甜菜优良种质的综合评价

用模糊概率值对９份甜菜优良种质进行了综合评价。结果表明，模糊概率值大于对照的材料有７８００２４Ａ／１、７８００１６Ａ／１、７８００２４Ａ／６、７９０１８，可作为优良材料加以利用；７５０１Ａ／ＢＧＥ、７８００１６Ｂ／２可作高糖型材料；７８００２０Ｂ可作丰产型材料；７８００１２７可作优质材料进一步选优。     

甜菜种质资源的灰色关联度分析

用灰色系统理论中的关联度分析法对甜菜种质资源的优良种质进行多性状综合评判，结果１０１２Ｂ和７８００１６Ａ／２的等权与加权关联度均居第一位和第二位，说明１０１２Ｂ的综合性状表现最好，７８００１６Ａ／２稍次，两者为是优种质；７４１２／８２＿３、７４１２／８２＿（３－４）和１０１２Ａ的等权关联度依次靠后，与其加权关联度位次相差不大，说明３份材料的综合性状表现较好；其它两份材料（Ｇ７９６８０、１３０１／９）分属高糖型、丰产型种质。     

番荔枝种质资源收集评价和利用研究初报

对收集到的番荔枝科两个栽培价值较大的番荔枝属，果林果属９个种类，１９份种质材料进行了园艺性状，抗寒性，矮化性状及嫁接亲和性及亲缘关系进行了初步鉴定。评价。筛选出优质丰产品种Ａ．Ｐ进行推广利用。     

479份芥菜型油菜种质资源萌发期耐盐性综合评价

为了解不同芥菜型油菜种质资源的耐盐程度，本研究利用0、150、200和250 mmol/L浓度的NaCl溶液对479份来自不同国家的芥菜型油菜种质资源进行盐胁迫处理，并测定发芽率、根长、芽长和鲜重；采用主成分分析、隶属函数、多元线性回归分析和聚类分析对参试材料的耐盐性进行综合评价。结果发现在200 mmol/L的NaCl溶液处理下，可以有效地将479份材料划分为4类，第I类为耐盐品种12份，第Ⅱ类为75份中等耐盐品种，第Ⅲ类为313份不耐盐品种，第Ⅳ类为79份盐极敏感品种，并建立了芥菜型油菜耐盐性鉴定的多元线性回归方程，y=0.537x1+0.310x2+0.089x3+0.064x4。筛选得到的耐盐性材料为培育油菜耐盐新品种奠定基础。     

叶用甜菜随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析

利用ＲＡＰＤ技术,对３０（１份糖甜菜,对照）份Ｂｅｔａ属叶用甜菜种质资源材料的总ＤＮＡ进行ＲＡＰＤ分析,并利用ＵＰＧＭＡ法绘制聚类分析图谱。结果表明：１）２９份叶用甜菜样品和１份糖甜菜样品护增多态性高,１２个引物共扩增出１１０条带,公共带９条,多态性频率高达９１．８１％,平均每个引物扩弱９．１７条带,特有带６条;２）３０个材料间遗传距离变异范围为０．１５００～０．６７１２,亲缘关系最近的是ＢＣ００４和ＢＣ００５（０．１５００）,最远的是ＢＣ０２７和甜研７号（０．６７１２）;３）来源于希腊、土耳其的叶用甜菜与中国叶用甜菜种质间存在一定的种内遗传变异,一部分与中国叶用甜菜亲缘关系更近一些。本研究首次建立了以叶用甜菜聚类在一起,尤其是与中国叶用甜菜亲缘关系更近一些。本研究首次建立了以叶用甜菜嫩花蕾为试材,采用略有改进     

中国大豆种子蛋白中胰蛋白酶抑制剂等位基因的频率及分布

我国１．９万份大豆（栽、野）种质资源的胰蛋白酶抑制剂（ＳＢＴＩ）等位基因电泳分析结果指出，９８．２％的材料具有Ｔ型，１．３％的材料具有Ｔ型。在野生材料中发现有Ｔ类型。三种基因型出现的频率比例为１００：１．３：０．２。未发现不含胰蛋白酶抑制剂的ｔｉ型材料．栽培种Ｔｉ类型单一，野生种Ｔｉ类型变异较大。     

玉米种质资源对瘤黑粉病的抗性鉴定与遗传多样性分析

以丹340、Mo17、B73和O201等73份玉米自交系为材料，采用注射法接种黑粉菌，鉴定玉米种质的抗病性，对遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明，接种第10天时发病率为0～54.67%，第20天时发病率为2.67%～85.90%。根据抗性评价标准统计，表现为高抗的有5份材料，表现为中抗的材料有5份，表现为抗病的材料有4份，其余59份表现为感病。供试材料共有216个等位基因变异，每对引物检测出等位基因数2～5个，平均3.13个，多态性信息量变化范围0.2516～0.7808，平均0.5858，说明遗传变异丰富，进化潜能大。73份种质资源的遗传相似系数的变异范围为0.59～0.99，当遗传相似系数为0.54时，将73份玉米种质资源分为6类。筛选出来的5份高抗材料主要集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅵ类，通过聚类分析划分到旅大红骨群和PB群。根据这些高抗材料之间的亲缘关系，可以拓宽抗瘤黑粉病种质资源的遗传背景。     

绿肥品种资源研究

已收集到４科２０属２６种９１６份绿肥作物品种资源，通过对主要农艺性状、适应性、状分含量等方面的系统研究，评选出一批综合性状好、丰产性能强的优良 品种（系），繁殖优异种质材料４０７送国家种质资源库长期保存。     

薏苡种质资源性状评价及遗传多样性研究

为从湖南省常用的薏苡（Coix lacryma-jobi）种质资源筛选出不同用途的良种,本研究以51份薏苡种质资源为材料,测定表型性状、农艺性状和营养品质等性状的16个指标,并分析其遗传特性。结果显示：农艺性状和营养品质的变异系数为5.36%~26.41%,表型性状遗传多样性指数为0.52~1.87。5个主成分的累计贡献率为67.13%。供试种质可划分为4类：第1类类群包含7份种质,籽粒及鲜秸秆产量均高,属于籽饲兼用型;第2类类群包含12份种质,株高及鲜秸秆产量高,茎杆粗,籽粒产量中等,属于饲用型;第3类类群包含5份种质,综合性状排名靠前,粒小,产量低,属于生态用型;第4类类群包含27份种质,农艺性状及营养品质均一般,作筛选特异性状亲本型。16个指标综合隶属函数系数值>0.5的有7个种质,其中,籽饲兼用型为HNYY-34,饲用型为HNYY-39、HNYY-40,籽实利用型为HNYY-22、HNYY-38,其他综合利用型为CQYY-01、HNYY-43。本研究为湖南薏苡优异性状的筛选和高效利用及后续薏苡在食用、药用、饲用及生态用方面的新品种选育提供材料。     

花生品种资源耐盐性鉴定初报

对山东省２９０份花生种质资源在芽期和苗期进行了耐盐性筛选鉴定。以ｌ％ＮａＣｌ溶液作发芽试验和苗期试验，芽期按盐害百分率分级，１级９份，２级６份；苗期用耐盐１级的９份材料进行试验，仅有１份材料表现良好。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.