Organophosphate detoxification related to induced hepatic microsomal enzymes of chickens

Detoxification of the organophosphate malathion in its activated form (malaoxon) was increased in livers of chickens given microsomal enzyme inducers (beta-naphthoflavone, 3-methylcholanthrene, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), or polychlorinated biphenyls). Positive correlations between inducer and microsomal enzyme activity were demonstrated for beta-naphthoflavone with demethylation of p-nitroanisole and for 3-methylcholanthrene and for BHT with cytochrome P450/448 and cytochrome b5. Malaoxon detoxification decreased in correlation with decreases in quantities of cytochrome P450/448 in birds fed a low-protein diet. Prediction of malaoxon detoxification was aided by using enzyme activities as dependent variables in the regression model, although only in birds given BHT were all of the 5 enzymes necessary for providing the best predictive model.     

Characterisation of hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase from broiler chickens

1. The hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) kinetic variables from chickens were studied in intact and disrupted microsomes using two substrates: glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and pyrophosphate (PPi). They were studied from embryonic life to 51 d of age. 2. The phosphohydrolase activity studied in the broiler chicken liver microsomes corresponds to a true glucose-6-phosphatase. 3. The enzyme VMAX with both substrates in intact and disrupted microsomes showed 2 maxima: one in 19-d-old embryos and the other in 9-d-old chickens. Pyrophosphatase (PPase) VMAX in intact microsomes was higher than that of the G-6-Pase at all ages studied, except in 12 d embryos and 3-d-old chicks. In disrupted microsomes the VMAX of both enzymatic activities were similar. The G-6-Pase latency was high in the 19-d-old embryos and 51-d-old chickens. 4. The KM for PPi and G-6-Pase decreased when microsomes were disrupted. In intact microsomes the G-6-P KM was low in embryos and 3-d-old chicks and later increased. On the other hand, the PPi KM in intact microsomes showed little change during the animal's life and was lower than that of G-6-P. In disrupted microsomes the KM for both substrates were similar. 5. These results suggest a sequential incorporation of the G-6-Pase system components in the endoplasmic reticulum.     

Effects of two infectious bursal disease vaccine virus strains on hepatic microsomal enzyme activities in chickens

The influence of two infectious bursal disease vaccines on the activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes aniline hydroxylase, ethylmorphine N-demethylase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, aryl sulphotransferase and p-nitrophenol UDP-glucuronyltransferase was investigated in chickens. The vaccines contained attenuated Winterfield 2512 and VMG-91 strains, respectively. The activities of enzymes were determined on postvaccination days 0, 2, 5 and 7. At the same time, post-mitochondrial supernatant, cytosolic and microsomal pellet protein concentrations were determined. As expected, the antibody titres against infectious bursal disease virus in the serum were increased in both tested groups in relation to each administered vaccine. Using RT-PCR, the presence of the VP2 gene fragment of virus in the liver of chicken was demonstrated 4 and 6 h after vaccination. The results of this study suggest that the two commercial vaccines modulate the activities of five enzymes tested, and that the two attenuated vaccines applied triggered induction and/or inhibition of phases I and II of biotransformation enzyme activities.     

Induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes in chickens effected by various persistent foreign materials]

Changes in the levels of microsomal proteins, in the activity of microsomal aniline hydroxylase, and in the effectivity of Thiopental were studied in chickens given the Czechoslovak-produced type of polychlorinated biphenyls - Delor 103. The increased activity of aniline hydroxylase and the decrease of Thiopental sleeping time in chickens exposed to the action of Delor 103 indicate that this preparation is able to induce liver microsomal enzymes in doses as low as 5 mg per kg of feed. The induction of liver microsomal enzymes appears to be an important factor, able to exercise a direct influence on the biotransformation of various biologically important substances in the organism of chickens.     

Marek's disease vaccination, with turkey herpesvirus, and enrofloxacin modulate the activities of hepatic microsomal enzymes in broiler chickens

Chickens were vaccinated against Marek's disease intramuscularly at one day of age. Enrofloxacin was given ad libitum in the drinking water at concentrations of 50, 100 and 250 mg/L from 8 days to 13 days of age when the animals were killed and the activities of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver were measured. Vaccinated non-treated chickens served as a positive control. A negative control group was neither vaccinated nor treated. Vaccination decreased the activity of aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase in the positive control group. Subsequent application of enrofloxacin in the lowest concentration (50 mg/L) decreased, while that given at the highest level (250 mg/L) significantly increased the activity of the same microsomal enzymes. Relative liver weights and concentrations of proteins in 9000 x g supernatant were not affected by vaccination or treatment.     

