动物疫情快递

老挝发生高致病性禽流感 2008年2月13日，老挝Khambounheuang Bounkhouang博士向OIE报告了高致病性禽流感疫情。2008年2月1日，琅南塔省Long地区Namma村发生高致病性禽流感，于2月8日得到确诊。本次疫情属于临床发病，病原是H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒。依靠临床、实验室检查和剖检作出诊断，国家兽医中心（国家实验室）的快速检测和RT—PCR结果均为阳性。     

5例疑似高致病性猪蓝耳病疫情的诊断

对5例疑似高致病性猪蓝耳病疫情进行了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Nsp21594-1680变异株）RT—PCR检测、猪瘟病毒抗原检测和猪传染性胸膜肺炎抗体检测,结果4例疫情为猪瘟,仅1例疫情为高致病性猪蓝耳病。     

动检快讯

新疆吐鲁番高致病性禽流感疫情已被扑灭疫区封锁解除；西藏贡嘎县发生一起高致病性禽流感疫情；西藏拉萨市发生一起高致病性禽流感疫情；孟加拉国完成最大规模的防控禽流感扑杀行动。     

动物疫情快递

德国发生高致病性禽流感 2009年3月10日，德国Werner Zwingmann博士／教授向OIE通报了高致病性禽流感疫情。疫情始于2009年1月10日，于3月6日确诊。此次疫情不是临床发病，病原是H5N1高致病性禽流感病毒，依靠实验室检测作出诊断，Friedrich—Loeffler研究所（国家实验室）通过PCR试验确诊为高致病性禽流感。疫区位于巴伐利亚州Starnberg地区Pocking的帕森霍芬（靠近施塔恩贝尔格），涉及的易感动物为野生动物，     

胶体金法与荧光RT-PCR法检测禽流感病毒结果比对分析

禽流感是养禽业毁灭性疾病之一，尤其是高致病性禽流感可导致100％的发病率和死亡率，对养殖户造成巨大的损失，禽流感的防控与监测更是引起社会各界的关注。本次研究通过荧光RT—PCR检测法和胶体金检测法分别对江门市活禽交易市场随机抽取的样品进行禽流感病毒检测，并对检测结果进行比对，分析了2种检测方法的优缺点及其检测结果的准确率，结果表明，胶体金法检测相对荧光RT—PCR法有一定漏检和误检现象存在。     

疫情

新疆吐鲁番高致病性禽流感疫情扑灭;曼谷举行防治禽流感国际研讨会;西藏贡嘎县发生禽流感疫情     

乡镇蛋鸡养殖场高致病性禽流感强制免疫达标技术

正高致病性禽流感,在禽类中传播快,危害大,死亡率高,高致病性禽流感病毒可以直接感染人类,是人畜共患病,对人类健康、养殖业发展、野生鸟类及生态环境危害极大,已被列为国家动物疫病强制免疫项目。2020年1月至今,我国新疆、湖南、四川三地先后发生6起高致病性禽流感疫情。世界范围内禽流感疫情也呈高发趋势。高致病性禽流感的防控形势更加严重。而对家禽进行高致病性禽流感疫苗强制免疫是防控高致病性禽流感病毒感染的最有效途径。     

动保

<正>新疆出现禽流感疫情已扑杀5万多只家禽农业部新闻办公室2016年12月26日发布,新疆伊犁州伊宁市发生一起家禽高致病性禽流感疫情。12月17日,新疆伊犁州伊宁市兽医部门在监测中发现部分养殖户饲养的鸡出现疑似禽流感症状,发病鸡16 000只,死亡10 716只。12月19日,新疆自治区动物疫病预防控制中心诊断为疑似禽流感疫情。12月26日,经国家禽流感参考实验室确诊,该起疫情为H5N6亚型高致病性禽流感疫情。疫情发生后,当地按照有关预案和防治技术规范要求,坚持依法防控、     

新疆地区高致病性禽流感流行特点及防控

高致病性禽流感(HPAI)对新疆养禽业及公共卫生安全构成严重的威胁,防控形式十分严峻:新疆是老疫区,近年来疫情发生频繁;新疆有特殊的地理位置,与多个国家接壤,周边国家高致病性禽流感疫情形势复杂,从国外传入疫情的风险很大;新疆湿地面积大,是候鸟迁徙必经栖息地,在确定的中国候鸟3条主要迁徙路线中,新疆就占据了其中的1条,候鸟传播疫情的风险加大。而新疆在动物疫情监测及流行病学研究工作等方面相对滞后,不能满足疫病防控的需要,严重制约着本病的防治效果,因此对新疆地区高致病性禽流感的发生、流行规律和流行趋势开展流行病学调查及研…     

