雷州半岛徐闻红树林植物群落的结构和动态特征

为揭示不同潮位红树林群落结构及动态规律,本文对雷州半岛徐闻官曹红树林群落的物种组成、物种年龄结构和多样性等群落特征进行了分析.结果表明:离岸高潮位和和中潮位均为白骨壤+红海榄群落,低潮位为白骨壤群落,反映随潮位的降低,群落物种数逐渐减少,白骨壤种群在各潮位均为优势种,具较宽生态位,而次优势种群红海榄则只分布于中高潮位,生态位相对较窄.白骨壤和红海榄在所出现的潮位中,其幼苗和苗木均较多,年龄结构均属于增长型.各群落物种多样性Simpson指数(D)、Shannon(H)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)的大小顺序关系均为中潮位的白骨壤+红海榄群落＞高潮位的白骨壤+红海榄＞低潮位的白骨壤群落.隐含着高潮位物种竞争剧烈,均匀度较小,中潮位物种关系稳定,均匀度较大,低潮位物种受环境严重胁迫表现适生选择性.白骨壤和红海榄在所出现的潮位中,种群格局均属于集群分布,反映其典型的胎生红树特征.     

桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物再生状况比较(英文)

本文调查了桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物多样性、密度和物种组成。桉树人工林和邻近天然林内分别圈画出20个20m×20m样地,记录下每块样地内的物种名称、物种丰富度、植株直径和高度以及采集亚样方(4m2)内幼苗数目。本试验中,记录人工林内木本植物46种,邻近天然林内52种,分别来自36个科。人工林内,物种多样性(H’)为2.19,林下木本植物密度为3842株/hm2,幼苗密度为4151株/hm2;而天然林内的物种多样性、林下树木密度和幼苗密度分别为2.74,4122株/hm2和8101株/hm2。两种林分的木本植物物种组成相似性较高。研究还表明,桉树人工林适合于Millitia ferruginia和小果咖啡生长和再生,而对下层木本则不适合。     

特呈岛红树植物群落特征及生态位研究

以广东省湛江市特呈岛红树林为对象,通过实地调查并运用径阶结构以及重要值、丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数等多样性指标对特呈岛红树林群落主要种群结构进行分析,同时运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠度、生态位相似性分析其生态位特征。结果表明:特呈岛主要是以白骨壤纯林和红海榄纯林为主,红海榄+白骨壤+木榄群落的多样性最高。白骨壤和红海榄的生态位宽度极其相似,木榄的竞争力最弱;白骨壤种群与红海榄种群重叠适中处于动态的稳定状态,而红海榄与木榄两物种之间的种间竞争较大;白骨壤、红海榄、木榄的生态位相似性比较低。因此,白骨壤和红海榄种群稳定,红海榄与木榄形成竞争。     

坡位和密度对桉树林生产力和林下植被多样性的影响

以广东省信宜市池洞镇和水口镇桉树人工林为研究对象,通过样地调查,统计和分析了不同坡 位（上坡位和下坡位）和不同密度（低密度 1 350~1 700 株 /ha、高密度 1 950~2 475 株 /ha）桉树林个体生 长量（树高、胸径、单株材积）、林分蓄积量及其林下植被物种多样性（Margale 丰富度指数、Simpson 优 势度指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Pielou 均匀度指数）。结果表明：（1）坡位显著影响桉树林生产力和林 下植被多样性,下坡位桉树树高、胸径、单株材积和林分蓄积量和林下灌木层物种多样性明显高于上坡 位,但下坡位林下草本层物种多样性低于上坡位;（2）密度对胸径和单株材积有显著影响,但不影响树高 和林分蓄积量,高密度桉树林下灌木层和草本层物种多样性均明显低于低密度桉树林。总体而言,肥力条 件更好的下坡位更利于桉树生长,产量更高,坡位对林下灌木层和草本层物种多样性的影响有所不同;高 密度（1 950~2 475 株 /ha）造林时,增产效果不明显,但存在林下植被多样性下降的风险。     

