氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

Correlation of Plant Morphological and Grain Quality Traits with Mineral Element Contents in Yunnan Rice

Correlations between four grain quality, 24 plant morphological traits and eight element contents of 653 accessions from Yunnan rice were analyzed. P, K, Ca and Mg contents of core collection were closely correlated to the most plant morphological and grain quality traits, and there were highly significant correlations （P 〈0.01） among some traits including P content to number of stems and tillers, K content and amylose content, Ca content and plant height, Mg content and protein content. Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe contents of core collection were closely related to a few traits, such as Fe content and gel consistency （-0.1121^＊＊）, Zn content and seed setting rate （-0.1411^＊＊）, Cu content and number of grains per panicle （-0.1398^＊＊）, Mn content and plant height （-0.2492^＊＊）.     

氮、磷和钾肥对菜用大豆籽粒产量和主要矿质元素积累的影响

以大豆专用型品种南农9610为材料,研究了温室大棚条件下,氮、磷和钾肥不同肥料水平对菜用大豆籽粒产量和主要矿质元素含量的影响.结果表明:适量增施氮、磷和钾肥均可明显提高大豆籽粒产量,但施肥过多则降低产量.氮肥和磷肥对菜用大豆籽粒中氮有明显促进作用,磷和钾肥对籽粒磷有促进作用,氮、磷、钾肥对籽粒钾含量均具有明显的促进作用,而钾肥对籽粒中氮含量、氮对籽粒中磷含量具有负作用.施氮使籽粒中Mg、Mn和Fe的含量和积累量先上升再下降;而籽粒中Ca则在低氮时大幅度下降,此后逐渐回升;施磷和钾使Mg、Mn、Fe和Ca含量先上升再下降.     

The vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, and E contents of hard red spring wheat as influenced by fertilization and cultivar

To evaluate the effects of fertilization and cultivar on the content of vitamins B₁, B₂, B₆, B₁₂, and E in wheat, seven fertility treatments with three levels of N (0, 56, and 280 kg/ha), two levels of P (0 and 122 kg/ha), and two levels of K (0 and 465 kg/ha) were applied on split plots to two relatively unrelated hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. An analysis of grain vitamins revealed that fertilizer P and K applications increased grain B₁ and B₂ levels by 60 and 61%, respectively, in Waldron wheat. The same treatments decreased the contents of B₁ and B₂ in Era. Application of K and N and/or P to Era wheat resulted in a large decrease in vitamin B₁ and B₂ content. Vitamin B₆ was not influenced significantly by fertility treatments. Vitamin B₁₂ levels were not significantly different due to the fertilizer treatments. The two cultivars differed significantly only in vitamin B₁₂, Era being 52% higher than Waldron. Vitamins B₁ and B₂ varied together over all treatments and both cultivars (r=0.93).Contribution from the Department of Soils, North Dakota State University, Fargo, N.D. 58102. Journal Series No. 1196     

粳稻“龙锦1号/香软米1578” F3家系群糙米矿质元素含量变异及相关性分析

 利用粳稻品种间杂交组合“龙锦1号/香软米1578”的196份F3家系,对糙米中Fe、Se、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na和P等10种矿质元素含量的变异及其相关性进行了分析。 10种矿质元素在F3家系间均有较大的变异,其中Na含量变异最大,Zn含量变异最小,变异系数分别为77.69％和12.04％。各矿质元素含量的变异系数大小顺序为Na>Se>Cu>Fe>Mg>Mn>Ca>P>K>Zn。不同矿质元素含量也有较大的差异,F3家系群各矿质元素含量平均值高低排序为P>K>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Na>Cu>Se。糙米中10种矿质元素含量在F3家系群中均表现为正态分布,为由多基因控制的数量性状。Zn与Fe、Cu,Mn与Mg、Ca、K、P,Ca与Mg、K、Na、P,Mg与K、P,P与K、Na含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而Fe与Se、Mn与Na、Mg与Na含量呈显著或极显著负相关。Mn、Ca、Mg、K、P含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系较Fe、Se、Cu、Zn含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系更为密切。     

Effects of Soy Protein and Calcium Levels on Mineral Bioaccessibility and Protein Digestibility from Enteral Formulas

Enteral formulas (EF) are complex food systems which have all the nutrients in their matrix for the complete human nourishment. However, there are components in EF which can interact with minerals, reducing their absorption, and thereof the EF nutritional quality. The effect of soy protein (SP) and Ca content on Fe, Zn, and Ca bioaccessibility and protein digestibility (%DP) was assessed using a response surface design in EF. Tested SP levels were 2.5–5.0 g/100 mL of total protein. Ca levels were adjusted with Ca citrate within a range between 50 and 100 mg/100 mL. SP content negatively influenced %DP and Fe, Zn and Ca bioaccessibility. As SP content increased, mineral bioaccessibility and %DP decreased, probably due to the increased levels of phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors from SP. Ca content only affected %DCa, which had a direct relationship with Ca levels, while did not affect Fe and Zn bioaccessibility or %DP. Since Ca citrate did not impair Fe and Zn bioaccessibility, it could be an appropriate Ca source for EF fortification.     

