思茅松天然种群及其种子园的遗传多样性

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳技术对思茅松 3个天然种群和思茅松种子园的遗传多样性状况进行了研究。 9种同工酶系统 16个基因位点的分析结果表明 :思茅松天然种群具有较高的遗传多样性 ,多态位点比率P =70 1% ,等位基因平均数A =2 2 7,平均预期杂合度He=0 2 91;群体间的遗传分化程度较低 ,基因分化系数GST=0 0 5 2。思茅松种子园的遗传多样性较天然种群丰富 ,以上各遗传参数值依次为P =73 5 % ,A =2 4 2 ,He =0 2 95 ,种子园营建是林木遗传改良的一种有效途径     

温地松抗病种子园的遗传多样性分析

本文利用ＲＡＰＤ分子标记从ＤＮＡ水平上研究了温地松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｅｌｌｉｏｔｔｉｉ Ｅｎｇｅｌｍ）种子园的遗传多样性和连锁不平衡状况。结果表明，有效等位基因数目在种位点间变动范围为１．０４７￣１．９９６，平均为１．４４９９；基因多样度范围为０．０４４９￣０．４９９，平均为０．２７８１；Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ信息指数的范围为０．１０９５￣０．６９２２，平均为０．４３２７；这３个遗传多样性度量的大小顺序基本相     

大别山不同龄级映山红种群遗传多样性的SSR分析

[目的]利用SSR标记比较大别山黄狮寨不同年龄级映山红(Rhododendron simsii Planch.)种群的遗传多样性及遗传结构,探究映山红不同世代间遗传多样性的变化规律,为大别山野生映山红资源的合理利用和高效保护提供科学依据。[方法]按照基径大小和丛枝多少将大别山黄狮寨典型映山红种群划分为老树、成树、小树、幼苗4个年龄级,筛选出12对多态性强的SSR引物用于PCR扩增,扩增产物经6%变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测并银染。构建"0/1"矩阵,利用POPGENE 32. 0软件分析种群遗传多样性。基于Nei's遗传距离,采用软件MEGA5. 0进行UPGMA聚类。[结果]不同龄级的映山红遗传多样性差别较大,幼苗和老树种群多样性最差,小树种群多样性最丰富。12个微卫星标记观测等位基因数为3～9个,平均5. 08;有效等位基因数为2. 254 9 6. 129 7,平均3. 460 5;观察杂合度HO和期望杂合度HE分别为0. 676 4～0. 881 2和0. 607 7～0. 690 7。Shannon信息指数(I)以小树群体最高,成树次之,幼苗最低。近交系数Fis为-0. 638 3～0. 174 4,平均为-0. 294 6;总近交系数Fit为-0. 615 1～0. 270 6,平均为-0. 162 1,表明各龄级种群内主要繁殖方式为杂交。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明89. 76%的遗传变异存在于年龄级内,仅10. 24%存在于年龄级间。基因流水平高,仅1个位点Nm 1。遗传一致度最高的为小树和成树种群。[结论]大别山黄狮寨映山红种群遗传多样性丰富,种群间中度分化,遗传变异主要存在于年龄级内。     

基于AFLP分析的山核桃群体结构及遗传多样性

利用显性AFLP标记,从连锁不平衡的角度对山核桃天然群体的遗传多样性开展了研究,结果表明:11对引物共产生了32个多态性标记;所有可能的4 692个三位点组合中检测到779个组合(或15.7%)明显地存在连锁不平衡;总的杂合度为0.36。说明山核桃基因的多态性水平低,遗传多样性为低至中等水平。     

基于ISSR-PCR的长白落叶松种子园单株遗传多样性分析

以长白落叶松无性系种子园347个单株为试验材料,利用ISSR-PCR分子标记技术分析其遗传多样性的结果表明,长白落叶松种子园单株具有丰富的遗传多样性。11条引物共扩增出172条谱带,其中,多态性谱带169条,多态位点比率为98.26%,基因多样性指数0.285 5,Shannon多样性指数0.479 5～0.520 4,Nei's指数0.064 0～0.436 0。     

黄山松抗松材线虫病个体MuPS标记识别技术

运用14个SCAR标记引物对松材线虫病黄山松抗性候选个体开展MuPS(Multiplex-PCR of SCARmarkers)分析,从172个样品中获得了88个不同的MuPS型,其中单一的MuPS型个体52株,显示区分率为51.16%,30.23%的个体完全能够识别。对52个具有单一MuPS型个体进行遗传多样性分析和亲缘关系分析,结果表明,有效等位基因数目的变动范围为1.081 9～1.970 2,平均为1.389 5;基因多样度范围为0.075 7～0.492 4,平均为0.257 3;Shannon信息指数的范围为0.166 0～0.685 6,平均为0.413 8;这3个遗传多样性度量均表明所研究的黄山松群体内具有较高的遗传多样性。聚类分析的结果表明相近的家系具有一定的地理相关性。     