林分结构对辽东山区蒙古栎林天然更新的影响

[目的 ]探讨林分结构与林下更新幼苗之间的关系,为人工促进天然更新提供理论依据。[方法 ]以辽东山区蒙古栎林为研究对象,采用拟合模型和Pearson相关分析法,研究了林分空间结构对蒙古栎天然更新的影响。[结果 ](1)林分断面积对更新幼苗密度影响显著,随林分断面积的增加,幼苗密度呈增加趋势,当断面积达到31 m2·hm-2,幼苗密度增加逐渐放缓;(2)林分断面积与幼苗基径和苗高呈显著负相关关系(P 0.05);(3)林分竞争指数和密集度均与幼苗密度之间存在典型的抛物线关系,与密集度相比,竞争指数对幼苗密度的影响更显著;(4)林分空间结构对更新幼苗的物种多样性影响显著,林分的混交度越大,垂直结构越复杂,更新幼苗的种类和Shannon-Wiener多样性越高。(5)多元逐步回归分析结果显示:林分断面积、竞争指数和密集度是影响蒙古栎林更新幼苗密度的主要因子。[结论 ]人工促进蒙古栎林天然更新,改善林下物种多样性,可通过调控林分断面积、竞争指数和密集度的经营方式来实现。     

林分密度对华北落叶松天然次生林林下植被和土壤呼吸的影响

为实现“碳中和”背景下的森林高质量经营,探索林分密度调控对森林生态系统土壤呼吸和林下植被物种多样性的影响具有非常重要的意义。以山西五台山林区华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii）天然次生林为研究对象,设置不同林分密度样地,调查林下植被物种多样性并测定土壤呼吸速率,分析林分密度对林下植被物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率的影响以及物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率的耦合关系。结果表明,喜光植物的重要值随林分密度增加而逐渐降低,在高密度林分中变成偶见种或消失,耐荫植物的重要值随林分密度增加而升高,在高密度林分中成为代表性种。林下植被物种多样性和土壤呼吸速率均随林分密度增加均呈先上升后下降的趋势;香农-威纳指数、辛普森指数、基于香农-威纳指数的均匀度指数、基于辛普森指数的均匀度指数和物种丰富度指数均在中密度下达到峰值,土壤呼吸速率也在中密度下达到峰值;植被种类、林下植被物种多样性指数与土壤呼吸速率的相关性极强,其中物种丰富度指数对土壤呼吸速率的影响最显著。     

贵州省马尾松林分树种多样性分析

以贵州马尾松10-60年生天然林和人工林为研究对象,采用Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数,对不同起源、不同龄组、不同密度、不同干扰程度的马尾松林分的乔木树种多样性进行分析。结果表明,选取样地Shannon-Wiener指数平均值为0.656 0,Simpson指数平均值为0.332 5。马尾松天然林的林分多样性表现优于人工林,马尾松中龄林和近熟林的物种丰富度和多样性均优于马尾松成熟林和幼龄林,马尾松密度为660~1 950株/hm2的林分多样性指数和物种丰富度指数表现最优,马尾松林分干扰程度等级为3的林分多样性指数和物种丰富度指数均值最大。样地中大部分林分树种多样性及物种丰富度不高,生态优势度偏低。     

扎兰屯地区不同密度兴安落叶松人工林下物种多样性的研究

以扎兰屯地区3种不同密度33年生兴安落叶松人工林为研究对象,分析兴安落叶松人工林下物种的重要值、丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数和相似系数随林分密度的变化规律。结果表明:兴安落叶松林下共出现植物11科29属31种。草本层物种组成、植物丰富度指数、多样性指数随着林分密度的增大,均先增加后降低。各指数与林分密度的相关性分析表明,草本层的多样性指数、草本层的均匀度指数与林分密度均表现出较高的相关性。随着林分密度增大,林下共有种减少,相似系数降低。人工林密度为1 751.89株/hm2时,林下草本层物种丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数均达到最高,表明此密度下兴安落叶松人工林群落稳定性最好。     

