采用SSR标记研究CIMMYT热带、亚热带和温带种质玉米群体的遗传多样性

遗传多样性是一种重要的自然资源且在未来育种进展中将起到关键性作用。必须要对收集的遗传多样性种质进行有效利用和管理方面的鉴定研究工作。种质收集的最佳规模是要求保留最大的遗传变异和保持最小的冗余性为好。     

吉林省利用热带亚热带玉米种质的概况

本文概括总结了80年代以来引入、利用热带亚热带玉米种质的现状和进展,并对今后工作提出建议,低纬度玉米种质引入高纬度后,因生态环境不同导致性状发生变化,但不同材料、不同性状间差别较大。其中穗位的温光反应敏感程度大于株高,雌穗分化比雄穗敏感;热带种质的利用,因温光反应程度的不同,应分别采用直接、间接等方法加以利用．     

玉米热带亚热带种质资源在温带利用中出现的问题与对策

近年来在育种工作中处于种质扩增的需要,很多育种单位引进热带亚热带种质资源进行群体改良和杂交、回交选择,培育出了一批遗传基础丰富的优良自交系,并以这些自交系配制了一批优良杂交种推广应用于生产实践.但在利用热带亚热带玉米种质资源过程中也存在很多问题,本文就这些问题和解决对策作初步阐明.     

浙江省玉米种质资源现状与利用

玉米种质资源是选育优良品种的遗传物质基础，收集原始素材，拓宽种质基础，开展种质鉴定、创新和利用，在玉米品种改良工作中始终占有重要地位。从全球范围来看，大约有300个玉米地方种族，但广泛开发利用的只有5～6个。种质资源狭窄也是当前我国玉米育种和生产的突出矛盾，杂交玉米育种中每一次突破性品种的诞生，总是以突破性的基础材料和自交系为前提。为了扩大玉米遗传育种的种质基础，自20世纪80年代以来，我国育种家对热带。     

新疆春玉米区热带亚热带种质利用研究

新疆地区是中国玉米高产区之一,年玉米面积4万hm2.80年代以前,新疆玉米以农家种为主,籽粒和茎秆产量都很低,经济效益不高.     

诱变育种在改良热带亚热带玉米种质资源中的 应用及前景展望

近10年中国玉米单产几乎没有什么实质性的突破。种质资源狭窄是造成这种现象的一个重要原因。引进热带亚热带种质资源是拓宽温带玉米种质的一个重要途径。但是热带亚热带种质资源引进到温带以后会出现成熟期延迟、营养生长优于生殖生长等现象。针对热带亚热带玉米种质这些特点，诱变可以发挥重要的作用。主要对目前经常应用的几种诱变方法在改良热带亚热带玉米种质资源上的应用前景进行了比较。对将来大规模地运用诱变方法改良外来种质进行了预测。     

热带亚热带玉米种质的导入和改良创新研究

把热带亚热带玉米种质按２５％～７５％的不同比例导入温带玉米自交系或育种材料中,进行种质改良和创新研究。选育的热导自交系种质基础较宽;配合力较高;玉米大、小斑病病情指数分别降低６１．５％～７８．９％和５３．８％～６９．４％;青枯病、病毒病株率分别降低８４．１％～９３．２％和８６．７％～９８．２％;成熟期绿叶数增加２．６～４．４倍;自交系自身产量提高２０．０％～５５．６％。表明热带亚热带种质导入温带玉米,可能是拓宽温带玉米种质基础、提高综合抗性和丰产性、创造新种质等方面的有效途径之一。     

贵州山区玉米种质的改良

贵州山区玉米种质对贵州省的玉米育种和玉米生产有着重大贡献,但贵州山区玉米种质需要进行遗传改良和扩增,才能发挥良好作用。本文概述了贵州山区玉米种质的特点及其改良情况,并对贵州山区玉米种质的改良发展方向进行了讨论。     

TUXPENO种质在玉米育种中的利用

TＵXPENO种质在玉米育种中的利用张志国(贵州省毕节地区农科所毕节551700)1Tuxｐeno种质的特点Tuxｐeno玉米种质是国际玉米小麦改良中心(CＩmmＹT)合成的重要群体。Tuxｐeno种质与ETO或Ｓuｗan等种质构成了热带地区玉米杂交……     

在玉米育种方案中利用外来种质的途径

热带种质的光周期敏感性所谓外来种质是指那些非本地区原产的种质,它们可能是不适应或不能直接适应本地生长条件的玉米材料。在本文范围内将着重讨论引自玉米多样性中心的种质,即热带和亚热带种质。     

热带种质在鄂玉25号选育上的利用

十堰市地处湖北省西北部,二高山气候比较典型,山地多、平地少、旱地多、水地少。十堰市农科院立足本地区地理条件,加大玉米新品种选育、推广力度。在各级领导专家关怀、支持、协助下,先后选育出陨单1号、鄂玉10号、鄂玉14号、鄂玉16号、鄂玉25号一系列品种。特别是在鄂玉16号的基础上,成功地把热带种质导入鄂玉16号的父本系,经连续自交获得新系美C,组配后选育出国审新品种鄂玉25号,对常规育种手段是一个很好的创新和补充。     