藏鸡和茶花鸡染色体G带比较

运用改进的鸡外周血淋巴细胞培养-空气干燥法,分析了藏鸡和茶花鸡染色体G带。G带研究结果表明：2个地方鸡种的染色体G带带纹存在一定差异,主要体现在带纹数目的差异和带纹宽度的差异,藏鸡前10对大型染色体可分为33个区,共149条带,而茶花鸡可分为34个区,共146条带;同时对2个地方鸡种G带带型特征进行详细比较,并绘制了G带模式图。     

氯消毒剂对鸡生产性能的影响及致病作用

在饮水中添加1％、2％、25％的含氯消毒剂，对土杂鸡进行了为期21d的中毒试验。鸡每天每1kg体重摄入0．543、0．768、0．288g的含氯消毒剂后，鸡群的饮水、摄食、生长速度与对照组比较都有不同程度的减少，且随试验时间的延长而加剧，生长速度分别降低32．06％、93．7％、124．4％，饲料报酬分别降低35．3％、78．53％和呈负比率，并在后期出现不同程度的临床表现和死亡，表明鸡连续大量摄入含氯消毒剂可在体内蓄积并引起机体慢性中毒。     

Comparison of the metabolic and antioxidant effects of diltiazem and vitamin E on streptozotocin-diabetic rats

In this study, solitary and combined effects of vitamin E and the calcium-channel blocker diltiazem were investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty male Wistar albino rats, weighing approximately 200 g were used. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intravenous injection of STZ at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight. Five experimental groups were established as STZ-diabetic, STZ-diabetic + vitamin E, STZ-diabetic + diltiazem and STZ-diabetic + vitamin E + diltiazem. Vitamin E was injected intraperitoneally three times a week at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight. Diltiazem was given orally every day at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. At the end of the study (10 weeks) blood glucose levels of diabetic rats, which had received vitamin E and diltiazem, had significantly decreased when compared with untreated diabetic rats (P < 0.02). Similarly, HbA1c levels had significantly decreased in diabetic rats which had received vitamin E (P < 0.05), diltiazem (P < 0.01) and vitamin E + diltiazem (P < 0.02) when compared with untreated diabetic rats. Liver glutathione levels of diabetic rats, which had received vitamin E (P < 0.01) and vitamin E + diltiazem (P < 0.05) had significantly increased when compared with untreated diabetic rats. Liver lipid peroxide levels had significantly decreased in diabetic rats, which had received vitamin E (P < 0.001) and diltiazem (P < 0.01). With respect to their metabolic and antioxidant effects, vitamin E proved superior to diltiazem.     

基于中草药提取方法差异对鸡源变形杆菌的体外抑菌作用比较

为探究中草药提取液对临床分离鸡源变形杆菌抑菌效果,本试验对野菊花、穿心莲等9种中草药,采取水提法和醇提法提取中草药的有效成分,并采用试管二倍稀释法测定中草药提取液对鸡源变形杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),采用微量肉汤稀释棋盘法对抑菌效果较佳的黄芩等5种水提液与虎杖等3种醇提液分别进行体外联合药敏试验,测定其FIC指数。结果表明:水提液中,黄芩抑菌效果最佳,MIC为62.5 mg/mL,穿心莲、虎杖、黄连、香薷次之,MIC均为125 mg/mL;醇提液中,虎杖、穿心莲、香薷抑菌效果较好,MIC均为125 mg/mL;体外联合药敏试验中,本试验各组合均无协同作用;说明黄芩水提液对鸡源变形杆菌抑菌效果最佳,其余药物水提液抑菌效果一般或较差;醇提取液抑菌效果为一般或较差;本试验各联合用药的效果不佳。     

Comparison of cupric and sulfate ion effects on chronic selenosis in rats

The ameliorating effects of Cu++ and SO4--ions on concurrent selenite toxicity were compared in two factorial experiments using 60 weanling rats each. In the first experiment, 0, 500 and 1,000 mg Cu (as CuCl2)/kg diet were fed in conjunction with 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Se (as Na2SeO3)/kg diet. In the second experiment, the treatments were 0, 500 and 1,000 mg SO4 (as Na2SO4)/kg fed in conjunction with 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg Se/kg diet. A paired-feeding experiment using 10, 15 and 20 mg Se/kg diet was also conducted with 28 rats to compare the influence of inanition in control and selenite-fed rats. Cupric++ ion, but not SO4--ion, prevented mortality among selenite-intoxicated rats. There were significant Cu X Se interaction effects on feed intake, daily gain, packed cell volume (PCV), serum Cu and Fe, sperm counts, and weights of liver, kidney and testis. There were main effects of Cu and Se on serum Se and liver Cu. In Exp. 2 there were significant SO4 X Se interaction effects on feed intake, daily gain, serum Cu and testis weight. There were main effects of Se on PCV, sperm count, serum testosterone, liver Se, liver Cu and the absolute weights of liver and kidney. The only main effect of SO4 was that of increased liver Cu concentrations. Among the pair-fed rats, the selenite-fed rats, with one exception, died before their paired rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Ultrastructure of hepatic and renal lesions in chickens fed aflatoxin