关帝山华北落叶松林林分因子及其对林下草本多样性的影响

以关帝山华北落叶松林为研究对象,采用典型抽样方法,调查其林分密度、平均树高、平均胸径、平均冠幅、平均林龄和平均枝下高6个林分因子和林下草本层物种多样性指数,探究林分因子对林下草本物种多样性指数和林分结构的影响。结果显示：(1)除林分密度、平均冠幅和平均胸径外,其他林分因子都有显著性差异;林分密度的变异程度最高,平均林龄变异程度最低。(2)4种草本多样性指数在各样地之间均存在显著性差异,其中物种丰富度指数变异性最大,Simpson指数变异程度最低。(3)物种丰富度指数在6个林分因子的影响下有较明显波动,整体上呈减小的趋势,而其余3种指数无明显变化。(4)由相关性和线性拟合分析得出林分密度主要影响林下草本层物种丰富度指数和Shannon指数,平均树高和平均枝下高主要影响林下草本层物种丰富度指数,各林分因子对Simpson指数和Pielou指数均无显著影响。(5)林分密度为150株/hm²,平均树高为17.34 m,平均胸径为30.53 cm,平均枝下高为2.95 m,平均冠幅为5.68 m,平均年龄为53年时,华北落叶松林林下草本层物种多样性达到最大。结果表明：适当对...     

黄土高原半干旱区侧柏人工林群落物种多样性研究

以晋西吕梁山黄土高原半干旱区侧柏人工林为研究对象,对林内植物种类进行野外调查结果表明,侧柏林下共有维管束植物39种,隶属于16科33属.利用Shannon-wiener指数、Evenness指数和Richness指数,对不同林分密度级侧柏人工林群落物种多样性进行分析,探讨黄土高原半干旱区侧柏人工林林分密度与群落物种多样性的关系.结果为:①林分密度的变化对于乔木层和灌木层物种数量影响不大,当密度为2 250株·hm-2时,草本层物种丰富度达到最大值.②林分密度对灌木层和草本层的多样性指数变化有一定的影响.当林分密度为1 375株·hm-2和2 250株·hm-2时,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性指数较大,群落相对稳定.③除密度为3 000株·hm-2的林分外,其余4个林分密度的乔木层、灌木层和草本层的均匀度指数变化趋势同丰富度指数和多样性指数基本一致.④研究区的侧柏人工林造林密度选择2 250株·hm-2或1 375株·hm-2比较适宜.     

Species diversity and regeneration of old-growth seasonally dry Shorea robusta forests following gap formation

Diversity and regeneration of woody species were investigated in two ecological niches viz. gap and intact vegetation in old-growth seasonally dry Shorea robusta (Gaertn. f.) forests in Nepal. We also related varieties of diversity measures and regeneration attributes to gap characteristics. Stem density of tree and shrub components is higher in the gap than in the intact vegetation. Seedling densities of S. robusta and Terminalia alata (B. Heyne ex Roth.) are higher in the gap than in the intact vegetation, while contrary result is observed for T. bellirica (Gaertn. ex Roxb.) and Syzigium cumini (L. Skeels) in term of seedling density. The complement of Simpson index, Evenness index, and species-individual ratio in the seedling layer are lower in the gap than the intact vegetation. Gap size can explain species richness and species establishment rate. Gaps created by multiple tree falls in different years have higher seedling density of S. robusta than gaps created by single and/or multiple tree falls in the same year. In conclusion, gaps maintain species diversity by increasing seedling density, and favor regeneration of Sal forests. In addition to gap size, other gap attributes also affect species diversity and regeneration. Foundation Project: The study was supported by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA).     

Species diversity,regeneration and dominance as influenced by canopy gaps and their characteristics in tropical evergreen forests of Western Ghats,India

Canopy gaps play a significant role in maintaining structure and composition of tropical forests. This study was carried out in tropical evergreen forests of central Western Ghats in India to understand the influence of canopy gap size and the relationship of gap regime attributes to diversity measures and regeneration. The average gap size in the study area was found to be 396 m2 and around half of gaps were 4–8 years old. Gaps created by natural single tree fall were smaller in size but significantly higher in number. Diversity and regeneration of woody species were compared with canopy gaps and intact vegetation. Species richness and diversity was higher in gaps than in intact vegetation. Macaranga peltata, a shade intolerant species dominated gaps while intact vegetation was dominated by shade tolerant Kingiodendron pinnatum.Gap size significantly influenced species diversity and regeneration. Gap area and age were significantly and negatively correlated with diversity measures but positively correlated with regeneration. Among all the attributes of gaps, regeneration was significantly positively correlated with light intensity. Gaps maintained species diversity and favored regeneration of woody species. In addition to gap size and age, other gap ecological attributes also affected species diversity and regeneration.     

