莫桑比克不同腰果品系对叶果回枯病的抗病性调查研究

在田间自然发生条件下,研究莫桑比克9个高产优良腰果品系对叶果回枯病的抗病性。结果表明:腰果品系4.1AD叶片高感,果实感病;腰果品系5.12PA叶片和果实均为感病;腰果品系CCS27和CM8均为叶片感病,果实中抗;腰果品系A103叶片中抗,果实高抗;腰果品系H1叶片高抗,果实中抗;腰果品系7.10PA、19.5AD和C5.59叶片和果实均为高抗。在参试腰果品系中,未发现叶片免疫品系,也未发现果实高感或免疫品系。     

草地贪夜蛾有转移危害茶树的可能

草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）是世界性的重大迁飞性害虫,寄主范围极广。本文比较研究了草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食茶树和玉米叶片的生长适合度。试验结果表明,饲喂茶树叶片的初孵草地贪夜蛾幼虫8 d死亡率高达100%。3龄（9日龄）草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食茶树叶片的幼虫体重增长量显著低于以玉米叶为食的幼虫;取食3 d和6 d后,以茶树叶片为食的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的体重分别是以玉米叶为食的幼虫体重的35.58%和36.67%。取食茶树叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的生长适合度明显低于取食玉米叶的幼虫。主要表现为：（1）8 d后,取食玉米叶的草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫存活率比取食茶树叶片的幼虫高出20%;（2）取食茶树叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的成功化蛹率为54.17%;（3）取食茶树叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的发育历期极显著长于取食玉米叶的幼虫,且蛹重、蛹长和蛹宽极显著低于取食玉米叶的幼虫的蛹。尽管取食茶树叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的生长适合度较低,但是由于茶园中存在草地贪夜蛾嗜食的杂草,初孵幼虫可以杂草为食,3龄以上幼虫可取食茶树叶片并成功化蛹。因此,推测一旦草地贪夜蛾误迁入茶园,在茶园中的嗜食杂草被其食光后,其幼虫很有可能进一步危害茶树。     

春大豆不同播季的生态特性比较

研究结果表明:春大豆秋播各性状的测量值变小,变异率依次为单株粒数>单株粒重和分枝荚数>分枝数>结荚节数>株高>单株荚数>每荚粒数>主茎节数>茎粗>主茎荚数>百粒重;亲本来源不同的组别间,以及亲本来源相同的不同株系间,上述性状的变异率存在较大差异;出苗至开花日平均温度直接影响单株产量,而且还通过株高、单株荚数和粒数间接影响单株产量。     

Response of osteoclasts to titanium surfaces with increasing surface roughness: an in vitro study

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption and implant surface roughness promotes osseointegration. However, little is known about the effect of roughness on osteoclast activity. This study aims at the characterization of osteoclastic response to surface roughness. The number of osteoclasts, the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities, the cell morphology and the actin-ring formation were examined on smooth (TS), acid-etched (TA) and sandblasted acid-etched (TLA) titanium and on native bone. Cell morphology was comparable on TA, TLA and bone, actin rings being similar in size on TLA and bone, but smaller on TA and virtually absent on TS. Gelatin zymography revealed increased proMMP-9 expression on TA, TLA, and bone compared to TS. In general, osteoclasts show similar characteristics on rough titanium surfaces and on bone, but reduced activity on smooth titanium surfaces. These results offer some insight into the involvement of osteoclasts in remodeling processes around implant surfaces.     

南方丘陵红壤茶园的镁营养

根据当前国内外茶树镁营养的研究成果 ,结合笔者在湘南和杭州的试验研究 ,对丘陵红壤茶园土壤镁含量及存在形态、茶树中镁的营养状况、茶树缺镁症、茶园施用镁肥的效果等进行了系统的分析和总结 ,并据此对丘陵红壤茶园镁肥施用技术和镁肥的开发进行了探讨     