广东鼎湖山3个树种在不同群落演替过程中的遗传多样性

用扩增片段长度多态性 (AFLP)方法对木荷、锥栗、厚壳桂在广东省鼎湖山 3个不同群落 :针叶林群落 ,针阔叶混交林群落 ,常绿阔叶林群落中的遗传多样性进行了研究。其中木荷和锥栗样品分别在上述 3个群落中采集到 ,总样品数都为 4 8个 ;厚壳桂样品只在针阔叶混交林群落和常绿阔叶林群落中采集到 ,总样品数为 4 0个。研究中把各物种同一群落中的所有个体视为一亚种群。木荷的AFLP分析结果表明 ,4组引物对分别扩增出 2 4、2 7、4 0和 2 7条带 ,其中分别有 1 5、2 3、2 3和 1 6条是多态性带 ,其 3个亚种群的平均遗传多样性分别是 0 35 3、0 336、0 30 4 ;锥栗的AFLP分析结果为 4组引物对分别扩增出 2 7、2 0、33和 39条带 ,其中分别有 1 5、1 5、1 8和 2 6条是多态性带 ,其3个亚种群的平均遗传多样性分别是 0 1 97、0 2 97、0 31 1 ;厚壳桂的AFLP分析结果为 4组引物对分别扩增出 2 3、30、4 2和 31条带 ,其中分别有 1 2、1 9、37和 1 8条是多态性带 ,其 2个亚种群的平均遗传多样性分别是 0 2 85、0 2 95。上述结果的产生既是这 3个物种的生物学特性的反映 ,也是不同群落微环境不同的反映。     

杉木第二代种子园子代遗传变异及优良家系选择研究

来自广东省龙山林场杉木第二代种子园的39个自由授粉家系参加了1998年多点子代测定和2001年单点子代测定试验,结果表明：11年生子代测定林的树高、胸径、单株材积在家系和地点间差异达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）,8年生子代测定林生长性状的差异较小;家系平均树高、胸径、材积遗传力分别为0．24、0．26、0．30,主要生长性状受中等偏下的遗传力控制;第二代种子园材积遗传增益在1．88％～5．85％．其遗传增益和现实增产效果高于1．5代种子园,也高于初级种子园。对11年生多点子代测定林家系进行了丰产稳定性分析,选择出广谱丰产稳定家系5、8、17、19、23、26、28号,平均单株材积比群体均值提高3．39％;丰产家系3、7、15、21号和家系20、22、25号,分别适合龙山林场和曲江林场及相似立地条件地区限制性推广利用,平均单株材积比群体均值分别提高9．91％和4．89％;8年生单点子代测定林,以单株材积高于群体均值作为入选标准,有1、2、4、6、7、8、10、11、12、14、15、19等12个家系入选,平均单株材积比群体均值提高6．76％。     

白皮松保育遗传学 --天然群体遗传多样性评价与保护策略

在白皮松天然林中采取分层取样 ,抽取 10个群体 2 10个单株。测定分析 16种酶系统 ,得到 31个酶位点。白皮松物种水平遗传多样性参数为 :平均等位基因数AS=1 74 2 ,平均有效等位基因数AeS=1 4 9,多态位点百分率PS=5 4 8% ,期望杂合度HeS=0 16 2 ;白皮松群体水平遗传多样性参数为 :平均等位基因数AP=1 39± 0 11,平均有效等位基因数AeP=1 30± 0 12 ,多态位点百分率PP=34 85 %± 8 4 6 % ,期望杂合度HeP=0 0 99± 0 0 4 9,观测杂合度HoP =0 0 95± 0 0 4 2。白皮松遗传多样性在松属树种中属于中等偏下 ,群体间分化明显 ,遗传分化系数FST =0 133,群体间遗传距离 D =0 12 8,大于松属平均水平。根据Nei’s遗传一致度将 10个群体分为 3组。白皮松群体遗传多样性中心与资源分布中心和表型多样性分布中心吻合 ,适宜采取中心群体原地保护和多群体异地联合保存相结合的保护策略。     

红松无性系种子园结实规律及其影响因素研究

文章通过称重和标准地测产等方法,连续多年对清河城红松无性系种子园结实情况进行调查研究,结果表明:红松种子园结实具有一定的周期性,每隔4～6a为1个结实周期,平均为5a,在1个结实周期内,出现1个结实丰年,1～2个平年,1～2个小年,1个欠年;同时研究表明树龄、栽植密度、主枝分叉及立地条件等因素是影响种子园结实的主要因素。掌握和摸清种子园结实规律及影响结实因素,为今后提升种子园经营管理水平,提高种子产量,加快建设高产、高效红松种子园具有重要指导意义。     