Male broiler chicks were given feed and water ad libitum from hatching through 3 weeks of age. The feed contained 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 micrograms of aflatoxin/g of feed. The chicks were killed by cervical dislocation and specimens of liver and kidney were obtained for electron microscopy on days 3, 6, 9, 17, and 21. In chicks fed 5.0 micrograms of aflatoxin, the primary lesions in liver were hepatocellular lipidosis, enlargement of bile canaliculi, reduction in mitochondrial size, mild lymphocytic infiltration, and hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis. Similar lesions were noticed in some chicks fed 2.5 micrograms of aflatoxin, but none was observed in chicks fed at 1.25 micrograms of aflatoxin. At 5 micrograms of aflatoxin, the most consistent lesion in the kidney was thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Similar glomerular lesions were observed at 2.5 micrograms of aflatoxin, but not at 1.25 micrograms of aflatoxin. Some foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells were poorly developed. Fusion of foot processes was not observed and fibrous material was not evident in the basement membrane. The pseudopodia of endothelial cells lining the thickened basement membrane were depleted in number or were absent. Degenerative changes also were observed in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules, but these were less consistent than those of the glomerulus.     

球抗预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病效果的观察

采用接种孢子化柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊的方法,复制鸡球虫病,观察并计算球抗对柔嫩艾美耳球虫病鸡的存活率、相对增重率、血便记分、盲肠病变记分和卵囊值的影响,并求出球抗的抗球虫指数.结果发现球抗能提高球虫病鸡的存活率和相对增重率,减少血便记分和盲肠内容物卵囊数,减轻盲肠病变.表明球抗对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫病有一定的预防作用.     

日粮蛋氨酸水平对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫肉鸡的影响

蛋氨酸是鸡饲料中的限制性氨基酸。随着氨基酸营养对机体免疫机能研究的深入 ,蛋氨酸对动物免疫反应的影响已被肯定 (中国饲料行业信息网 ,2 0 0 2 ;冯杰等 ,2 0 0 1 )。William等 ( 1 979)在获得蛋氨酸对动物免疫反应有较大影响的结果同时 ,认为蛋氨酸对免疫机能的影响似乎有一个最佳水平。陈厚基 ( 1 993)和Dabbert等 ( 1 996)分别验证了Williams等人的研究结果。蛋氨酸对感染球虫的鸡的影响资料不多。Willis( 1 981 )等报道 ,缺乏含硫氨基酸 (蛋氨酸 +胱氨酸 )的日粮 ,能减少堆型艾美耳球虫感染引起的发病率 ,提高增重率。王米等 ( 2 0…     

Dietary essential oils improve the hepatic antioxidative status of broiler chickens

1. A total of 200 male Ross 308 chickens were used to evaluate the effects of a standardised combination of essential oils including 5% carvacrol, 3% cinnamaldehyde and 2% capsicum oleoresin (XT 6930; Pancosma S.A., Geneva, Switzerland) on their performance, hepatic antioxidant concentration and caecal tonsils morphometry.

2. Two diets were offered to broiler chickens from d old to 21 d of age. The control diet (C) was slightly lower in metabolisable energy (12.13 MJ/kg ME) and crude protein (215 g/kg CP) than breeders’ recommendation. The second diet, made as XT 6930, was added on the top of the control diet at 100 mg/kg. Each diet was offered ad libitum to birds housed in one of 10 floor pens in a randomised complete block design. The birds were housed in 20 floor pens, 10 birds in each pen, and were allocated to 10 replicates of the two dietary treatments.

3. The concentration of antioxidants in the liver of the birds was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at 21 d of age. Birds fed control diet only had lower weight and converted less efficiently feed to gain compared to birds fed essential oils-supplemented diet. Feed consumption was not affected by dietary treatments. The antioxidant data showed that supplemented essential oils improved the hepatic concentration of carotenoids and coenzyme Q₁₀ when fed to broiler chickens. The morphometry of the caecal tonsils of the birds was not influenced by dietary treatments.

4. It can be concluded that that dietary combination of essential oils, including carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsicum oleoresin, improved growth, feed efficiency and the hepatic concentration of carotenoids and coenzyme Q₁₀ when fed to broiler chickens.     