高致病性猪蓝耳病病原核酸的RT-PCR检测

对高致病性猪蓝耳病病毒（PRRSV）Nsp2基因缺失变异特征,设计特异性引物,建立RT—PCR方法,对疑似高致病性猪蓝耳病病例进行病原核酸检测,并对扩增所得片段进行克隆测序,通过序列分析以验证RT—PCR扩增的特异性。结果表明：发病猪为高致病性猪蓝耳病病毒感染,建立的RT-PCR方法能够鉴别诊断经典猪蓝耳病和高致病性猪蓝耳病感染。     

Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in the USA

As part of the USA's National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza, an Interagency Strategic Plan for the Early Detection of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds was developed and implemented. From 1 April 2006 through 31 March 2009, 261 946 samples from wild birds and 101 457 wild bird fecal samples were collected in the USA; no highly pathogenic avian influenza was detected. The United States Department of Agriculture, and state and tribal cooperators accounted for 213 115 (81%) of the wild bird samples collected; 31, 27, 21 and 21% of the samples were collected from the Atlantic, Pacific, Central and Mississippi flyways, respectively. More than 250 species of wild birds in all 50 states were sampled. The majority of wild birds (86%) were dabbling ducks, geese, swans and shorebirds. The apparent prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses during biological years 2007 and 2008 was 9.7 and 11.0%, respectively. The apparent prevalence of H5 and H7 subtypes across all species sampled were 0.5 and 0.06%, respectively. The pooled fecal samples (n= 101 539) positive for low pathogenic avian influenza were 4.0, 6.7 and 4.7% for biological years 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highly pathogenic early detection system for wild birds developed and implemented in the USA represents the largest coordinated wildlife disease surveillance system ever conducted. This effort provided evidence that wild birds in the USA were free of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (given the expected minimum prevalence of 0.001%) at the 99.9% confidence level during the surveillance period.     

表达H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组鸡痘病毒在水禽的免疫效力

利用表达 H5亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的重组鸡痘病毒 ( r FPV- HA)和油乳剂全病毒灭活疫苗分别接种商品鹅 ,评价疫苗在水禽的免疫保护作用。结果发现 ,免疫后 2 1 d,r FPV- HA免疫组 HI抗体检测为阴性 ,灭活疫苗免疫组HI抗体阳性率为 70 % ;用 H5亚型禽流感病毒攻击后 ,与阴性对照组相比 ,r FPV - HA免疫组鹅的口腔和泄殖腔排毒率降低 ,病理变化减轻 ,感染鹅易康复 ,保护率为 80 % ,总体保护效力达到灭活疫苗水平。结果表明 r FPV - HA免疫家鹅可诱导良好保护 ,显示出了良好的应用前景     

Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons

The H5N1 type A influenza viruses that emerged in Hong Kong in 1997 are a unique lineage of type A influenza viruses with the capacity to transmit directly from chickens to humans and produce significant disease and mortality in both of these hosts. The objective of this study was to ascertain the susceptibility of emus (Dramaius novaehollandiae), domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus), domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), and pigeons (Columba livia) to intranasal (i.n.) inoculation with the A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (H5N1) highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. No mortality occurred within 10 days postinoculation (DPI) in the four species investigated, and clinical disease, evident as neurologic dysfunction, was observed exclusively in emus and geese. Grossly, pancreatic mottling and splenomegaly were identified in these two species. In addition, the geese had cerebral malacia and thymic and bursal atrophy. Histologically, both the emus and geese developed pancreatitis, meningoencephalitis, and mild myocarditis. Influenza viral antigen was demonstrated in areas with histologic lesions up to 10 DPI in the geese. Virus was reisolated from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and from the lung, brain, and kidney of the emus and geese. Moderate splenomegaly was observed grossly in the ducks. Viral infection of the ducks was pneumotropic, as evidenced by mild inflammatory lesions in the respiratory tract and virus reisolation from oropharyngeal swabs and from a lung. Pigeons were resistant to HK/220 infection, lacking gross and histologic lesions, viral antigen, and reisolation of virus. These results imply that emus and geese are susceptible to i.n. inoculation with the HK/220 virus, whereas ducks and pigeons are more resistant. These latter two species probably played a minimal epidemiologic role in the perpetuation of the H5N1 Hong Kong-origin influenza viruses.     