Tree regeneration in gap-understory mosaics in a subtropical Shorea robusta(Sal) forest

Spatial variation in tree-regeneration density is attributed to the specialization of tree species to light availability for germination and growth. Light availability,in turn, varies across the gap-understorey mosaic. Canopy gaps provide an important habitat for the regeneration of tree species that would otherwise be suppressed in the understory. In subtropical forests, there is still a knowledge-gap relating to how canopy disturbances influence tree-regeneration patterns at local scale, and if they disproportionately favor regeneration of certain species. We aim to analyze whether canopy gaps promote tree regeneration, and tree species are specialized to gaps or understory for germination and growth. We sampled vegetation in 128 plots(0.01 ha), equally distributed in gaps and below canopy, in two subtropical Shorea robusta Gaertn.(Sal) forests in Nepal, recording the number of tree seedlings and saplings in each plot. We compared the regeneration density of seedlings and saplings separately between gaps and the understorey. The mean densities of seedlings and saplings were higher in the gaps at both sites;although there was no difference in the seedling density of the majority of the species between the habitats. No species were confined to either gap or understorey at the seedling stage. We conclude that gaps are not critical for the germination of tree species in Sal forests but these are an important habitat for enabling seedlings to survive into saplings. The classification of trees into regeneration guilds mainly based on germination does not apply to the majority of tree species in subtropical Sal forests. Our results reaffirm that gap creation promotes tree regeneration by favouring seedling survival and growth and can influence forest management for conservation, as well as for plantations.     

Tree species diversity and stand structure along major community types in lowland primary and secondary moist deciduous forests in Tripura, Northeast India

Tree species diversity and population structure at different community types were described and analyzed for primary and secondary lowland moist deciduous forests in Tripura.Overall 10,957 individual trees belonging to 46 family,103 genera and 144 species were counted at ≥30 cm DBH(diameter at breast height) using 28 permanent belt transects with a size of 1 ha(10 m × 1000 m).Four different tree communities were identified.The primary forests was dominated by Shorea robusta(mean density 464.77 trees ha-1,105 species) and Schima wallichii(336.25 trees ha-1,82 species),while the secondary forests was dominated by Tectona grandis(333.88 trees ha-1,105 species) and Hevea brasiliensis(299.67 trees ha-1,82 species).Overall mean basal area in this study was 18.01m 2 ·ha-1 ;the maximum value was recorded in primary Shorea forest(26.21 m 2 ·ha-1).Mean density and diversity indices were differed significantly within four different communities.No significant differences were observed in number of species,genera,family and tree basal cover area.Significant relationships were found between the species richness and different tree population groups across the communities.Results revealed that species diversity and density were increased in those forests due to past disturbances which resulted in slow accumulation of native oligarchic small tree species.Seventeen species were recorded with <2 individuals of which Saraca asoka(Roxb.) de Wilde and Entada phaseoloides(L.) Merr.etc.extensively used in local ethno-medicinal formulations.The present S.robusta Gaertn dominated forest was recorded richer(105 species) than other reported studies.Moraceae was found more speciose family instead of Papilionaceae and Euphorbiaceae than other Indian moist deciduous forests.Seasonal phenological gap in such moist deciduous forests influenced the population of Trachypithecus pileatus and capped langur.The analysis of FIV suggested a slow trend of shifting the population of Lamiaceae group by Moraceae species in secondary T.grandis L.dominated community.     

