significantly correlated with that by the other (conventional)methods(r^2=0.43^**-0.95^***).The soil K tested by CEM saturated with NH4HCO3(15min extraction)was most closely correlated with that by the other methods(r^2=0.60^**-0.95^***),Potassium availability,as predicted by soil test,was comparable to actual K uptake by canola and wheat grown on the soils in growth chamber.Regression analyses showed that plant K uptake was more closely correlated wiht K extracted by CEM(r^2=0.56^**-0.81^***)than that by the conventional methods(r^2=0.46^***-0.81^***),most colsely correlated with that by NH4HCO3-saturated CEM for 15 min (r^2=0.81^***).and worst correlated with that by HNO3(r^2=0.45^**-0.72^***)     

山东主要土壤供钾能力和非交换性钾释放的研究

用生物耗竭方法,研究和比较了山东省主要农业土壤:棕壤、褐土和潮土的供钾能力。结果表明,以土壤交换性钾、缓效钾含量和耗竭过程中作物吸钾总量和吸收来自土壤非交换性钾的数量、比率及土壤非交换性钾释放速度和数量为依据,评价土壤供钾能力有褐土＞潮土＞棕壤的总趋势。     

测定土壤有效钾的新方法—阳离子交换树脂膜法

对采自全国各地 2 0个土壤样品进行测定 .结果表明 ,阳离子交换树脂膜埋置法测定土壤有效钾的最佳埋置时间为 2 0min .树脂膜法测定的土壤钾值与中性醋酸铵法测定的土壤有效钾和植物实际吸钾量之间具有极显著的相关性 .国产树脂膜可代替进口树脂膜用于土壤有效钾测定     

土壤钾释放速率参数的理论计算及其实践应用

选用二种电场强度研究２０个低丘红壤玉米田试验的钾释放速率特性,用二级动力学方程来表征,并求得土壤释放的速率方程和钾释放的初始速率等参数。     

生物耗竭土壤的层间钾自然释放及固钾特性

对经生物耗竭后的８种土壤的研究表明，它们经过自然风干后，土壤的层间钾能自然释放而交换性钾得到部分恢复，但耗竭程度愈烈，恢复能力则随之下降，经淹水或湿润处理后，土壤的交换性钾反有较大程度的再固定；而干湿交换处理后，能促进低施钾水平土壤中新固定态层间钾的释放，高施钾水平土壤中交换性钾的进一步固定。生物耗竭使土壤的固钾能力增强，但白土及黄泥土土壤的固钾率仅１９－４６％，新固定态钾易被作用再利用，而黄潮土     

快速检测土壤阳离子交换量的研究

针对土壤阳离子交换量检测行业标准推荐方法耗时长、操作繁琐,介绍了一种定氮仪配合漩涡振荡仪测定土壤阳离子交换量的快速蒸馏法,改进了离心处理环节和蒸馏步骤,讨论了关键流程和注意事项。该方法与行业标准乙酸铵法相比,试剂消耗明显减少,检测效率提高45%,检测精度和准确度符合标准要求,特别适于大批量及快速检出的土壤样品分析。     

设施蔬菜栽培对土壤阳离子交换性能的影响

以辽宁省沈阳市于洪地区设施菜地及其相邻旱田土壤为研究对象,测定土壤的有机质、阳离子交换量、交换性盐基离子组成和土壤盐基离子饱和度,分析设施蔬菜栽培对土壤阳离子交换量及交换性盐基离子组成的影响。结果表明:(1)与旱田土壤相比,设施土壤有机质含量明显增加,上下层土壤有机质平均含量分别为35.6 g kg-1和18.0 g kg-1,分别是旱田上下层土壤有机质含量的2.1倍和1.8倍;设施土壤阳离子交换量呈上升的趋势,土壤阳离子交换量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.603**,n=50,r0.01=0.361)。(2)与旱田土壤相比,不同层次设施土壤交换性盐基总量均有所增加,交换性盐基离子中除交换性Ca2+含量变化不大之外,交换性K+、Mg2+、Na+含量均显著增加;不同层次设施土壤交换性K+、Mg2+、Na+饱和度显著高于旱田土壤,但交换性Ca2+饱和度和盐基饱和度呈下降趋势。     

环境因素对小麦根系非选择性阳离子通道(NSCCs)转运钾的影响

以石家庄8号小麦作为研究对象,通过添加钾载体抑制剂和钾专性通道抑制剂的方法,探讨了温度变化和重金属镉、铜对植物根系的非选择性阳离子通道(NSCCs)转运钾离子的影响。结果显示,NSCCs转运钾的最适温度在35℃左右,低温和高温都会使NSCCs的吸钾速率下降。较高的温度(40℃)对NSCCs转运钾的影响大于对专一性钾通道的影响;而较低温度(20℃)对专一性钾通道活性的抑制比对NSCCs的抑制更强。重金属镉和铜均对小麦的钾吸收速率产生影响,浓度越大,抑制作用越强。其中,根系NSCCs对镉的敏感度相对于专一性钾通道来说要低,而对铜的敏感度相对较高。说明不同重金属对两类通道蛋白的影响机制不一样。     

淮北砂姜黑土小麦施钾的增产效应

通过田间试验研究了淮北平原砂姜黑土地区小麦施钾的增产效应。结果表明，增施适量钾肥具有显著的增产效果，小麦子粒产量提高9．6％-25．0％，平均增产15．5％。小麦钾肥的增产效应与土壤有效K含量和施K量有极大关系。应用逐步回归分析方法，建立了钾肥（K2O）施用量x1、土壤有效K含量x2与小麦单位钾肥增产量y之间的多元线性回归方程：y=17．678-0．0446x1-0．0963x2。当前生产水平下，淮北平原砂姜黑土地区小麦钾肥适宜施用量为K2O 130kg／hm^2左右。     

