串叶松香草在甘肃河西的生长特性及栽培技术

串叶松香草为菊科多年生草本植物,具有耐酸、耐盐碱、耐热、再生力强、栽培容易、产草量高、营养丰富及利用年限长等特点。在甘肃河西,株高可达1．60m左右,叶片达28～30片左右。一般单株可产生5～7个分枝。播种可采用直播,育苗,移栽等方法;直播每公顷用种3．5～4．5kg。甘肃河西地区年刈割以3～5次为宜。在利用方式上,一般采用青贮或青刈效果较好。     

秋季补种优质牧草

每年为9月～10月,对春播时缺垄断苗或播量不足的牧草,都要及时进行补种.主要包括; 紫花苜蓿:多年生豆科草,使目前人工栽培面积最大的牧草品种之一,可利用3年～6年.茎直立,株高1米～1 5米,每年可在始花期刈割3次～5次,亩产鲜草3000公斤,最高可达6000公斤.适于青饲及调制干草,是轮作倒茬的良好作物.可单播,也可于秋分前后与小麦套播.播前精细整地,施入有机肥或化肥.每亩用种0.5公斤～1公斤,土湿宜钱,土干宜深,一般深度2厘米.可条播、撒播、点播、或与小麦套播.     

岗岭地牧草栽培与利用

为探讨开发利用岗岭低产土地资源的有效途径,从1984—1989年在踢球山种畜场进行牧草栽培,一年生草地每公顷产鲜草平均85815公斤,多年生草地平均每公顷产鲜草49275公斤。每天每头奶牛饲喂15公斤鲜草以代替部分干草,每月比精料加粗料常规饲喂方法增奶量为34.6%,每公顷鲜草饲喂增值效益达6000元以上。     

稻田套种黑麦草养鹅技术

(一)合理搭配 稻田套种黑麦草的鲜草产量一般为每0.067公顷5000～7000公斤,可养鹅150只左右。此外还要搭配种植一定面积的叶菜类蔬菜(小青菜、油菜苗等),以便苗鹅早期食用。一般每0.067公顷黑麦草至少搭配种植27平方米左右的叶菜类蔬菜。     

开春养鱼把"四关"

(一)施肥关 初春当池塘水温稳定在8℃～10℃时,即开始追施肥料,以培养水中天然饵料。施肥数量,应根据水质肥瘦及肥料质量来决定,一般每0.067公顷施人粪尿60～90公斤,或畜粪100～150公斤。若用化肥则按氮、磷、钾之比为1:1:0.5,追施时首先粉碎兑水后全池泼洒,每0.067公顷总用量为3～7公斤,每次追施间隔5～10天。水质以池水保持黄褐色或黄绿色、透明度为30厘米左右为宜。     

适于我国农区和农牧区种植的优质高产牧草品种（下）

二、水肥条件较差的旱区 (十一)紫花苜蓿 多年生豆科草,可利用4～6年,是目前世界栽培面积最大的牧草之一。茎直立,株高1～1.5米,每年可在初花期割3～4次,留茬高度以2～5厘米为宜,年亩产鲜草3000～4000公斤,最高5000公斤,草种25～35公斤。紫花苜蓿喜温暖半干旱     

青海省大通县草地现状和畜牧业可持续发展对策

大通县地处青藏高原和黄土高原过渡地带,青海东部农业区北部,全县有天然草地15.84万公顷,其中可利用草地14.65万公顷[1],2007年调查统计:产草量平均只有3 967.3kg/m2,草地植被盖度为55%～65%;累计建成围栏草地4万公顷,单位面积鲜草产量平均5 310 kg/hm2,饲草料种植面积年保持在0.37万公顷左右.     

寒地栽培籽粒苋新技术

籽粒苋易种植，在干旱、盐碱、瘠薄的土地上都能顽强生长。籽粒苋株高可达2米左右，一般主茎粗达4厘米左右，如土质肥沃，其主茎粗可达5厘米。据测定，籽粒苋的蛋白质含量达18．7％，脂肪7．5％，淀粉60％，粗纤维10％，灰分3．5％。总的营养价值是高粱和玉米的1．66倍。特别是赖氨酸的含量远远高出其它粮食作物。种植1公顷籽粒苋可产籽4250～4500千克，产青饲料达10万多千克。现将寒地栽培籽粒克新技术介绍如下。1．育苗：实践证明，育苗移栽法要比直播提早15～20天，即5月上旬进行温床育苗。苗高15厘米左右即可移栽。这样缓苗快．成熟早，…     

串叶松香草的饲用价值

串叶松香草属菊科多年生宿根生草本植物,原产于北美中部,山西省于1982年开始试种,结果表明:草叶片肥厚,茎叶鲜嫩,株高2.5—3米,用种子、根茎繁植和育苗移栽都易成活.该草喜阳耐肥,耐潮湿,抗干旱,耐寒冷,不怕炎热,适应性强,栽培简单,产量高于所有豆科牧草,在一般管理条件下,亩产鲜草一万公斤左右.山西省生物研究所测定的三年生松香草叶片营养成分含量为:粗蛋白质21%、粗纤维12%、粗脂肪3%、钙2.5%、总磷0.6%、维生素C52.3mg/kg、维生素E65mg/kg、胡萝卜素4.25mg/kg、赖氨酸占粗蛋白质     

秋种俄菜最适时

俄莱又叫聚合草,经全国近40年的栽培实践证明,它确实是一种适应性广、抗寒力强、很少有病虫害的多年生高产优质牧草,在科学 管理条件下,每0.067公顷年产鲜草可达10000～20000公斤,每1万公斤鲜草的粗蛋白含量与800公斤大豆相     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein