不同施肥处理对核桃幼树光合特性的影响

以辽瑞丰核桃为试材,采用便携式光合蒸腾仪,在田间条件下,对不同施肥量核桃幼树光合特性进行初步研究。结果表明:随着施肥量的增加,核桃叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度也随之增加,胞间CO2浓度随着施肥量的增加而减少,在一定范围内增加施肥有助于提高核桃的光合作用能力。     

肥料对山旱地核桃叶片矿质元素与光合特性的影响

为给西北山旱地核桃土壤养分管理提供科学依据,以6年生核桃品种‘鲁光’为试料,采用随机区组设计方法,研究不同肥料(核桃专用肥ZY_1、核桃专用肥ZY_2、复合肥FH、不施肥CK)处理对山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量和光合特性的影响,并探讨核桃叶片矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量及净光合速率(Pn)间的相关性。结果表明:不同肥料处理下核桃叶片Pn日变化均呈双峰曲线,4个肥料处理按照光合性能由强到弱排列依次为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。CO_2饱和浓度下的最大净光合速率比饱和光强下的高,说明核桃叶片强光下(接近或超过光饱和点)光合速率的增加主要是受CO_2供应的限制。叶片矿质营养中大量及中量元素含量均为ZY_1处理最高,CK最低;微量元素中除Fe元素含量ZY_2处理高于ZY_1处理外,Mn、Cu、Zn含量均为ZY_1处理最高,其次为ZY_2处理,CK最低。4个肥料处理按照叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)含量由高到低排列依次均为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。核桃叶片的各矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量和Pn之间大多呈显著正相关(P0.05)。其中,N含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P0.01),Mg含量与叶绿素b含量的相关性达显著水平(P0.05),叶绿素b含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P0.01),相关系数为0.757。综合来看,核桃专用肥优于复合肥,能显著提高山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量,有效提高叶片的光合能力,且ZY_1肥料效果最佳。     

去遮荫后东北红豆杉幼苗和幼树光合特性对比

【目的】对比去遮荫后东北红豆杉幼苗和幼树叶片光合与荧光特性,揭示人工培养东北红豆杉幼苗在强光下发生光抑制的原因,为东北红豆杉人工栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以生长在遮荫条件下的东北红豆杉幼苗和幼树为试验材料(遮荫后光强为自然光强的40%),去除遮荫使幼苗和幼树暴露在自然强光条件下28天后,测定幼苗和幼树叶绿素含量、光合速率特性和叶绿素荧光特性。【结果】去遮荫后幼苗和幼树叶绿素含量无显著差异,幼树类胡萝卜素含量显著高于幼苗叶片,而幼树Chl/Cars低于幼苗叶片。幼苗叶片最大光合速率仅为幼树叶片的70%,幼苗具有较低的光补偿点和光饱和点,但表观量子效率(AQY)较高。幼苗叶片处于自然光照条件,叶片的羧化效率(CE)、CO2和光强均饱和下的最大光合速率(Amax)和Ru BP再生速率相对较低。强光诱导下,幼树叶片光合速率在25 min左右达到最大值,而幼苗叶片则需要为50 min,幼苗暗反应启动较慢。叶绿素荧光诱导曲线表明,在强光条件下,幼树叶片的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在较短时间内即可达到最大值,而幼苗叶片则需要相对较长的时间。荧光对不同光强相应曲线表明,幼苗叶片的ΦPSⅡ随光强增加而迅速降低,而幼树叶片则下降较慢。幼树叶片的NPQ随着光强增加而增加,而幼苗叶片的NPQ则在相对较低光强水平就达到最大值,幼苗叶片热耗散能力较低。【结论】幼苗叶片较低的光合速率产生相对较多的过剩能量,同时其叶片在高光强下的热耗散能力较低,这是幼苗与幼树相比不适应自然强光和产生光抑制的主要原因。     