Tree recruitment in gaps of various size,clearcuts and undisturbed mixed forest of interior British Columbia,Canada

Tree seedling recruitment was monitored after various types of logging in mixed conifer and deciduous forests of northern British Columbia, Canada. Predicting tree seedling recruitment after disturbance is fundamental to understanding forest dynamics and succession and is vital for forest management purposes. Seedling recruitment success in multi-species northern latitude forests varied as a function of mature tree canopy cover, gap size and position in a gap. Recruitment was abundant within canopy gaps across a wide range of gap sizes (20–5000 m²), but recruit numbers dropped off rapidly under the closed forest canopy and in the open conditions of clearcuts. Inside canopy gaps, recruitment was similar by gap position in small gaps (<300 m²) but, in these northern latitude forests, exhibited a trend of increasing density from the sunny north to shady south end of larger gaps. This was true for all tree species regardless of their shade tolerance ranking. There was no evidence of gap partitioning by any of the tree species during the regeneration phase suggesting that adaptation to the subtleties of gap size during early recruitment are not well developed in these tree species. Favorable locations for emergence and early establishment of germinants were less favorable for growth and survival of established seedlings, i.e. the regeneration niches in these forests were discordant. Tree abundance and species diversity appears to be controlled more by differentiation among growth and survival niches than by the regeneration niches. From the perspective of forest management, abundant natural regeneration of all the dominant tree species of these mixed-species forests can be obtained after partial cutting.     

Interacting effects of canopy gap, understory vegetation and leaf litter on tree seedling recruitment and composition in tropical secondary forests

We experimentally investigated interacting effects of canopy gaps, understory vegetation and leaf litter on recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings at the community level in a 20-year-old lowland forest in Costa Rica, and tested several predictions based on results of previous studies. We predicted that experimental canopy gaps would greatly enhance tree seedling recruitment, and that leaf litter removal would further enhance recruitment of small-seeded, shade-intolerant seedlings in gaps. We created a large (320–540 m²) gap in the center of 5 out of 10 40 m × 40 m experimental plots, and applied the following treatments bimonthly over a 14-month-period in a factorial, split–split plot design: clipping of understory vegetation (cut, uncut), and leaf litter manipulations (removal, addition, control). As expected, experimental gaps dramatically increased tree seedling recruitment, but gap effects varied among litter treatments. Litter addition reduced recruitment in gaps, but enhanced recruitment under intact canopy. Species composition of recruits also differed markedly between gap treatments: several small-seeded pioneer and long-lived pioneer species recruited almost exclusively in gaps. In contrast, a few medium-to-large-seeded shade-tolerant species recruited predominantly under intact canopy. Leaf litter represents a major barrier for seedling emergence and establishment of small-seeded, shade-intolerant species, but enhances emergence and establishment of large-seeded, shade-tolerant species, possibly through increased humidity and reduced detection by predators. Periodic clipping of the understory vegetation marginally reduced tree seedling mortality, but only in experimental gaps, where understory vegetation cover was greatly enhanced compared to intact canopy conditions. Successful regeneration of commercially valuable long-lived pioneer trees that dominate the forest canopy may require clear-cutting, as well as weeding and site preparation (litter removal) treatments in felling clearings. Management systems that mimic natural canopy gaps (reduced-impact selective logging) could favor the regeneration of shade-tolerant tree species, potentially accelerating convergence to old-growth forest composition. In contrast, systems that produce large canopy openings (clear-cutting) may re-initiate succession, potentially leading to less diverse but perhaps more easily managed “natural plantations” of long-lived pioneer tree species.     

Regeneration patterns of Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in hardwood-dominated forests in Virginia, USA

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is a moderately shade-tolerant species that co-occurs with hardwood tree species in many forests of the eastern United States, as well as in pure stands. The species is valued for its timber, as well as for wildlife and recreation. Regeneration of this species is somewhat unpredictable and often occurs in patches of similarly-aged cohorts. We described the regeneration patterns of this species and examined their relation to environmental variables within hardwood forests of southwestern Virginia, USA. An average of 5.3 white pine patches per ha were observed in this study. The majority of patches consisted of saplings (85%), with 9% of patches in pole size classes, and 6% in seedling size classes. The average density of patches was 43.5 stems with an average age of 20 years. The size of patches averaged 80.6 m². The total density of seedlings and the number of regeneration patches of all sizes of regeneration (seedlings, saplings, and poles) in plots was related to the surrounding density of large white pine trees (potential seed trees). The density of seedlings or patches was not significantly related to current vegetation cover or soil surface cover variables, but more than half of regeneration patches were located in or adjacent to old canopy gaps, most of which were old logging gaps. While seedling regeneration may occur within the understory of these forests near seed trees, advancement to the sapling and pole stage appears to be associated with canopy gap formation.     