Isolation of myxoviruses from migratory waterfowls in San-in district,western Japan in winters of 1997-2000

Between November 1997 and February 2000, winter migratory waterfowls of several species staying in San-in district, western Japan were surveyed for influenza A virus and paramyxovirus at four stations. A total of 18 influenza A viruses was isolated from 1,404 fecal samples of whistling swans, pintails, mallards, and white-fronted geese. Five different hemagglutinins and eight neuraminidases were identified in the viruses isolated, in 11 different combinations, including H7N8 related to a subtype of a highly pathogenic chicken virus. In 2000, five lentogenic (non-pathogenic) Newcastle disease viruses were also isolated from white-fronted geese. These results suggested that possible precursor viruses for highly pathogenic avian myxoviruses are still brought into Japan by migratory waterfowls. The results also support the contention that continued surveillance of wild waterfowl population should be an integral part of control policies for these serious poultry diseases.     

A review of avian influenza in different bird species

Only type A influenza viruses are known to cause natural infections in birds, but viruses of all 15 haemagglutinin and all nine neuraminidase influenza A subtypes in the majority of possible combinations have been isolated from avian species. Influenza A viruses infecting poultry can be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their ability to cause disease. The very virulent viruses cause highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), in which mortality may be as high as 100%. These viruses have been restricted to subtypes H5 and H7, although not all viruses of these subtypes cause HPAI. All other viruses cause a much milder, primarily respiratory disease, which may be exacerbated by other infections or environmental conditions. Since 1959, primary outbreaks of HPAI in poultry have been reported 17 times (eight since 1990), five in turkeys and 12 in chickens. HPAI viruses are rarely isolated from wild birds, but extremely high isolation rates of viruses of low virulence for poultry have been recorded in surveillance studies, giving overall figures of about 15% for ducks and geese and around 2% for all other species. Influenza viruses have been shown to affect all types of domestic or captive birds in all areas of the world, but the frequency with which primary infections occur in any type of bird depends on the degree of contact there is with feral birds. Secondary spread is usually associated with human involvement, probably by transferring infective faeces from infected to susceptible birds.     

禽流感感染人的分子机制研究进展

禽流感病毒可以感染多种动物,包括人、猪、鸟、马、海豹、鲸和雪貂等。流感病毒在不同的宿主存在一定的屏障,但禽流感毒株能突破宿主屏障直接感染人,造成死亡。因此流感病毒的变异和病毒如何选择物种跨越物种流行的机制,对预防和控制流感的爆发是非常重要的。本文综述病毒毒力的分子生物学基础、禽流感染人的分子机制研究进展及在控制禽流感方面的研究。     

新疆艾比湖野鸟H1N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及全基因组序列分析

旨在调查野鸟中存在的禽流感病毒,并为禽流感的防制提供依据。采集新疆艾比湖自然保护区野鸟的粪便棉拭子进行禽流感病毒的分离与鉴定,将PCR产物进行纯化后用T载体连接并转化到DH5α细胞中;菌液PCR鉴定后将目的菌液送至上海生工测序并比对测序结果,在NCBI上进行基因序列分析。结果显示,从新疆艾比湖自然保护区野鸟的粪便棉拭子分离得到1株H1N2亚型禽流感病毒;经序列分析得知,该毒株为1株低致病性禽流感病毒,且存在与多种亚型病毒的重配现象。     

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N1) Transmission Between Wild Ducks and Domestic Ducks

This article describes a virological investigation in a mixed flock of ducks and geese following detection of avian influenza virus antibodies in domestic geese. Low pathogenic H7N1 was found in both domestic and wild birds, indicating that transmission of virus was likely to have taken place between these. The importance of implementing and maintaining appropriate biosecurity measures is re‐emphasized.     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒A/duck/HuBei/49/05株反向基因操作系统的建立

水禽是禽流感病毒的天然储存库,为了研究高致病性禽流感病毒对水禽致病性的分子基础,研究构建了DKHB/49/05的8质粒反向遗传操作系统。用Trizol从含A/duck/HuBei/49/05株病毒的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR扩增PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M、NS基因片段,将其分别克隆至pBD载体中。利用8质粒反向遗传操作系统,将重组的pBD质粒共转染293T细胞,成功拯救了该病毒,并命名为R-DKHB。