光照对中国南北方萱藻丝状体生长发育影响的比较

通过分离、培养我国北方海域(烟台、青岛)和南方海域(舟山、温州)的萱藻丝状体,比较研究了不同光强[7.2、21.6、36.0、50.4、64.8、86.4、108.0和129.6μmol/(m2·s)]和不同光周期(8L:16D、10L:14D、12L:12D、14L:10D和16L:8D)对我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长及发育的影响。结果表明:(1)过高[≥108.0μmol/(m2·s)]或过低[≤21.6μmol/(m2·s)]光强条件均不利于我国南北方萱藻丝状体的快速生长;(2)我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长的最适光强条件相同,在64.8μmol/(m2·s)条件下培养20 d后,其丝状体的增重倍比和日均增长率均达到最大值;(3)我国南北方萱藻丝状体发育的最适光强条件均为36.0μmol/(m2·s),培养20 d后,烟台、青岛、舟山和温州的萱藻丝状体的孢子囊枝比例均达到最大值,分别为34.72%±0.91%、35.06%±1.17%、35.37%±0.59%和34.33%±0.41%;(4)我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长的最适光周期条件不同,培养20 d后,北方萱藻丝状体的增重倍比和日均增长率均在14L:10D条件下达到最大值,分别为82.75%±2.39%、3.00%±0.36%和81.28%±4.53%、3.04%±0.49%,而南方均在16L:8D条件下达到最大值,分别为89.52%±0.88%、3.18%±0.30%和88.66%±7.09%、3.22%±0.26%;(5)经过20 d的培养观察,我国北方萱藻丝状体发育的适宜光周期范围为8L:16D~10L:14D,而南方的适宜光周期范围为10L:14D~12L:12D。     

水流和光照条件对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida(Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发生长的影响

在不同水流和不同光照条件下,分别对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida(Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发情况展开研究,以期为其苗种生产奠定基础。舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子在附着1 d、15 d后,置于不同水流速度(0、1、1.5、4、7、10、14 cm/s;1.5 cm/s流速由充气控制,其他流速由流水装置控制)培养20 d;舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子附着1 d后,在不同光照周期(6L∶18D、8L∶16D、10L∶14D、12L∶12D、14L∶10D、16L∶8D)和不同光照强度(35、85、135μmol photons/m~2·s)交叉条件下培养70 d。结果显示,附着1 d的果孢子萌发体在静止条件下的萌发生长明显优于其他水流速度下的(P0.05);附着15 d的果孢子萌发体在1.5 cm/s流速下的萌发生长最好(P0.05),在静止条件下的萌发生长明显慢于其他流速下的各组(P0.05)。光照周期和光照强度对果孢子萌发生长的影响显著(P0.05),这二者对盘状体和孢苗生长的影响具有交互作用(P0.05),对盘状体萌发出直立体的影响没有交互作用(P0.05)。光照时间为8–10 h,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显高于其他光照时间下的各组。光照强度为35μmol photons/m~2·s时,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显比其他光照强度下的高。研究表明,在舌状蜈蚣藻育苗生产中,可采取孢子刚附着时静水培养,附苗后15 d充气培养,并控制光照时间为8–10 h和光照强度为35μmol photons/m~2·s。     

水流和光照条件对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida (Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发生长的影响

在不同水流和不同光照条件下,分别对舌状蜈蚣藻Grateloupia livida (Harv)Yamad果孢子萌发情况展开研究,以期为其苗种生产奠定基础。舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子在附着1 d、15 d后,置于不同水流速度(0、1、1.5、4、7、10、14 cm/s;1.5 cm/s流速由充气控制,其他流速由流水装置控制)培养20 d;舌状蜈蚣藻果孢子附着1 d后,在不同光照周期(6L∶18D、8L∶16D、10L∶14D、12L∶12D、14L∶10D、16L∶8D)和不同光照强度(35、85、135 µmol photons/m2·s)交叉条件下培养70 d。结果显示,附着1 d的果孢子萌发体在静止条件下的萌发生长明显优于其他水流速度下的(P<0.05);附着15 d的果孢子萌发体在1.5 cm/s流速下的萌发生长最好(P<0.05),在静止条件下的萌发生长明显慢于其他流速下的各组(P<0.05)。光照周期和光照强度对果孢子萌发生长的影响显著(P<0.05),这二者对盘状体和孢苗生长的影响具有交互作用(P<0.05),对盘状体萌发出直立体的影响没有交互作用(P>0.05)。光照时间为8–10 h,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显高于其他光照时间下的各组。光照强度为35 µmol photons/m2·s时,盘状体萌发直立体的百分率以及孢苗的高度明显比其他光照强度下的高。研究表明,在舌状蜈蚣藻育苗生产中,可采取孢子刚附着时静水培养,附苗后15 d充气培养,并控制光照时间为8–10 h和光照强度为35 µmol photons/ m2·s。     