Effect of pretreatment with hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers on the toxicity of diazinon in calves

The pretreatment of calves with a single dose of 10 mg kg-1 dieldrin or 21 daily doses of 10 mg kg-1 phenobarbitone increased the toxicity of diazinon as reflected by the development of more severe clinical signs and greater depression in whole blood cholinesterase activity in the pretreated calves. Induction by dieldrin or phenobarbitone of the hepatic microsomal enzyme amidopyrine-N-demethylase was also accompanied by a concurrent rise in the liver carboxylesterase activity.     

The effects of lactoferrin on the intestinal environment of broiler chickens

1. The influence of in-feed lactoferrin (Lf) on bird production, intestinal microbiota, mucosal immune system and gut microarchitecture was assessed in male Cobb 500 broiler chickens.

2. Birds were given one of four diets from day of hatch: Control (basal diet with no additives), ZnB (basal diet?+?50?mg/kg zinc bacitracin), Lf 250?mg/kg (basal diet?+?250?mg/kg Lf) and Lf 500?mg/kg (basal diet?+?500?mg/kg Lf); n?=?24 birds/treatment. An apparent metabolisable energy study was performed between d 25-32.

3. Lf did not affect growth rate or feed conversion in the period 0-21?d of age, nor performance or energy metabolism during the 7?d metabolism experiment which commenced at 25?d of age.

4. The profiles of caecal microbial communities were significantly different in birds given ZnB compared with birds given a diet with no additives, or supplemented with 250?mg/kg Lf. Birds given 250?mg/kg Lf also had a different microbial profile compared with birds given 500?mg/kg Lf.

5. In comparison to control birds, Lf treated birds showed some differences in the T cell proportions in caecal tonsil and spleen. No differences in ileal villus height, crypt depth or goblet cell proportions were observed amongst dietary treatments.

6. Whilst Lf had little effect on the measured parameters, the use of an integrated approach to study the influence of novel feed additives may facilitate a greater understanding of the relationships between nutrition, gut health and bird performance.     

Effects of dietary sodium butyrate on hepatic biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of erythromycin in chickens

Butyrate, a commonly applied feed additive in poultry nutrition, can modify the expression of certain genes, including those encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In comparative in vitro and in vivo experiments, the effect of butyrate on hepatic CYP genes was examined in primary cultures of chicken hepatocytes and in liver samples of chickens collected from animals that had been given butyrate as a feed additive. Moreover, the effect of butyrate on the biotransformation of erythromycin, a marker substance for the activity of enzymes of the CYP3A family, was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Butyrate increased the expression of the avian‐specific CYP2H1 both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the avian CYP3A37 expression was decreased in hepatocytes following butyrate exposure, but not in the in vivo model. CYP1A was suppressed by butyrate in the in vitro experiments, and overexpressed in vivo in butyrate‐fed animals. The concomitant incubation of hepatocytes with butyrate and erythromycin led to an increased CYP2H1 expression and a less pronounced inhibition of CYP3A37. In in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments, butyrate‐fed animals given a single i.m. injection of erythromycin, a slower absorption phase (longer T_half‐abs and delayed T_max) but a rapid elimination phase of this marker substrate was observed. Although these measurable differences were detected in the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin, it is unlikely that a concomitant application of sodium butyrate with erythromycin or other CYP substrates will cause clinically significant feed‐drug interaction in chickens.     

Comparison of the supplemental effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antibiotics in low-protein and high-fibre diets fed to broiler chickens.

Two experiments were completed to compare the supplemental effects of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and sub-therapeutic antibiotics in high-fibre and low-protein diets for broiler chicks. In experiment 1, yeast was added at 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g kg-1 while penicillin, tylosin or neoterramycin were added at 150 mg kg-1 into different batches of a high-fibre diet containing 250 g kg-1 palm kernel meal. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antibiotics increased BW, BWG, FCR, feed intake, carcass and breast weights above the control. Small intestine weight was reduced by antibiotics, while yeast caused a lower deposition of abdominal fat. Liver weights of different treated broilers were similar. The performance indices were superior on penicillin and 3.0 g kg-1 yeast compared to other supplements evaluated. In the second experiment, 1.5 and 3.0 g kg-1 of yeast, and 0.75 mg kg-1 of procaine penicillin, zinc bacitracin and tylosin were separately added to a 180 g kg-1 crude protein diet. Performance of the chicks with additives was compared with unsupplemented negative and positive controls containing 180 and 210 g kg-1 crude protein respectively. Broilers fed with supplements had superior BW, BWG, FCR and feed intake compared to the negative control, but carcass data were similar. Dietary penicillin increased BW, BWG, feed intake more than other supplements, but yeast stimulated higher FCR. Data from both studies indicated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae comparatively increased growth and carcass weight and reduce abdominal fat, therefore, it can serve as a natural substitute for antibiotics in broiler diet.