氮、磷、锌营养对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响及与几种矿质元素间的相关性

以协青早、秀水110及其辐射诱变获得的低植酸突变系（HIPi1和HIPj1）为材料,通过水培试验对不同氮、磷、锌浓度处理下水稻籽粒植酸含量差异及与几种矿质元素间的相关性进行了比较分析。高水平氮、磷、锌浓度处理的籽粒植酸含量较同一品种的低氮、磷、锌处理均有所降低,但在水稻生育期间,籽粒植酸含量对磷、锌处理浓度变化的敏感性,则因品种的植酸类型特征而异;氮、磷浓度增加能分别提高铁或降低铜在籽粒中的积累,但在高锌处理下,籽粒铁含量明显降低、而钾和镁的含量等却有所升高; 籽粒植酸含量一般与K、Mg、Fe、Cu 4种矿质元素含量呈正相关、与籽粒Zn含量呈负相关,但统计显著水平因品种而异。低植酸突变体籽粒中的K、Mg、Fe、Zn等含量虽略有下降,但可以通过适当的介质营养条件来调节有关矿质营养在水稻籽粒中的积累。     

Growth responses,cooking quality determinations,and leaf nutrient concentrations of potatoes as related to exchangeable calcium,magnesium, and potassium in the soil

Field experiments were conducted during 1977 and 1978 to determine the relationship between percent exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K in the soil, and yield, quality, and leaf concentration of 11 elements for several potato cultivars. The highest yields were obtained in soil containing a combination of 5% Mg and 5% K of the cation exchange capacity. All cultivars grew equally well in the high Ca field as in the low Ca field. Potato scab was no problem. Potassium treatment levels had a consistent effect on yield, specific gravity, and chip color. Specific gravity decreased and chip color improved as the K treatment levels increased from 2 to 8% of the CEC. Leaf elemental concentrations showed few consistent effects as a result of the Mg and K soil treatments.     

自由空气CO2浓度升高对水稻营养元素吸收和籽粒中营养元素含量的影响

 利用FACE（Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment）平台技术，用水培试验研究了低氮（14 mg/L）和常氮（28 mg/L）水平下，大气CO2浓度升高对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn的吸收和在植株不同部位的分配，并着重分析了CO2浓度升高对稻米中营养元素含量的影响。结果表明，按照当前CO2浓度条件下营养元素的正常供应水平，而且各元素都以有效态供给时，CO2浓度升高对多数被测元素吸收总量影响不大，只增加了K、Ca、Fe的吸收总量； N、P、Mg、Mn向穗部分配增加，K、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe向穗部的分配比例不变；水稻籽粒中P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe和Mn含量无显著影响，N、K含量显著下降。还初步探讨了CO2浓度升高对稻米中人类必需营养元素的不足（或“隐性饥饿”）的影响。     

玉米-大豆轮作体系下连续4年增施有机肥对玉米产量和子粒品质的影响

利用典型黑土区玉米-大豆轮作定位试验,设5个处理,即不施肥(NoF)、玉米连作正常施用化肥(LZ)、玉米-大豆轮作正常施用化肥(CF)、玉米-大豆轮作正常施用化肥+15 000 kg/hm²有机肥(CF+15T)和玉米-大豆轮作正常施用化肥+30 000 kg/hm²有机肥(CF+30T),研究连续4年增施有机肥后对玉米产量及构成要素和子粒中蛋白质、氨基酸、可溶性糖、淀粉、矿质营养元素含量的影响。结果表明,同CF处理相比,LZ处理玉米产量比CF处理降低15%,连续4年增施有机肥后玉米产量呈增加趋势,CF+15T处理和CF+30T处理玉米产量比CF处理高8.8%和13%。单施化肥处理下连作与轮作玉米子粒品质指标差异不大,轮作处理后连续4年增施有机肥处理的玉米子粒中游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和淀粉含量随着施用有机肥的量增加而增加,对玉米子粒蛋白质含量影响不大。同LZ和CF处理相比,连续4年增施有机肥显著提高玉米子粒中K、Na、Mg和P含量,Ca、Mn、Fe和Zn含量无显著变化。因此,黑土区玉米连作减产,对品质影响不大。玉米-大豆轮作制度下连续4年增施1...     

果蔗矿质养分含量及品质指标差异稳定性分析

果蔗含有丰富的糖分、纤维分、水分、矿质元素、氨基酸等,这些成分指标受环境条件与品种因素的影响.本文分析了我国主栽的2个果蔗品种的矿质养分含量及品质指标在不同蔗区之间的差异.于果蔗成熟期,分别在广东、广西、云南、海南4个甘蔗主产区,选取在我国具有代表性的2个果蔗品种('Badila'和'粤糖54-474')为材料,对其主...     

Influences of Cadmium on Grain Mineral Nutrient Contents of Two Rice Genotypes Differing in Grain Cadmium Accumulation

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Cd on grain Cd, K, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn accumulation in two rice genotypes (Xiushui 63 and Xiushui 217) differing in grain Cd accumulation under four Cd levels, i.e. 0, 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg. Rice genotype greatly affected the grain K content, but not significantly for P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents. There were remarkable effects of additional Cd on the contents of P, Mg and Zn in grains, while not significant for K, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents. No significant differences were found in the interaction of genotype by additional Cd on these nine element contents. The low grain Cd accumulation genotype Xiushui 217 had significantly higher grain K, Mg, Cu and Mn contents than the high grain Cd accumulation genotype Xiushui 63, but the case was opposite for Zn, Pb and Fe contents. It also showed that Cd addition levels significantly influenced the K, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents in rice grains. Grain K, P, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn contents reduced with the increasing rate of Cd addition.     

Losses of essential mineral nutrients by polishing of rice differ among genotypes due to contrasting grain hardness and mineral distribution

The effect of different polishing techniques on loss of mineral elements from rice grains was quantified using a panel of indica and tropical japonica genotypes, previously classified as differing in ease of polishing. Gradients in mineral elements across the bran-endosperm interface were quantified using micro-scaled precision abrasive polishing in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Frictional polishing, similar to that of commercial mills, i.e. 8–10% loss of grain weight, reduced the concentration of Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn by 60–80% in all genotypes. Following gentler polishing (3–5% weight loss), genotypes classified as difficult to polish showed smaller decreases in Fe, Mg, P, K and Mn compared to genotypes classified as easy to polish. The concentration of other elements, e.g. Zn, S, Ca, Cu, Mo and Cd, showed comparable reductions (<30%) irrespective of polishing technique or ease of polishing. The different patterns of polishing losses of minerals reflected their distribution within the grain. Five-fold differences in the reduction of Zn concentration during polishing were observed for different genotypes which started with similar Zn concentrations in the unpolished grain, thus showing clear potential for selecting genotypes with reduced polishing losses of Zn.     

黄淮海区主推玉米品种子粒主要矿物质元素含量分析

对黄淮海区36个主推玉米品种子粒各微量和常量矿物质元素含量进行分析。结果表明,玉米子粒Zn、Fe、Mn和Cu浓度变化范围分别为16.2~24.0、17.7~32.9、3.3~7.4和1.1~2.4 mg/kg,其平均浓度分别为20.1、23.0、4.5和1.6 mg/kg,变异系数分别为10.3%、23.0%、23.9%和22.1%。Ca和Mg浓度范围分别为37.8~93.5和1 002.1~1 357.4 mg/kg,平均浓度分别为68.3和1 163.2 mg/kg,变异系数为25.3%和7.9%。N,K和P浓度范围分别为8.9~14.0、3.2~4.8和2.2~3.0 g/kg,平均浓度分别为11.5,3.9和2.6 g/kg,变异系数分别为12.4%,10.7%和8.3%。子粒中60.2%~85.9%的P以植酸磷形态存在,与Zn和Fe均无相关性;Zn和Fe同时与Mn、Mg和K呈显著正相关,表明玉米子粒中Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg和K浓度提高的同时不会提高植酸P浓度,有利于提高子粒Zn和Fe的生物有效性。     

云南稻种矿质元素含量与形态及品质性状的关系

 以653份云南稻种为材料进行了8种矿质元素含量与4个品质性状及其24个形态性状间的相关性分析，结果表明核心种质的P、K、Ca和Mg含量与绝大多数形态和品质性状的关系密切，以P与茎蘖数(-0.2043** )、K与直链淀粉含量 (-0.2043** )、Ca与株高(-0.4151** )、Mg与蛋白质(0.2570** )相关性相对较高; 核心种质的Mn、Zn、Cu和Fe含量与少数形态品质性状的关系密切, 以Fe与胶稠度(-0.1121** )、Zn与结实率(-0.1411** )、Cu与每穗实粒数(-01398** )、Mn与株高（-0.2492** ）相关性相对较高。     

Multivariate analysis of relationship between potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield,amount of applied elements,their concentrations in tubers and uptake in a long-term fertilizer experiment

The aim of this study was to investigate how potato yield, the concentrations of elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in tubers and their uptake are affected by mineral N, P and K fertilizers, straw and pig slurry application.     