光周期对雨生红球藻生物量、虾青素累积和抗氧化能力的影响

研究了不同光周期条件(0L∶24D、4L∶20D、8L∶16D、12L∶12D、16L∶8D、20L∶4D、24L∶0D)对雨生红球藻生物量(细胞密度和单位体积干质量)、虾青素含量(单位干质量虾青素含量和单个细胞虾青素含量)、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力的影响。生物量的测定采用显微细胞计数法和直接称质量法,虾青素含量、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力的测定采用分光光度法。试验结果表明,雨生红球藻生物量和丙二醛含量随光照时间的延长先升后降,虾青素含量和总抗氧化能力则随光照时间的延长逐渐升高;雨生红球藻生物量和丙二醛含量均在16L∶8D光周期条件下达到最大值,且显著高于连续黑暗和连续光照条件下的生物量和丙二醛含量(P0.05);雨生红球藻虾青素含量和总抗氧化能力在连续光照条件下最高,且均显著高于每日光照时间小于20h条件下的虾青素含量和总抗氧化能力(P0.05);在20L∶4D和连续光照条件下的雨生红球藻生物量、单个细胞虾青素含量和丙二醛含量无显著差异(P0.05),但这两种条件下的单位干质量虾青素含量和总抗氧化能力差异显著(P0.05);在连续黑暗条件下,雨生红球藻生物量、虾青素含量、丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力均最低。本研究结果为雨生红球藻的大规模培养和虾青素的规模化生产和应用提供了理论基础。     

纤细裸藻对5种抗生素的胁迫响应

裸藻(Euglena)是一种重要的资源微藻,含有丰富的氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、维生素和裸藻糖等营养物质,并且裸藻没有细胞壁,其营养成分相对于其他藻类更容易被人体、水产动物吸收,开展裸藻集约化培养,对优化养殖环境具有十分重要的意义。为了研究裸藻的无菌化养殖,实验生态条件下,研究了不同浓度的5种抗生素(遗传霉素、氯霉素、青霉素、土霉素和链霉素)胁迫对纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)细胞密度及叶绿素a水平的影响。结果表明,在遗传霉素、土霉素和链霉素胁迫作用下,裸藻细胞密度显著降低(P0.05),低于25μg/m L的遗传霉素即可对裸藻生长与叶绿素a合成产生抑制,200μg/m L的土霉素和25μg/m L、50μg/m L的链霉素对裸藻叶绿素a合成有一定的促进作用;氯霉素和青霉素对裸藻生长有一定的促进效应,200μg/m L的青霉素可以显著提高纤细裸藻的细胞密度和叶绿素a水平(P0.05)。实验结果说明纤细裸藻对遗传霉素、土霉素和链霉素的敏感性较强,而氯霉素和青霉素可以作为纤细裸藻无菌系建立的备选抗生素,研究结果可为纤细裸藻的基因工程选择标记和无菌培养体系的建立提供参考。     

光、温对鼠尾藻卵子排放和幼孢子体生长的影响

以成熟的鼠尾藻生殖托为材料,研究了不同温度(13～23℃)、光照度(3000～12000lx)和光照周期(15L∶9D,12L∶12D,9L∶16D)对鼠尾藻排卵及幼孢子体生长的影响。结果显示,温度在20～23℃范围,有利于鼠尾藻卵子的排放;在3000～12000lx范围内,光照度越高,越有利于鼠尾藻卵子的排放;光周期不是影响卵子排放的主要因素,光照度是鼠尾藻幼孢子体生长的重要因子;温度是制约鼠尾藻幼孢子体生长的关键因子,水温低于16℃时不利于幼孢子体的快速生长。     