Selection of a seed orchard of Eucalyptus dunnii based on genetic diversity criteria calculated using molecular markers

A Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden breeding population of 46 accessions originated in Australia and selected for fitness to subtropical and cold environments was screened by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite markers to obtain quantitative estimates of genetic diversity. A randomly chosen group of AFLP primers generated 205 AFLP bands that were used to fingerprint the genotypes and to evaluate genetic relationships among accessions. Sixty-eight percent (140) of the bands were polymorphic markers. The mean diversity index (DI) was 0.33 and about 52% of the loci had values greater than 0.4. Cluster analysis derived from similarity indices (SI) revealed no particular grouping among accessions suggesting the absence of closely related genotypes, except for five pairs of genotypes. Bootstrap analysis results confirmed the suitability of AFLP to describe genetic relationships in this breeding population. In addition, four highly informative microsatellites were used to construct an identification matrix that discriminated nearly all of the genotypes. Mean values for the number of alleles per locus, DI and SI among accessions were 13, 0.78 and 0.19, respectively, indicating that the breeding population has high genetic diversity. However, several genotypes showed the presence of single microsatellite bands suggesting a putatively important degree of homozygosity. Molecular data were used to design a clonal seed orchard. To achieve this aim, the nine most divergent pairs of genotypes were chosen, thereby retaining 95.2% of the total number of alleles from the 140 polymorphic AFLP loci and the four microsatellite loci analyzed. Mean DI and SI for AFLP and microsatellites showed no significant differences between the original breeding population and the selected seed orchard, confirming that a seed orchard can be designed with a limited number of individuals, which allows similar accessions to be discarded and avoids inbreeding.     

红松种子园单株ISSR-PCR遗传多样性分析

以林口青山红松无性系种子园216个单株生健康嫩叶为试验材料,利用ISSR-PCR分子标记技术分析其遗传多样性的试验结果表明:从100条引物中共筛选出11条具有多态性的ISSR引物,经ISSR-PCR扩增后共获得102个位点,多态性谱带102条,多态位点比率为100%,单株有效等位基因数变动范围为1.0046~2.000,群体总基因多样性指数为0.3333,Shannon多样性指数为0.0164~0.6931,期望杂合度为0.0046~0.5000,红松种子园单株具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

Isolation and characterization of 10 new microsatellite loci in the ambrosia beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Platypus quercivorus</Emphasis>

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus, is an insect vector for the causal agent of Japanese oak wilt disease, Raffaelea quercivora. We have developed 10 new polymorphic microsatellite markers from Type 1, one of the genetic types of the beetle, using a biotin-enrichment procedure. Fifty-three adult beetles were used for characterization of the markers. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to nine (average 4.9). The observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.49 to 0.77 and from 0.44 to 0.80, respectively. None of the loci deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. No linkage disequilibrium was detected in any pairwise comparisons of loci. Most of the markers successfully amplified in other genetic types of the beetle. These markers could become useful tools for population genetic studies and for parentage and sibship analysis for this beetle.     

杨树叶片数量性状相关联标记及其图谱定位研究

利用数量遗传学方法和分子标记相结合,对美洲黑杨与青杨杂交产生的Ｆ２群体５个叶片数量性状进行了相关联标记及其图谱定位研究。用单因素方差分析检测出与叶片,叶宽,叶片／宽比,叶柄长和叶面积相关联的ＲＡＰＤ标记分别为１０、１０、４、９,１２个,联合贡献率分别为６６．２３％,６１．８２％,３２．８６％,５９．６７％,８１．７９％。     

云南红豆杉天然种群遗传多样性研究

采用垂直板式聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，检测了云南红豆杉（Taxus yunnanensis)雌配子体的5种等位酶，并以10个基因位点编码的5个酶系统，分析了滇西北3个云南红豆杉天然种植的遗传多样性与遗传分化。结果表明，群体的多态位点比例是0．77；群体的平均杂合性观察值是0．302；预期值为0．3320；每个基因位点发现的等位基因数是2．05，有效等位基因平均数是1．466。对10个基因位点的基因多样性测定表明，种群间的分化占14．66％。总的基因多样性约85％产生于种群内。群体间的平均遗传距离是0．118。     

Development and evaluation of microsatellite loci for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gynochthodes boninensis</Emphasis> (Rubiaceae), a woody climbing plant endemic to the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands,Japan