水稻品种对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响

在室内研究了以不同水稻品种上褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)为食的黑肩绿盲蝽(Cyrtorhinus lividipennis)对褐飞虱卵的功能反应。结果表明,以TN1、IR26、IR64和丙97-34等4个品种上褐飞虱为食的黑肩绿盲蝽的功能反应均显著地强于以丙97-59上褐飞虱为食的黑肩绿盲蝽的,而在前面的4个品种间则差异不明显。统计分析表明,由丙97-59上所育出的黑肩绿盲蝽对猎物的处理时间显著或极显著地长于由其他4个品种上所育出的,而瞬时攻击率则在5个品种上所育出的黑肩绿盲蝽间差异不显著,这说明导致不同品种上育出的黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应差异的原因主要在于其对猎物处理时间上的不同。文中还就试验结果在害虫治理中的意义进行了讨论。     

玉米涝渍灾害研究进展与展望

综述近年来国内外玉米涝渍灾害的最新研究进展,对涝渍指标和涝渍对玉米生长发育、产量及构成要素、生理生化过程的影响以及基于作物模型的涝渍影响研究进行总结与评述。目前,玉米涝渍灾害评定标准尚未统一,涝渍指标多以降水量或土壤含水量为基础,需以土壤水分平衡为核心,综合多种因素进一步深入研究。加强涝渍对玉米影响的机理研究,增强现有作物模型对灾害影响的模拟能力是作物模型发展的方向。     

EGCG对线粒体PT孔开放及Ca~(2+)转运的影响

对线粒体膨胀及线粒体膜电位的研究发现,EGCG对Ca2+和H2O2导致的线粒体通透性改变有抑制其膨胀的作用。EGCG对Ca2+诱导的线粒体Ca2+释放随加入时间有抑制和加速释放的作用;与Ca2+同时加入,它们可以抑制线粒体对Ca2+的吸收和线粒体Ca2+的释放;在线粒体吸收Ca2+达到最大时加入EGCG,则促进线粒体Ca2+的释放,EGCG还可抑制Ca2+引起的线粒体膜电位的降低。     

胶园间作研究的现状、存在的问题及未来研究方向

目前，胶园间作研究多集中在幼龄胶园，而对成龄胶园研究不多，多局限在生产力、生态、水分、化感作用、营养元素的生物循环与能量流动及经济效益上，而很少把它作为一个完整的复合生态系统来研究橡胶树与间作作物之间养分竞争、水分竞争，而养分、水分资源协同高效利用的研究则更是少见。未来胶园间作的研究应着眼于成龄胶园，解决成龄胶园各组分之间的养分、水分竞争问题，着重探讨成龄胶园根系及其分泌物对养分、水分竞争的影响作用，阐明养分、水分竞争的机制，提高间作系统养分、水分利用率，为成龄胶园间作中资源高效利用提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Studies on Plant Population and Stand Establishment Techniques for Increasing Productivity of Rice in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan

Rice production in Pakistan is constraint by many factors pertaining to prevalent planting techniques. A research on the feasibility of new planting techniques (direct seeding on flat, transplanting on flat, direct seeding on ridges, transplanting on ridges and parachute planting) in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice was undertaken at Dera Ismail Khan region of Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province during 2002 and 2003. Among the planting techniques, the best performance for the yield formation and economic evaluation was noted for transplanting on flat during both years. Chinese parachute planting technology also showed very promising results in most of the parameters. Direct seeding on ridges could not excel transplanting on flat and parachute planting during both cropping seasons. The findings concluded the feasibility of parachute planting technology along with traditional rice transplanting on flat over all other planting techniques being practiced in the area.     

有限性和无限性大豆的解剖初探

研究表明:有限性及无限性大豆的茎端都能从营养生长转化为生殖生长,分化出花原基。但从植株开始花芽分化至主茎端开始花原基分化,无限性大豆较有限性大豆所经历的时间长,茎端分化出的叶原基数目也相应地多。不同结荚习性大豆叶面积变化的差异及顶荚发育的差异与上述解剖学上的差异有关。     

抗虫水稻品种上饲养的白背飞虱种群的致害性变化

采用分别带有抗白背飞虱基因Wbph2和Wbph5的水稻品种ARC10239(ARC)和N'Diang(ND)作为选择寄主,获得第15代种群(ARC种群和ND种群),对这两个种群进行致害性检测.设RHT和TN1为抗感虫对照.结果表明这两个种群在其相应的寄主品种上分泌唾液和X波持续时间较短,而取食韧皮部的时间较长.ARC种群和ND种群分别在其相应的寄主品种和TN1上分泌的蜜露量没有显著差异,且明显大于其在RHT上分泌的蜜露量.在寄主品种和TN1上的产卵量明显高于RHT,发育卵率没有显著差异.ND种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为45.0%,介于TN1(71.4%)和RHT(21.0%)之间,并与它们存在显著差异,ARC种群在其寄主品种上的若虫存活率为68.3%,与它在TN1上(77.5%)的若虫存活率之间没有显著差异,且明显高于RHT(22.6%).这两个种群若虫发育历期在其各自的选择寄主与TN1之间没有显著差异,且明显短于其在RHT上的发育历期.因此,这两个种群在取食和产卵方面已基本适应其相应的选择寄主品种,但ND种群的若虫存活率还较低.     