不同光照周期对脊尾白虾生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分的影响

为探讨不同光照周期对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分的影响,本研究挑选体质量为(0.71±0.05) g、体长为(3.62±0.28) cm的脊尾白虾,在水温23~25℃、盐度22~24、pH 7.8~8.1、光照强度为1000 lx的养殖条件下,测定其在5种光照周期(全光照L、16L︰8D、12L︰12D、8L︰16D、全黑暗D,L表示光照时长,D表示黑暗时长)下的生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分等相关指标。结果显示,在存活率方面,全黑暗组最高[(86.67±5.77)%],其次为12L︰12D组[(83.33±8.82)%],再次为8L︰16D组[(80.00±3.33)%],3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);在特定生长率方面,8L︰16D组的特定生长率为(2.49±0.20)%/d,显著高于全黑暗组(P<0.05);在蜕壳率方面,8L︰16D组蜕壳率最高,为(6.96±0.50)次/(尾·d)。性腺指数随光照时间的缩短逐渐增大,在光照时间为8L时达到最高值[(2.37±0.04)%],显著高于其他组(P<0.05);8L︰16D组卵巢成熟率为(42.93±4.57)%,显著高于全黑暗组(P<0.05);8L︰16D组卵巢相对长度在实验第30天时显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。8L︰16D组血淋巴蛋白质和胆固醇浓度显著高于全光照组、16L︰8D组和全黑暗组(P<0.05),与12L︰12D组无显著差异(P>0.05);8L︰16D组葡萄糖浓度显著高于全光照组和全黑暗组(P<0.05),与16L︰8D组和12L︰12D组差异不显著(P>0.05);8L︰16D组甘油三酯浓度显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。研究表明,不同光照周期对脊尾白虾生长、性腺发育以及血淋巴生化成分均产生不同程度的影响,8L︰16D是脊尾白虾亲虾促熟和工厂化养殖较为适宜的光照周期。     

不同光照周期对日本囊对虾生长、蜕皮和糖代谢的影响

本研究比较分析了不同光照周期(全黑暗D、光照:黑暗10L:14D、光照:黑暗14L:10D、全光照L)对日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicas)生长、蜕皮和糖代谢的影响。结果显示,随着光照时间的延长,日本囊对虾的存活率(SR)、特定生长率(SGR)和蜕皮率(MF)逐渐降低,到第49天时,L组日本囊对虾死亡率达100%。实验结束时,D组SR、SGR和MF显著高于10L:14D组和14L:10D组(P<0.05),分别为(60.000±2.722)%、(6.966±0.686)%/d和(4.667±0.363)%/d,但10L:14D组和14L:10D组间的SR、SGR和MF差异不显著。不同光照周期对日本囊对虾体内蜕皮抑制激素(MIH)和蜕皮激素(EH)浓度有显著影响。第30天时,D组MIH浓度显著低于10L:14D、14L:10D和L组(P<0.05),10L:14D和14L:10D组MIH浓度显著低于L组(P<0.05),10L:14D和14L:10D组间差异不显著;第60天时,D组MIH浓度显著低于10L:14D和14L:10D组(P<0.05),但2组间差异不显著;随着光照时间的延长,日本囊对虾体内EH浓度不断降低,第30天时,D组EH浓度显著高于10L:14D、14L:10D和L组(P<0.05),10L:14D、14L:10D和L组相比差异不显著;第60天时,D组EH浓度显著高于10L:14D和14L:10D组(P<0.05),但2组间差异不显著。不同光照周期显著影响日本囊对虾的糖代谢,不同处理组血清中的5-羟色胺(5-HT)、高血糖激素(CHH)和肝胰腺中的糖原磷酸化酶(GP)的变化趋势与上述MIH浓度变化趋势一致,而肝胰腺中糖原合酶(GS)的变化趋势与MIH浓度变化趋势相反。研究表明,日本囊对虾最适宜生长的环境为全黑暗状态。     

温度和光照对塔胞藻生长的影响

采用梯度法比较了温度、光照度、光照周期对一次性培养的塔胞藻生长的影响。结果表明:塔胞藻对温度的适应范围较广,10~30℃时塔胞藻均可生长,24~28℃为塔胞藻生长的最适温度;光照度4000~10 000 lx时,塔胞藻生物量随光照度的增加而增大,并在10 000 lx时达到最大;塔胞藻在光照周期为16L∶8D时生长最快。     

高浓度CO2和光周期对浒苔幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

浒苔(Ulva prolifera)幼苗是绿潮藻天然“种子库”的主要组成部分,在绿潮发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。为揭示浒苔绿潮早期暴发的原因,并为未来浒苔绿潮的预警防控提供基础数据,选取2个CO₂浓度[正常空气的CO₂浓度400μatm (LC)和加富后的CO₂浓度1 000μatm (HC)]和3个光周期[短光照(LL):10 L∶14 D、正常光照(ML):12 L∶12 D和长光照(HL):14 L∶10 D],探索其对浒苔幼苗的生长和光合生理的影响。结果显示,高浓度CO₂和长光照显著促进了幼苗生长(P<0.05);相较ML培养条件下,藻体在HL培养条件下显现出更高的生长速率和较低的呼吸速率;光化学参数受高浓度CO₂和光照时间的影响不明显;高浓度CO₂和长光照显著降低了叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量(P<0.05)。结果表明,CO₂和光周期对幼苗的生长及光合生理具有显著影响(P<0.05),HC、HL促进...     