不同有机物料对库尔勒香梨坐果期光合特性的影响

在田间条件下,选取具有代表性的低肥力库尔勒香梨分别施用3种不同用量的生物黑炭和羊粪,利用CIRAS-2型光合仪对不同有机物料处理的库尔勒香梨坐果期光合特性日变化进行测定。结果表明,香梨叶片净光合速率日变化曲线表现为双峰曲线,具有光合"午休"现象。气孔导度和气孔限制值的日变化曲线与净光合速率日变化曲线基本保持一致,呈双峰型。胞间CO2浓度日变化曲线与净光合速率日变化曲线相反,呈双谷型。蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,水分利用效率日变化曲线则呈单谷型。施用有机物料对库尔勒香梨叶片的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和光合特性都有显著影响。土壤中施入生物黑炭和羊粪都能提高香梨叶片的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,香梨叶片的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和光合特性的施肥效应均表现为羊粪>生物黑炭。     

不同尿素施肥量对薄壳山核桃嫁接苗光合作用日变化的影响

[目的]以薄壳山核桃'波尼'品种2年生嫁接苗为材料,探讨5种不同尿素施肥量对苗木光合特性差异的影响,为薄壳山核桃良种壮苗繁育提供理论依据.[方法]利用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪,测定薄壳山核桃净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率、气孔限制值、空气CO2浓度、空气温度、叶片温度、相对湿度、叶片饱...     

辽宁核桃品种光合特性研究

以辽宁1号核桃等8种核桃为试材,使用Yaxin-1102便携式光合蒸腾仪,在田间条件下,对核桃光合作用进行了初步研究。结果表明:辽宁1号核桃净光合速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,有明显的光合"午休"现象。不同品种间净光合速率有差异;光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶温均呈单峰型曲线,细胞间隙CO2浓度呈双谷型曲线;核桃净光合速率日变化与叶温极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度极显著负相关。     

不同光强对6个欧美杨无性系苗期生长及光合特性的影响

[目的]研究6个欧美杨无性系生长及光合特性对不同光强的响应差异,为欧美杨苗期快速选育高光效优良品种提供一定的理论依据。[方法]在大田用遮阴网设置CK(100%自然光强)、L1(55%自然光强)和L2(20%自然光强),测定欧美杨的苗高增长量、叶片形态、光合速率、叶绿素荧光特性、叶绿素含量及矿质元素含量。[结果]除11-26-9外,无性系的苗高总生长量随着光强的降低呈下降趋势;随着光强的降低,不同无性系的叶片形态变化趋势不一致,3个光强下无性系间的单叶面积、叶形指数和比叶面积存在差异;无性系在L2处理下的净光合速率(Pn)最低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)最高;3个处理下,11-26-8的气孔导度均最大;在L1与L2下,11-26-9的F1/F0值均最大;无性系的叶绿素b含量与叶绿素总含量呈现相同的变化趋势;11-26-4、11-26-8和11-36-26的钾、钙、镁元素含量随着光强的降低而增加。[结论]不同无性系对光强变化的适应策略不同,部分无性系的高生长和净光合速率随着光强的降低而减小,降低光强没有破坏无性系的PSⅡ结构。多数无性系的总叶绿素含量、矿质元素含量随着光强的降低而升高。11-36-26无性系的生长势及抗弱光能力较弱。     

银杏光合特性的日变化

银杏净光合速率的日变化在强光、高温、干燥的晴天呈双峰曲线,银杏的净光合速率和气孔导度较低,银杏的光合速率与气孔导度呈极显著相关关系,光合作用受叶片内部气孔活动状态、蒸腾速率和外界空气温度、空气相对湿度等因子的影响。     

