甲氧苄啶对蒲公英体外抗菌增效作用的研究

采用微量棋盘稀释法测定了蒲公英、甲氧苄啶及两药联用对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),计算蒲公英与甲氧苄啶联用的组分抑菌浓度(FIC)指数。结果表明,蒲公英与甲氧苄啶联用对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的FIC指数分别为0.75、0.75和1,呈相加作用。采用平板计数的方法,测定了蒲公英与甲氧苄啶联用作用于3种细菌1、2、4和8 h后的细菌数,并计算杀菌率。利用最小二乘法对杀菌率进行拟合,计算出甲氧苄啶增强蒲公英体外抗金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌作用的最优添加剂量分别为4.0、1.8和2.0 mg/g。     

环丙沙星与甲氧苄氨嘧啶（TMP）的体外联合抑菌研究

为了检测氟喹诺酮类药物与甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)联合用药产生的作用,作者进行了环丙沙星与TMP联用的体外抑菌试验。先用试管二倍稀释法测定两种药对13 种23 株病原菌的最小抑菌浓度,再用棋盘稀释法测定其FIC指数,判断联合药敏效果。结果表明,在20 株细菌对两种药联合药敏试验中,呈增强作用的占20% ,相加作用的占15% ,无关作用的占65% ,无出现拮抗作用。故除用药前确诊病原菌,并对联合药敏试验呈协同作用者,一般不应将环丙沙星与TMP联合使用。     

氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶复方注射液的抑菌性试验

对氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶配伍来制备复方注射剂的有效性,进行了配伍增效的抑菌效果研究。采用体外抑菌效果试验,利用临床分离的5株猪大肠杆菌为试验菌株,进行了氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶联用的体外抑菌效果试验,以及比较复方氟苯尼考与氟苯尼考的MIC值。测得氟苯尼考、甲氧苄啶的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为8μg/m L和16μg/m L,两药联合应用的部分抑菌浓度指数(FIC)值介于0.375~0.75之间,呈现协同或相加作用,其中氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶按照5∶1的比例联合应用时的MIC值最小,抗菌效果最好。复方氟苯尼考的抑菌效果明显高于氟苯尼考,比氟苯尼考的抑菌效果增加了4~8倍。说明氟苯尼考与甲氧苄啶配伍制备复方注射液具有实际应用价值,并提供了复方配比的参考比例。     

乳酸甲氧苄啶与痢菌净联用对弧菌的抑菌效果试验

由于抗菌药物的长期使用易造成细菌耐药性逐渐增加,因此,为了减缓耐药菌株的产生,提高药效,联合用药的配伍研究已受到越来越多地重视。试验采用肉汤稀释法测定了乳酸甲氧苄啶与痢菌净单用时的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及其联用时的MIC,采用FIC指数对其联用效果进行了评价。结果表明,乳酸甲氧苄啶与痢菌净联合应用时呈现协同作用,其对鳗弧菌和副溶血弧菌的最佳配伍比为1∶1,对溶藻弧菌的最佳配伍比为1∶2。目前,通常使用的乳酸甲氧苄啶与抗菌药物的配伍比例为（1∶3）～（1∶5）,这一比例并不适用于痢菌净,建议二者的配伍比例为（1∶1）～（1∶2）。痢菌净与乳酸甲氧苄啶联用可增强抗菌活性,降低用药成本,对治疗由敏感细菌感染所致的疾病有一定的实际意义。     

随机扩增多态性DNA技术对绿色气球菌的相关性分析

为考察恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹的联合抗菌活性,采用肉汤稀释棋盘法测定了恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹单用及联用对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌临床菌株的体外抗菌活性。结果显示:恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹单独使用对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为8μg/m L和32μg/m L,对沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度为16μg/m L和256μg/m L。两药联用对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的FIC指数为0.5和0.75,分别表现为协同作用和相加作用。试验表明,恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹联用可以增强对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌感染的治疗效果。     

甲氧苄啶与抗菌药物联合抗菌作用效果试验

主要以液体试管法和棋盘法测定3种抗菌药物和甲氧苄啶的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)，并以各药的小数抑菌浓度(nc)及小数抑菌浓度指数判断甲氧苄啶(TMP)与各药联合作用效应来评价TMP对不同抗菌药物的增效作用，确定其与抗菌药物最佳配伍比例。测定结果表明，TMP与受试药联合应用均产生协同作用，抗菌作用明显增强。TMP与不同抗菌药物配伍的最佳比例，因药物和受试菌株不同而异。     

抗菌药物与甲氧苄啶联合抗菌作用的测定

评价甲氧苄啶（trimethoprimum,TMP）对不同抗菌药物的增效作用，确定其与抗菌药物最佳配伍比较。本试验以棋盘格法（checkboard test）测定12种抗菌药物和TMP单独试验及其联合试验时各抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC），并以各药的小数抑菌浓度（fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC）及小数抑菌浓度指数（FIC index）判断各药与TMP联合作用效应，测定结果表明受试药物与TMP配伍使用均产生协同作用，使各抗菌药物的抗菌作用增强2－8倍，不同抗菌菌药物与TMP配伍的最佳比例因药物和受试菌株的种类不同而异。     

恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹联用体外抗菌活性研究

为考察恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹的联合抗菌活性,采用肉汤稀释棋盘法测定了恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹单用及联用对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌临床菌株的体外抗菌活性。结果显示:恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹单独使用对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为8μg/m L和32μg/m L,对沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度为16μg/m L和256μg/m L。两药联用对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的FIC指数为0.5和0.75,分别表现为协同作用和相加作用。试验表明,恩诺沙星与乙酰甲喹联用可以增强对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌感染的治疗效果。     

氟苯尼考单用及联用对副猪嗜血杆菌和胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的体外抑菌效果

为研究氟苯尼考和多西环素、甲氧苄啶、黏杆菌素的临床配伍对副猪嗜血杆菌及胸膜肺炎放线杆菌感染的治疗效果,采用棋盘法测定氟苯尼考与其他三种抗生素联合使用对上述两种细菌的体外抑菌效果、结果表明:氟苯尼考与多西环素联合使用对副猪嗜血杆菌和胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的抑菌具有协同作用(FIC=0.75);与甲氧苄啶联合使用均表现为无关作用(FIC=1.5);与黏杆菌素联合使用对副猪嗜血杆菌呈现无关作用(FIC=2),而对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌呈现协同作用(FIC=0.75)。     

氟砜霉素和氯霉素与抗菌增效剂的体外联合抑菌效果比较

应用试管二倍稀释法测定了氟砜霉素、氯霉素、TMP和OMP对15株畜禽常见病原菌的最小柳菌浓度（MIC）。结果表明，氟砜霉素的体外抗菌活性强，优于或等于氯霉素；TMP和OMP的体外抗菌活性偏低，但OMP优于TMP。氟砜霉素和氯霉素与TMP、OMP对14株细菌的联合药敏试验经肉汤稀释棋盘法测定，结果表明，氟砜霉素和氯霉素分别与TMP、OMP体外联合，抑菌效果相同，呈协同作用的均占50%与28.6%，即TMP或OMP对氟砜霉素和氯霉素的增效作用相等，但TMP优于OMP。在14株细菌对氟砜霉素和氯霉素分别与TMP、OMP的总共56组体外联合试验中，呈协同作用的占39.3%，主要为大肠杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、沙门氏菌及金黄色葡萄球菌；无关作用的点60.7%；无拮抗现象。故临床联合用药前，仍需进行联合药敏试验，呈协同作用者才可联用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.