The effect of light intensity on the growth of Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773)

A 35‐day experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on growth of Brachymystax lenok under different light intensities: 10, 70, 240 and 1000 lx. Fish(5.5 ± 0.24 g)used in the experiment were fed to satiation twice a day (08:00 hours, 14:00 hours).The photoperiod was 12L:12D (08:00–20:00 hours). The specific growth rate(SGR) of B. lenok under lower intensities(10 lx,70 lx)was significantly higher than the other groups(P < 0.05).No significant difference in feed intake was observed at different light intensities, but feed efficiency (FE) in wet weight at lower intensities (1070 lx) was higher than that at higher intensities(240,1000 lx) (P < 0.05).The final survival rate of juveniles varied from 86.33% to 93.66%,and there was no significant difference between experimental groups. The tested fish under higher light intensities (240 and 1000 lx) spent much more energy in respiration and excretion while depositing less energy for growth than those fish under lower light intensities. It is concluded that light intensity significantly affected growth and optimal light intensity for B. lenok juveniles was about 10–70 lx.     

养殖模式对方斑东风螺生长及主要环境因子的影响

为研究光因子对方斑东风螺胚胎受精孵化过程的影响,实验采用析因实验设计法研究了光照强度、光质和光周期等不同光条件对方斑东风螺胚胎发育过程中受精率(FR)、孵化率(HR)和变态率(MR)的影响,通过回归模型,优化光条件,找到利于胚胎发育的最佳光质、光强和光周期。结果显示,不同光质条件下,光照强度和光周期一次效应、交互效应和二次效应均呈显著水平,三者存在互作效应。在绿光条件下,光照强度为13.70 μmol/(m²·s),光照时间为15.54 h时,其FR、HR和MR达到最优值,其值分别为91.36 %、88.64 %和92.02 %,优化后绿光促进东风螺胚胎发育效果最为明显,其次是红光和白光。在蓝光条件下,其光照强度和光周期任意组合水平下FR、HR和MR与其他光质比较均较低,且随着光照强度增加和光照时间延长,三项指标值下降越明显,因而表明蓝光对胚胎发育起到抑制作用。实验表明,合适的光照强度和光周期能与光质协同作用,可以提高方斑东风螺育苗效率和苗种品质。     

艾比湖卤虫滞育诱导的临界光周期和感知光照度的研究

卤虫具有滞育模式(卵生)和非滞育模式(卵胎生)两种繁殖模式,而光周期可能是影响其繁殖模式的重要的环境因子,因此明确其临界光周期和感知光照度对于有效地调控卤虫滞育、繁殖等将具有重要实践意义。本研究在实验室条件下研究了艾比湖卤虫的临界光周期和感知光照度,结果表明,在常规养殖盐度(80)和温度(25℃)条件下,艾比湖卤虫的光反应曲线与典型的长日照反应型滞育昆虫类似,在非极端光周期下,艾比湖卤虫的临界光暗时长为(8.38±0.37)h,相应的临界日长为15.62h;在极端光周期下,24h光暗时长,滞育率为(32.42±6.70)%,极显著低于邻近长光暗时长滞育率(P0.01);0h光暗时长,滞育率为(19.01±5.98)%,较邻近短光暗时长滞育率略高,但差异不显著(P0.05)。感知光照度试验表明,艾比湖卤虫感知光照度可能处于10~50lx。本研究为卤虫的滞育诱导和繁殖模式的光控化养殖提供了重要的科学基础。     

温度、光照强度对舌状蜈蚣藻早期发育的影响

舌状蜈蚣藻（Grateloupia livida）是一种具有较高应用价值的红藻。文章研究了不同的温度（15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃）和光照强度（500 lx、2500 lx、5 000 lx和10 000 lx）对舌状蜈蚣藻早期发育的影响。试验结果表明,舌状蜈蚣藻适合果孢子发育为盘状体的条件为温度25℃、光照5 000 lx。果孢子在25~30℃条件下首先形成盘状体,15℃下形成最慢;盘状体在25℃首先长出直立枝,其次是20℃、15℃和30℃。果孢子在5 000~10 000 lx的光照强度下首先形成盘状体,2 500 lx次之;在盘状体发育过程中较高光强可以促进盘状体的生长发育,低光强培养条件显著抑制了盘状体的生长发育。     

Effects of different photoperiods on growth, stress and haematological parameters in juvenile great sturgeon Huso huso

The effects of constant light (24L:00D), no light (00L:24D) and two light–dark periods (18L:06D;12L:12D) on the growth, stress and haematological variables were assessed in juvenile great sturgeon, Huso huso . During the 8-week experimental period, juveniles (22.5 ± 0.6 g) were kept under a 150 lx light intensity in fibreglass tanks (0.8 m², 500 L). Differences in growth were insignificant during the experiment, but lactate levels were higher in the 00L:24D and 24L:00D photoperiods compared with 12L:12D and 18L:06D photoperiods. Cortisol levels did not show differences among the various photoperiods. At the end of the experimental period, fish reared under a 12L:12D photoperiod had higher haemoglobin values and erythrocyte numbers than in the other photoperiods, while no differences were found between groups with regard to haematocrit values or leucocyte numbers. The highest survival rate (89%) was observed in the 12L:12D period in which the levels of lactate and cortisol as stress indicators were minimal. The results indicate that various photoperiods cause different stress levels in juvenile great sturgeon and have no significant effects on growth, at least in short time periods.     

光照强度对拟穴青蟹幼体生长及能量收支的影响

以拟穴青蟹为研究对象,研究了1 000 lx、3 000 lx、5 000 lx、7 000 lx、9 000 lx五组光照强度对其溢状幼体蜕皮、生长及能量收支的影响.结果表明:(1)1 000 lx试验组幼体从第4期潘状幼体(Z<,4>)阶段起即期变态成活率明显下降,全部实验幼体最终均不能变态为大眼幼体(M);5 0...     

Photoperiod influences the growth, food intake, feed efficiency and digestibility of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of photoperiod manipulation on growth rate, food intake and feed conversion efficiency (Trial 1), and the digestibility of nutrients and energy (Trial 2) in red sea bream, Pagrus major (body weight 19–120 g). Fish were exposed to four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) with light intensity 1500 lx on the water surface. The fish were fed with a commercial diet to apparent satiation. In Trial 2, 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) was used as an inert marker. Significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rates were observed in fish exposed to a 24L:0D photoperiod followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Food intake and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were also significantly higher in fish exposed to 24L:0D followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Fish exposed to 24L:0D and 16L:8D photoperiods showed significantly higher lipid and energy digestibility than those exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the enhancement of growth performances under 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods were attributed to improved appetite, greater food intake and higher feed conversion efficiency as well as higher digestibility.     

Effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, growth and survival of early-stage grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae

ABSTRACT: A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of salinity, aeration and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage Epinephelus coioides larvae. Newly hatched larvae were transferred to 40-L aquaria at a density of 1500 individuals/aquarium. Larvae were exposed to different levels of aeration (0 mL/min per L, 0.62 mL/min per L, 1.25 mL/min per L, 2.50 mL/min per L, or 3.75 mL/min per L); salinity (8 ppt, 16 ppt, 24 ppt, 32 ppt, or 40 ppt); and light intensity (0 lx, 120 lx, 230 lx, 500 lx, or 700 lx) for 4–6 days. Twenty larvae were sampled daily at 11:00 hours to measure for total length (TL), oil globule volume, and feeding incidence. Survival rates were determined by counting the total number of larvae remaining in each aquarium at the end of the experiment. Significantly higher survival rates ( P   <  0.05) were observed at aeration levels of 0.62 mL/min per L and 1.25 mL/min per L, at salinity levels of 16 ppt and 24 ppt, and at light intensities of 500 lx and 700 lx. The influence of aeration level, salinity and light intensity on oil globule absorption, feeding incidence, and growth and survival of early-stage grouper larvae are discussed.     

Effects of Light Intensity on the Growth Performance and Stress Response in Striped Knifejaw, (Oplegnathus fasciatus)

Six light intensities (50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500 lx) were used under a photoperiod of 16 h light : 8 h dark (16L : 8D) to investigate the growth performance and stress response of striped knifejaw, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Forty juveniles of mean weight approximately 27 g were randomly distributed into each of eighteen 300 L tanks, fed to apparent satiation two times a day for 8 wk. At the end of the rearing trial, there were no significant differences in final mean weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and survival among the treatments (P > 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in feed intake, fish exposed to 50–200 lx showed significantly higher feed efficiency (FE) compared to that of other treatments (P < 0.05). There was a decreasing trend in retention efficiency of protein and lipid with increasing light intensities (400–1500 lx), but there were no significant differences among the treatments. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of cortisol, glucose, and total protein among the treatments (P > 0.05). To consider the FE and given the fact that an intensity of 50 lx is insufficient to monitor fish activity during feeding, light intensity of 100–200 lx would be better for rearing of striped knifejaw.