不同时间‘绿岭’核桃叶片光合和荧光特性的动态变化

为给核桃优质高产栽培技术措施的制定提供科学依据,以‘绿岭’核桃为试材,分别在6、7、8月对其叶片的光合和荧光特性进行了观测与分析。结果表明:‘绿岭’核桃净光合速率的变化曲线在6、7月均呈单峰曲线,且在上午10:00时出现了最高峰,其峰值分别为10.25和11.32μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1);其在8月却呈双峰曲线,且出现在10:00时的第1次峰值大于出现在14:00时的第2次峰值;导致‘绿岭’核桃光合速率出现"午休"现象的主要因素是气孔限制因素。6、7月测定的初始荧光和电子传递速率的变化曲线均呈双峰曲线,8月测定的初始荧光和电子传递速率的变化曲线均呈单峰曲线,此时的光合有效辐射、温度、湿度等参数均发生了快速变化,导致PSⅡ反应中心受到一定程度的破坏。叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b的含量,均以6月测定的2.50与3.33 mg·g~(-1)为最高,极显著大于8月测定的2.04和2.76 mg·g~(-1),而与7月的测定值间均无显著差异。相关性分析结果表明:净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率间均呈极显著正相关,而与光合有效辐射和初始荧光值之间均有显著的正相关关系;初始荧光值与蒸腾速率、空气温度间均呈显著正相关,而与胞间CO_2浓度间呈显著负相关。文末分析认为,环境因素和叶绿素含量都是影响‘绿岭’核桃光合速率的主要因素。     

不同品种红花檵木光合特性的比较分析

在同一自然环境下,对不同品种红花檵木的叶片光合特性进行研究。结果表明:3种红花檵木玫红尖叶青、冬艳紫红和大叶玫红的净光合速率和蒸腾速率均呈双峰曲线,气孔导度均呈单峰曲线,胞间CO2浓度均呈单谷曲线,Pn日均值为,玫红尖叶青冬艳紫红大叶玫红;玫红尖叶青的光补偿点、光饱和点、CO2饱和点、表观量子效率和羧化效率要高于其他2种红花檵木,而CO2补偿点则正好相反;在光合色素的比较方面,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b、叶绿素(a+b)和类胡萝卜素含量为:玫红尖叶青冬艳紫红大叶玫红;而在类胡萝卜素/叶绿素和花色素苷含量则正好相反。     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Insecticidal activity of certain medicinal plants

The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)].     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Constituents of aromatic plants: carvacrol

Carvacrol is a component of numerous aromatic plants. Up to now, no toxicological data were available. Carvacrol show a weak activity in the mutagenicity studies. Moreover, in the metabolism study, carvacrol has shown to be excreted with urine after 24 h in large quantities or unchanged or as glucoronide and sulphate conjugates. The available data do not allow the assessment of the NOEL. Further toxicological studies are needed.     

Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia

Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline.     

Populations of adult fungus gnats and shore flies in British Columbia container nurseries as related to nursery environment,and incidence of fungi on the insects

Adult fungus gnat and shore fly populations were monitored in four container nurseries near Victoria, British Columbia. In general, populations of both insects were larger in summer than in winter. Also, both insects were more abundant in the nursery with a plastic-covered, soil floor, which favored moisture accumulation and build up of algae, liverworts and mosses, than in nurseries with other types of floors such as cement. Results of fungus isolations revealed that gnats and flies both harbor the seedling pathogens Botrytis cinerea and species of Fusarium and Phoma, plus several non-pathogenic fungi. The results are discussed in relation to nursery sanitation practices, their effects on gnat and fly populations, and some possible roles of these insects in seedling disease epidemiology.     

崖柏属植物的核型分析

[目的]为了从细胞学角度探讨崖柏属植物分类与进化问题,[方法]采用根尖压片法对崖柏属5种植物进行核型研究。[结果]表明:崖柏和日本香柏的核型公式为2n=2x=22=18m(2SAT)+4sm,朝鲜崖柏、北美乔柏和北美香柏的核型公式为2n=2x=22=20m(2SAT)+2sm,5种植物的核型均属于1A类型。[结论]该属在柏科中可能处于比较进步的进化地位;通过进化趋势图分析发现,崖柏在该属中分化最晚,而朝鲜崖柏则较原始。     

Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from India

The results of a preliminary antimicrobial screening of the methanol extracts of Zingiber officinale, Asteracantha longifolia, Citrus acida, Salacia microsperma and Tinospora cordifolia are reported.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.