The influence of potassium fertilizer application on tuber yield and mineral element content of potato petioles during the growing season

Potassium was applied at rates equivalent to 0, 135, and 250 pounds per acre (0, 151, 180 kg K/ha) to study the effect of soil applied K on tuber yields and concentration of mineral elements in the petioles of potato plants during growth both measured at 14 day intervals. Petioles were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn, Cu, Al, Mn, and B. Seasonal trends in petiolar K content were highly correlated with tuber bulking regardless of rate of K application. Increasing K application rates generally increased petiolar levels of K and Zn (early in the season) and decreased the levels of N, Mg, Ca, Zn (late in the season), Al, Fe, Cu, and B in the petioles. Concentrations of P and Mn were unaffected by K applications. Seasonal trends in the mineral element content of petioles were not influenced by K. Results indicate that a prediction model for tuber yield based upon trends in the K content of petioles is valid under differing soil levels of K.     

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of five peanut cultivars grown in Pakistan

Four high yielding imported and one local peanut cultivar, grown under local soil and climatic conditions, were compared for their chemical composition and nutritional quality. The local cultivar Kurram contained the maximum protein (28.3%) and the imported cultivar No. 45 contained the maximum oil content (49.5%). K, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were present in nutritionally significant and comparable amounts in all the cultivars. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all the cultivars. The chemical scores and net protein utilization (operative) values were higher for the imported than local cultivar while net dietary protein calories percent (NDP Cal%) values showed only minor variations among the five cultivars. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for protein, oil, Na, K, Ca, P and Zn contents of all the cultivars. Roasting (150°C, 1/2 h) decreased the lysine, threonine, methionine, cystine, arginine, tryptophan and tyrosine contents but increased the protein, oil, ash, fiber, mineral elements (except Na and C1), aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine contents.     

Genetic Diversity for Seed Mineral Composition in the Wild Legume <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teramnus labialis</Emphasis>

Teramnus labialis (L.) Spreng. is a wild, tropical legume whose seeds are collected and used as a food source by tribal populations. In order to assess the potential of this legume to provide dietary minerals for humans, fourteen diverse accessions were grown under controlled, nutrient-replete conditions and seeds were harvested for mineral analysis. The germplasm originated from Indonesia, Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. Seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were found to fall within the range of published values for several cultivated grain legumes, while calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were higher in T. labialis seeds. Mineral concentrations across the diverse accessions showed ranges of 1.3- to 2.3-fold for the macronutrient minerals (Ca, Mg, P, K) and 1.8- to 15.9-fold for the micronutrient minerals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Na). The existing genetic diversity in this wild legume, especially for the essential minerals Ca and Mg, could be exploited to develop T. labialis as a new cultivated legume for tropical regions of the world.     

The composition of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) grown in Botswana

This study investigated the composition of pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan),grown at Sebele, Botswana. The raw seeds of six varieties were analyzed fordry matter, crude fat, protein, fiber, and ash, using Association of OfficialAnalytical Chemists procedures. Major minerals, Ca, K, P, Mg, Na and traceminerals, Cu, Fe and Zn were also assessed. The range of nutrient contentsobtained were: dry matter 86.6–88.0%, crude protein 19.0–21.7%, crudefat 1.2–1.3%, crude fiber 9.8–13.0%, and ash 3.9–4.3%. Minerals ranges(mg/100 g dry matter) were: K 1845–1941, P 163–293, Ca 120–167, Mg 113–127, Na 11.3–12.0, Zn 7.2–8.2, Fe 2.5–4.7 and Cu 1.6–1.8. There wereno significant differences in Na among the six varieties (p>0.05). For the other components, varietal differences (p < 0.05) were observed. The valuesobtained for the dry matter, crude protein, fat, ash, Ca, Cu, Fe, and Mg weresimilar to those in pigeon peas grown elsewhere, while those for crude fiber and Zn were higher. In general, the composition of pigeon peas compared favorably with those of other legumes such as Bambara groundnut (Vignasubterranea). The levels of crude protein, crude fiber, K, Ca, P and Mgindicated that pigeon peas could be valuable in the diet of the people of Botswana. This crop would positively contribute protein in the diet and thediversification of agricultural produce.