The vertical distribution of green peach aphids and its effect on a model quantifying the relationship between green peach aphids and a predator

The vertical distribution of green peach aphids (GPA) on potato plants was studied to estimate its impact on a model simulating the effects of a predator on GPA populations. This model is based on laboratory studies of a ladybird beetle feeding on GPA that was placed exclusively on the bottom leaf of a three leaf stem section. The model predicts the impact ofColeomegilla maculata (DeGeer) adults and third instar larvae on GPA populations over a range of temperatures and GPA densities. The vertical distribution of GPA in a potato field and the effects of different levels of aldicarb on this distribution were determined by counting all GPA on the upper, middle, and lower thirds of a stem in situ. A one leaf sub-sample was taken from each stem section as a comparison. The vertical distribution of GPA changed with aldicarb dose. Most GPA were found on the lower third of stems from plots treated with the lowest aldicarb doses. However, most GPA occurred on the upper third of the stems from plots treated with the highest aldicarb doses. This distribution changed midway through the season until most GPA occurred on the bottom third of the stems. C. maculata adults and third instar larvae preferentially search the upper and lower thirds of potato plants. This suggests thatC. maculata would be an effective early season predator, and that our model should over-predict the effect ofC. maculata on GPA populations late in the season.     

Emergence and Infestation Level of Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Coffee Berries on the Plant or on the Ground During the Post-harvest Period in Brazil

The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most important coffee pest in most of the coffee growing countries. CBB females leave old dry berries after harvest and search for dry noninfested berries on the plant or on the ground to lay eggs or to use as refuge until new berries are available on the coffee trees in the following season. The CBB infestation level and emergence from berries on the ground or on the plants were evaluated in two fields post-harvest in the Spring in Brazil over two seasons. Twenty infested or noninfested berries in separate cages (250 ml plastic cups) were placed on the plants or on the ground under the tree canopy, in each field. The number of infested berries and CBB females that emerged from the infested berries were recorded weekly. CBB emergence was higher from berries on the ground than those on the coffee trees in both seasons, whereas CBB infestation was higher on coffee berries on the plants than those on the ground in season I. Insolation (hours of sunlight) and temperature were the main covariates that affected emergence and infestation by this insect. The results are discussed for monitoring CBB during the time of dispersal with implications on integrated management of this pest.     

Levels of resistance of rice cultivars and the weed Leersia hexandra L. to Nephotettix malayanus Ishihara et Kawase and N. virescens (Distant)

Studies on the mechanisms of resistance of some rice cultivars and the weed, Leersia hexandra, to Nephotettix malayanus indicated low survival and popu;ation growth of the insect on resistant cultivars. Tests on feeding behaviour indicated that more feeding punctures were made on resistant than on susceptible cultivars. The amount of honeydew excreted was not related to the levels of resistance. Honeydew excreted on resistant cultivars was acidic (pH 5·08–6·92) and on susceptible L. hexandra, basic (pH 7·56). On the basis of the quality of honeydew excreted, N. malayanus was considered to be predominantly a xylem feeder. A test on the serial transmission of the rice tungro virus (RTV) showed that N. malayanus transmitted the virus for only one day after feeding acquisition. N. virescens was a more efficient vector of RTV than N. malayanus. N. malayanus prefers to feed on L. hexandra rather than on the rice cultivars tested.     