玉米种质资源主要品质性状鉴定与评价

对2003—2004年收集、整理的400份玉米种质资源的主要品质性状进行了鉴定评价。结果表明，不同类型的玉米种质资源中地方品种的粗脂肪、粗淀粉性状和自交系粗蛋白、赖氨酸性状具有更大的遗传多样性。通过鉴定，筛选出一批品质性状优异的玉米种质资源．并对现行玉米种质资源品质的评价标准进行了讨论。     

中国玉米种质资源的整理与成就

玉米种质资源是选育优良品种的遗传物质基础，搜集原始素材，拓宽种质基础，开展种质鉴定，创新和利用，在玉米品种改良工作中中有重要地位。     

转基因技术在玉米种质改良中的应用

简述了玉米转基因工程中遗传转化的受体系统、目的基因和转基因技术的研究进展.分析了转基因技术在改良玉米品质、抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、耐盐、抗旱、抗寒性、雄性不育、抗真菌和抗病毒病基因等方面取得的成效.     

The yield stability of CIMMYT'S maize germplasm

Summary Relationships between whole-plant and germination NaCl tolerance and two in vitro measures of NaCl tolerance were evaluated in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). No significant correlations were observed between relative NaCl tolerance of non-regenerating callus cultures, herbage regrowth, seed or pollen germination, and pollen tube growth. Simulated selection using indirect measures of NaCl tolerance produced small expected gains in relative NaCl tolerance during herbage regrowth and seed germination. These gains were less than 30% of those expected with direct selection for regrowth or germination tolerance. Selection based on the apparent NaCl tolerance of callus tissue or male gamephytes would appear unproductive. Direct selection for NaCl tolerance both at germination and during mature plant regrowth would appear to be necessary to rapidly develop lucerne populations with field-relevant levels of tolerance to NaCl stress.Approved by the Arizona Agric. Expt. Stn. as Journal Series no. 5015.     

玉米耐低温种质资源的初步鉴定和筛选

摘要：本试验对654份玉米自交系的耐低温特性进行了鉴定,在常温（25℃）和低温（10℃）胁迫下分别测定种子的发芽率以及低温胁迫下的发芽时间。以相对发芽率和平均发芽时间作为耐低温特性评价指标,通过聚类分析筛选到30份强耐低温自交系和43份对低温胁迫强敏感自交系,为培育耐低温玉米新品种和挖掘耐低温相关基因提供种质资源。     

QTL mapping of improving forage maize starch degradability in European elite maize germplasm

Improving maize starch content is of great importance for both forage and grain yield. In this study, 13 starch degradability traits were analysed including percentage of the seedling area, floury endosperm, hard endosperm of total grain area, percentage of the floury endosperm surface and vitreousness ratio surface hard: floury endosperm surface, etc. We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a biparental population of 309 doubled haploid lines based on field phenotyping at two locations. A genetic linkage map was constructed using 168 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers, which covered 1508 cM of the maize genome, with an average distance of 9.0 cM. Close phenotypic and genotypic correlations were found for all traits, and were all statistically significant (p = 0.01) at two locations. Major QTL for more than two traits were detected, especially in two regions in bins 4.05–4.06 and 7.04–7.05, associated with 13 and 9 traits, respectively. This study contributes to marker‐assisted breeding and also to fine mapping candidate genes associated with maize starch degradability.     

玉米种质重组改良与应用效果

我国玉米种质资源比较丰富,但随生产水平的提高和经济发展的更高要求,未经改良即可应用于选系的种质基础已很少.对玉米种质进行改良虽然比较费时,但重组改良后的选育效果则越来越明显.现举成功重组改良与应用三例如下:     

Heterosis and combining ability of seven maize germplasm populations

Understanding the combining ability and heterosis of available germplasm is a prerequisite for successful maize improvement and breeding. The objectives of this study were to analyze the combining ability and heterosis of seven representative maize germplasm populations, and further, to evaluate their potential utility in germplasm improvement. A total of 21 crosses were made among these seven populations in a complete diallel without reciprocals. The parental populations and 21 crosses were evaluated for days to silking (DS), ear height (EH), and grain yield (GY) in the Northeast and Yellow and Huai River maize growing areas in China in 2012. Csyn5, Csyn7, Cpop.11, and Cpop.12 had desirable general combining ability (GCA) effects for DS and EH in both the Northeast China mega-environment (NCM) and the Yellow and Huai River Regions of China mega-environment (YHCM). Cpop.11 possessed a favorable GCA effect for GY in the NCM, as did Csyn5, Cpop.17, and Cpop.18 in the YHCM. Csyn6 and Csyn7 exhibited tremendous yield-enhancing potential in both mega-environments. Additionally, six combinations including Csyn7 × Csyn6, Csyn5 × Csyn6, Cpop.11 × Cpop.18, Cpop.12 × Cpop.17, Csyn7 × Cpop.17, and Csyn5 × Csyn7 exhibited better specific combining ability effects for GY, yield performance, and mid-parent heterosis in the appropriate mega-environment. These results indicated that the seven populations would be very useful for the improvement of related agronomic traits, and the six candidate combinations possessed great potential for further improvement and utilization.