Response of Quercus robur L. seedlings to north-south asymmetry of light within gaps in floodplain forests of Slovenia

To examine Quercus robur establishment and growth in low to intermediate light levels, we analysed regeneration in different microsites created by light asymmetry within gaps in two main floodplain forest regions of Slovenia: Dolinsko and Krakovo. Four years after a mast year in 1995, we installed systematic grids of 1×1 m plots in 11 gaps (0.03–0.40 ha) on wet and dry site variants. In 256 plots, seedling species, cover, density, height, height increment, browsing damage, tree architecture, understory vegetation species and cover, and direct and diffuse light were measured. The average seedling density in all gaps was 15/m², but the highest densities were found in gap positions with low diffuse light levels (10–20%). Competing understory vegetation was more abundant in positions with high diffuse light. In gaps on dry site variants a combination of low diffuse and high direct light was favourable for regeneration. The results indicated that Q. robur can successfully establish in gaps. Here, both light components were sources of within gap resource heterogeneity, therefore knowledge of light asymmetry can improve regeneration success.     

The composition and diversity of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps under different intensities of forest disturbance

The positive ecological interaction between gap formation and natural regeneration has been examined but little research has been carried out on the effects of gaps on natural regeneration in forests under different intensities of disturbance.This study evaluates the composition,diversity,regeneration density and abundance of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps in undisturbed,intermittently disturbed,and disturbed forest sites.Bia Tano Forest Reserve in Ghana was the study area and three gaps each were selected in the three forest site categories.Ten circular subsampling areas of 1 m2 were delineated at 2 m spacing along north,south,east,and west transects within individual gaps.Data on natural regeneration 350 cm height were gathered.The results show that the intensity of disturbance was disproportional to gap size.Species diversity differed significantly between undisturbed and disturbed sites and,also between intermittently disturbed and disturbed sites for Simpson's(1-D),Equitability(J),and Berger-Parker(B-P) indices.However,there was no significant difference among forest sites for Shannon diversity(H) and Margalef richness(MI) indices.Tree species composition on the sites differed.Regeneration density on the disturbed site was significantly higher than on the two other sites.Greater abundance and density of shade-dependent species on all sites identified them as opportunistic replacements of gap-dependent pioneers.Pioneer species giving way to shade tolerant species is a natural process,thus make them worst variant in gap regeneration.     

Understory abundance,species diversity and functional attribute response to thinning in coniferous stands

Alternative strategies for stand density management in even-aged coniferous forests may increase plant species and functional diversity. We examined the effects of fixed and variable density thinning on tree seedling regeneration as well as on abundance (indexed by cover) and richness of understory vascular plants 11 years after harvesting 45- to 66-year old forests dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) or western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) at three sites in western Oregon. Each site contained an unthinned control (CON), and thinning treatments selected to enhance overstory structural diversity and spatial variability within stands (HD, high density treatment at 300 trees ha⁻¹; MD, moderate density treatment at 200 trees ha⁻¹; VD300, VD200 and VD100, variable density treatments at 300, 200 and 100 trees ha⁻¹). Leave islands are included in HD and the other thinning treatments contain both leave islands and gap openings. Tree seedling regeneration was highly variable and generally increased with thinning. Cover of all understory species was greater in VD100 than in the control whereas richness was greater in HD and MD. Cover and richness of early seral species were greater in most thinning treatments than in the control. Understory plant communities were overwhelmingly dominated by native species. In general, vegetation dynamics was accelerated by thinning, especially in variable density treatments. Cover of N-fixing understory species was greater in VD200 than in the other treatments, and in MD and VD300 than in the control, whereas richness of understory N-fixing species increased in all thinning treatments. Cover of understory species with intermediate soil water requirements was greater in MD, VD200 and VD100 than in the control, whereas richness of these species increased in VD200 compared to the control, HD and VD300. Thinning promoted higher diversity of understory conditions without reducing density and species richness of crop tree regeneration, and seemed to increase functional effect and response diversity.