Stress and recovery of hill pastures in the North Island of New Zealand

Moisture and treading treatments were imposed on intact turves that were relocated to a glasshouse after being removed from three hill pastures of different soil fertility in the North Island of New Zealand. The experiment consisted of a 2‐month stress phase, where the treatments were wetting (W), wetting and treading (WT), drying (D) and control (C). In this phase, herbage accumulation rate, tiller density and leaf extension rate were lower on the D turves, and herbage accumulation rate and tiller density were lower on the WT turves than for the C turves. Herbage accumulation rate was higher on the W treatment than on the C treatment. In the 2‐month recovery phase, herbage accumulation rate and leaf extension rate on the D turves were higher than those of the C treatment. Herbage accumulation rate and tiller density took longer to recover on the WT turves but by the end of the recovery period tiller density on these turves exceeded that of the C turves and the original tiller densities on the WT turves. Changes (increase or decrease) in leaf extension rate were associated with the W treatment and tiller density with the WT treatment. Moisture was limiting on the D and C turves, but on the W and WT turves, where moisture was adequate for plant growth, nutrients were limiting, notably phosphorus on the W and WT turves and sulphur on the W turves. The D treatment turves recovered very quickly once the stress was removed but the WT turves were slower to recover. Under the experimental conditions applied, the hill pasture turves were more resilient to the drying treatment than the wetting and treading treatment.     

根表铁膜对水稻磷素吸收影响研究进展

磷（P）对水稻生长的影响仅次于氮。P在土壤中含量丰富,但由于其难溶性及土壤的高吸附性,可被植物直接吸收利用的活性P含量很低。根表铁膜对土壤中的P有很强的吸附作用,在一定程度上是植物的营养库,铁膜中的P是植物吸收的重要P源。有关根表铁膜与水稻P吸收的关系已有很多报道,是促进还是抑制作用情况比较复杂。本文综述了水稻根表铁膜的形成原因、对P的吸附与解吸附能力以及对水稻吸收利用的影响,并对今后开展根表铁膜对水稻P吸收的调控机理研究提出几点建议,同时对根表铁膜调控水稻P吸收的应用前景进行了展望。     

Response of secondary selection on soybean cyst nematode reproduction on resistant soybean lines

Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, (SCN) populations have been developed which are capable of reproducing on soybean lines known to be resistant to one or more SCN races. Three of the populations developed on PI 88788, PI 90763 and Peking were selected for their differential response on the three hosts. The secondary selection was made on the parent which originally had a high level of resistance. With one exception, secondary selection resulted in increased reproductive ability of the populations on the soybean lines on which they were selected. There was also a corresponding decrease in the reproductive ability on the soybean line on which they were originally developed. The genes from PI 88788, PI 90763 and Peking could be used alternately to provide protection against SCN damage.     

Drape behaviour of seamed fabrics

Clothe drape depends, on the one hand, on the mechanical and constructional properties of the textile materials and, on the other hand, on the form — construction of the cloth, and their connected positions at the seams. This article analyses the influence of seam types and directions on fabric drape. The drape coefficient together with the number and distribution of folds were determined using a Cusick Drape meter with a video camera and Drape Analyser. The results of our investigation showed that the number of folds on the samples with seams was greater, or in some cases, equal to samples without seams. The distribution and form of the folds also changed. Drape coefficient was, in most cases, greater on samples with seams than samples without seams. Furthermore it was discovered that by measurement repetition the angle values are similar even when the folds on the samples are not distributed in the same manner.     

Pathogenicity of Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae on Brachypodium distachyon

Inoculation methods for rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae to Brachypodium distachyon were developed to investigate the infection process and symptom development in comparison with those on rice (Oryza sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare).M.oryzae could infect leaves,sheathes,stems and panicles of B.distachyon and cause blast disease.Spraying conidial suspension on either intact seedlings or leaf segments induced typical symptoms on B.distachyon.During the intact seedling inoculation,the symptom developed on B.distachyon leaves closely resembled that on rice;but the lesions on B.distachyon had better uniformity in shapes and sizes than those on rice or barley.In the leaf segments inoculation,only initial and low-developed lesions could be found on rice,while normal symptoms on B.distachyon and barley.Inoculated with low-virulent mutants of M.oryzae,B.distachyon produced low-level symptoms.The symptom level of each mutant on B.distachyon corresponded well to that on rice.In addition,typical infection processes presented on B.distachyon leaves:forming melanized appressoria,penetrating into host epidermis and then forming hyphae in epidermal cells.According to these results,B.distachyon can be used as a candidate for studying fungus-plant interactions and as a probable source of disease resistance.