山西褐土长期施钾和秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和钾素平衡的影响

在山西石灰性褐土一年一作条件下,通过16年的田间定位试验,研究了长期施钾和秸秆还田对小麦产量和土壤钾素平衡的影响。结果表明,只施用氮、磷肥,冬小麦年平均产量5.5 t/hm2,土壤钾素养分严重亏缺,年平均亏缺104.3 kg/hm2,与试验前的初始值比较,土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量分别下降23.6%和14.3%。在施用氮、磷肥的基础上每年施用钾肥(K2O 150 kg/hm2),平均增产10.2%以上;小麦秸秆还田平均增产6.6%以上,二者配合平均增产17.6%,年平均吸钾量提高32.0 kg/hm2。与试验初始值比较,土壤速效钾、缓效钾分别提高38.6%和11.0%。在施用氮、磷肥的基础上,长期施用钾肥和秸秆还田在显著增加冬小麦的经济产量、生物产量和吸钾量的同时,也减少年度间因气候因素等影响引起的产量变异,提高年度间产量和植物吸钾量的稳定性。     

红壤酸化及石灰改良影响冬小麦根际土壤钾的有效性

【目的】了解初始酸度对石灰改良红壤钾素有效性的效应,为酸化红壤改良提供依据和支撑。【方法】本试验以湖南祁阳典型的第四纪红土为基础,人为调节出土壤pH分别为4.0、4.5、4.8、5.2的土壤。每个酸度土壤的一半加石灰改良至pH 6.0 (石灰改良处理),另一半不变(酸化处理)。以该土壤进行了小麦盆栽试验。每个盆内放入一个尼龙网根袋,并添加供试红壤1.65 kg (根袋中加150 g)。小麦生长80天后收获,调查了小麦生物量和钾吸收量,测定比较了小麦根际和非根际土壤不同形态的钾含量变化。【结果】1)不同酸化土壤冬小麦生物量(地上部和根部)与初始pH显著正相关(P＜0.05),也与钾吸收量显著正相关(P＜0.05)。石灰改良处理冬小麦生物量均显著高于相应的酸化处理,也随初始pH升高而显著升高。2)不同酸化土壤冬小麦根际土壤速效钾随pH升高显著降低,非根际土壤的速效钾含量均显著高于相应的根际土壤(除pH 4.0外)。石灰改良处理根际土壤速效钾含量均显著低于相应的酸化处理,且非根际土壤显著高于对应根际土,非根际土壤速效钾含量随初始pH升高而显著下降。3)不同酸化土壤冬小麦根际土壤钾离子饱和度随pH升高而显著下降,非根际土壤钾离子饱和度则随pH升高呈增加趋势。石灰改良处理土壤各处理根际土钾离子饱和度均显著低于对应的非根际土,同时非根际土钾离子饱和度与酸化处理的变化趋势一致。4)不同酸化处理红壤冬小麦生物量与根际速效钾亏缺量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),冬小麦根际土壤速效钾亏缺率和冬小麦吸钾量及根际钾离子饱和度亏缺率均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01);而石灰改良处理根际土壤速效钾亏缺率则与初始pH呈显著负相关(P＜0.05)。【结论】在本试验的pH范围内,酸化条件下,根际土壤速效钾含量随pH降低而升高,而冬小麦吸钾量及生物量均随pH升高而升高。表明酸化红壤影响冬小麦钾养分吸收的主导因素是土壤的酸度。施石灰降低了土壤的酸度,提高酸化红壤作物产量和吸钾量。红壤施用石灰校正酸化应在pH降到5.0之前进行。酸化红壤石灰改良后,还应注意适量补充钾肥。     

Using support vector machines to predict cation exchange capacity of different soil horizons in Qingdao City,China

Agricultural, environmental and ecological modeling requires soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) that is difficult to measure. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are thus routinely applied to predict CEC from easily measured physicochemical properties (e.g., texture, soil organic matter, pH). This study developed the support vector machines (SVM)‐based PTFs to predict soil CEC based on 208 soil samples collected from A and B horizons in Qingdao City, Shandong Province, China. The database was randomly split into calibration and validation datasets in proportions of 3:1 using the bootstrap method. The optimal SVM parameters were searched by applying the genetic algorithm (GA). The performance of SVM models was compared to those of multiple stepwise regression (MSR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. Results show that the accuracy of CEC predicted by SVM improves considerably over those predicted by MSR and ANN. The performance of SVM for B horizon (R² = 0.85) is slightly better than that for A horizon (R² = 0.81). The SVM is a powerful approach in the simulation of nonlinear relationship between CEC and physicochemical properties of widely distributed samples from different soil horizons. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to explore the influence of each input parameter on the CEC predictions by SVM. The clay content is the most sensitive parameter, followed by soil organic matter and pH, while sand content has the weakest influence. This suggests that clay is the most important predictor for predicting CEC of both soil horizons.     

The effect op several enzymes on cation exchange in roots

Abstract

Commercial protease and cellulase treatment of dried and milled plant roots decreased their cation exchange capacity to varying degrees, indicating that protein and cellulose contribute to the exchange mechanism in addition to pectin. Membranes isolated from two roots proved to be epidermal cells; these had a significant cation exchange capacity when thought of as an interface between the soil and the root, but not when compared to the root as a whole. Methylation of the membranes reduced their exchange capacity to zero.