Microsatellite loci were developed for Gynochthodes boninensis, an endemic climbing plant in the Bonin Islands. Using a Roche 454 GS Junior next-generation sequencer, 158 microsatellite loci were designed. Of the 48 microsatellite loci tested, 37 were successfully amplified and 25 were polymorphic in two populations of G. boninensis. For the 25 polymorphic loci, the mean expected heterozygosities per locus were 0.303 in the Chichijima Island population and 0.310 in the Hahajima Island population, respectively. There was no evidence of linkage disequilibrium in either population, but one locus showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in one population. The microsatellite loci developed in this study will be useful for future studies of population genetics of G. boninensis. In particular, because this species is androdioecious (males and hermaphrodites coexist), characterizing the species gene flow is crucial to understanding the evolution and maintenance of this rare sexual system.     

用RAPD分析麻核桃起源与分类地位

利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）方法对麻核桃、核桃楸、核桃、奇异核桃和核桃×核桃楸的人工杂种进行了基因组多态性分析。选用２８个１０ｂｐ随机引物扩增出３３２个ＤＮＡ片断,片断大小在２５９ｂｐ～３０５４ｂｐ之间,其中２４３个ＤＮＡ片断呈现多态性,占总扩增片断的７３２％。依据扩增结果进行相似性系数和遗传距离分析,据此构建聚类树状图。研究结果表明：核桃楸×核桃的天然杂交是麻核桃形成的主要机制;在麻核桃形成过程中,核桃楸的遗传贡献率大于核桃;在胡桃属分类中,麻核桃应归为核桃楸组,这与传统分类学的结果一致。     

天然蒙古栎群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

蒙古栎 (ＱｕｅｒｃｕｓｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａＦｉｓｃｈ)为壳斗科、栎属植物 ,主要分布区包括中国的华北、东北、内蒙古东部 ,朝鲜半岛 ,俄罗斯远东和蒙古的连续分布区及日本桦太、北海道的间断分布区 (吴晓春 ,1 993)。蒙古栎是我国东北的典型植被类型———红松阔叶林的主要伴生树种之一 ,同时在红松林被干扰破坏后是形成次生阔叶林面积较大的主要树种 ,也是分布区超过北纬 45°的唯一栎属植物。近年来 ,蒙古栎的分布区和群体数量呈扩张趋势 ,其原因除人为干扰外 ,可能涉及气候变化、物种特性、种内遗传多样性、种间互作等等。对蒙古栎群体…     

Juvenile radiata pine clonal seed orchard management in Galicia (NW Spain)

A juvenile radiata pine clonal seed orchard (Pinus radiata D. Don) in Sergude (northwestern Spain), comprising 57 clones, was evaluated for fertility, offspring diversity and genetic drift during 4 years. Flower and fruit production was used to asses clone fertility in the orchard. Fertility variation measured as “sibling coefficient” was found to be an average of 1.5, having high genetic diversity (0.99) and low coancestry (0.013). The clones varied in fertility from year to year. Effective population size in the orchard was between 35 and 40, indicating that between 60.30 and 69 %, the clones contributed effectively to seed yield. One way to improve seed yield in the orchard is by increasing the effective population size. Thinning and pruning highly reproductive clones of gibberellin application might be useful in increasing effective population size. The orchard’s parental balance showed consistent improvement over time. Cone and seed characteristics were also investigated. The results showed that significant genetic variation exists among clones for cone width and length; total, sound and empty seed number; as well as 100 seed weight. The seed orchard is still in a juvenile phase; moreover, the broad-sense heritability and variation data obtained in this study could be very valuable in the management practices of the existing radiata pine clonal seed orchard and can be also used for better planning of advanced generation of clonal seed orchards in Spain.     

浙江12种杜鹃花属植物的果实形态、种子数及其相关性研究

杜鹃花属(ＲｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎＬ.)的系统学研究尚有许多值得探索的问题(余树勋,1986;闵天禄等,1990;Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓｏｎｅｔａｌ.,1973)。近年来,本课题组陆续对浙江杜鹃花属植物开展了分类学和形态学的研究(丁炳扬等,1987;1989;1990;1995)。本文就浙江12种野生杜鹃花属植物的果实形态、种子数及其相关性进行研究,为该属的系统学研究及引种驯化提供理论依据。1　材料与方法11　常绿杜鹃亚属(ＳｕｂｇｅｎＨｙｍｅｎａｎｔｈｅｓ)　　云锦杜鹃(Ｒ.ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉＬｉｎｄ1.)、猴头杜鹃(Ｒ.ｓｉｍｉａｒｕｍＨａｎｃｅ)、安徽杜鹃(Ｒ.…