Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned agricultural land and pine plantation in the Qinling Mountains,China

In order to determine the changes in the characteristics of the vegetation and soil following agricultural abandonment and compare the effects of different restoration approaches on ecosystem recovery, we studied the vegetation community and soil characteristics (nutrients, bulk density, water content and pH) of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations and abandoned croplands in different successional stages in the Foping National Nature Reserve, located in the Qinling Mountains, northwest China. The results indicated that natural vegetation and habitat could be restored via natural regeneration. These spontaneous restoration forests were characterized by high diversity, high soil fertility and rich unique species. The soil organic matter, total carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, community cover, depth of litter, depth of humus and soil water content increased significantly with years after abandonment, while the total potassium, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, soil pH did not seem to change significantly with abandonment time. The soil mineral nitrogen (NH₄-N + NO₃-N) tended to increase during the first 50 years after abandonment and then decreased. The pine plantations tended to show a low level of biodiversity in tree and herb layer, but the shrub layer (including sapling) composition and diversity were similar to secondary forests. Although the pine plantation showed lower soil fertility, they did not seem to result in the habitat-degradation.     

太行山石质山地植被结构优化评价

以太行山石质砂岩区山地植被为研究对象,在对典型植被类型综合调查的基础上,提出了评价山地植被水土保持效益的10项指标,并通过不同植被类型的水源涵养效能指标测定和径流小区泥沙对比分析,认为人工-天然复合植被类型的水土保持效果最好,乔木林最适郁闭度为0．6～0．7。阐述了突出水土保持、水源涵养功能的植被优化结构建设是太行山石质山地植被恢复的根本途径和防护林体系建设的重要内容。     

不同立地条件对飞播成苗的影响

以商洛市飞播林地为对象,通过调查、分析,研究了植被盖度、土壤类型和坡向对飞播造林成苗效果的影响,结果表明,不同植被盖度、土壤类型和坡向分别都会对飞播成苗面积比例和成苗地幼苗密度造成影响,植被盖度0.3～0.7,沙壤土和阴坡地的飞播造林成苗效果最好,它们二者在植被盖度为0.3～0.7时,分别是28.28%和2175株·hm-2,在沙壤土分别是32.6%和2631株·hm-2,阴坡地分别是38.5%和2 424株·hm-2;为取得最好的飞播效果,应选择一定的植被盖度范围、土壤类型和坡向。     

天然樟子松林内沙地风蚀区直播生物沙障治沙效果

在呼伦贝尔鄂温克旗锡尼河东苏木境内天然樟子松林内风蚀区,采用雨季直播杨柴生物复合沙障固沙,2年后植被取得良好恢复,并促进了沙地樟子松的天然更新,风蚀坑内杨柴高度达到46.3 cm,植被盖度为27%;平缓流动沙地杨柴高度达到62.7 cm,植被盖度为37%。另外,在风蚀坑内,不论是杨柴还是天然草本植物,都是坡中部的密度最大,长势最好;风蚀坑阳坡植被恢复好于阴坡。     

Impact of land-use management on nitrogen transformation in a mountain forest ecosystem in the north of Iran

Soil inorganic N is one of the most important soil quality indexes, which may be influenced by land-use change. The historical conversion of land-use from native vegetation to agriculture resulted in sharp declines in soil N dynamics. This study was conducted to determine the soil inorganic N concentrations and net N mineralization rate in four common types of land-uses in the mountain forest area in the north of Iran, namely arable land, pine plantation, ash plantation, and beech stand. The soil samples were taken from top mineral soil layer (5cm) in each site randomly (n=6) during August- September 2010. Beech stand and ash plantation showed significantly higher total nitrogen compared with arable land and pine plantation, while extractable NH 4 + -N concentration was significantly greater in Beech stand compare to arable soils (p<0.05). No significantly difference was found in Net N mineralization, net nitrification and net ammonification rates among different land-uses. Results showed that net N mineralization and ammonification were occurred just in the soil of Ash plantation during the incubation time. Our findings suggested that conversion of Hyrcanian forests areas to pine plantation and agricultural land can disrupt soil natural activities and affect extremely soil quality.     

高黎贡山地区生态环境变迁状况与重建对策

20世纪中叶以前,高黎贡山森林植被茂密,生态良好.如今,大面积的原始森林被砍伐,滑坡、泥石流自然灾害不时发生,生态环境恶化.通过对高黎贡山地区的生态环境恶化的原因进行分析,提出了5个方面的生态环境建设对策:(1)恢复植被;(2)开发替代能源以降低薪材消耗;(3)调整土地利用结构以发展社区经济;(4)发展生态旅游;(5)借助保护区的优势,争取国内外支持援助.     

Understorey vegetation in young naturally regenerated and planted birch (Betula spp.) stands on abandoned agricultural land

The abandonment of agricultural lands in Northern and Eastern Europe increases the area covered by first generation forests, which are either formed as an outcome of secondary succession or established as plantations. However, questions remain as to how these new stands develop and what kind of species they favour, which in turn has impacts on their ecological and economical value. Our aim was to compare understorey vascular plant and bryophyte vegetation characteristics between naturally regenerated and planted birch stands on abandoned agricultural sites in Estonia, focusing on the aspects of species richness and forest understorey recovery. Species richness and diversity of vascular plants were similar in both stand types but the number of forest vascular plant species was significantly higher in naturally regenerated stands. The bryophyte layer of naturally regenerated stands had a higher species richness, diversity, and number of forest bryophyte species. The higher number of forest vascular plant and bryophyte species in naturally regenerated stands can be explained by the longer undisturbed succession period. The recovery of the forest understorey was unaffected by former agricultural land use (crop field or grassland). The influence of soil properties on the recovery of the forest understorey was not detected, but the number of vascular plant species that grow in forests as well as in grasslands was negatively correlated with distance from forest. Overall, understorey vegetation of natural and planted birch stands did not reveal substantial differences. However, in the case of vigorous natural birch regeneration in the vicinity of forest land, unassisted reforestation should be favoured.     

Spatial pattern of soil carbon and nutrient storage at the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain,China

气候变化对土壤碳和养分的影响越来越受到生态学家的关注,尤其是对高山冻原生态系统的影响。本研究目的是长白山高山冻原系统土壤碳和养分的空间异质性。结果表明:不同土层深度的土壤碳在Meadow alpine tundra vegetation (MA)中显著地高于其他植被类型(p<0.05);在每一植被类型中,表层(010 cm)碳含量显著地高于1020 cm的土层;土壤氮的分布格局是氮素在表层和1020 cm土层变化规律相似;不同土层深度的土壤磷在Lithic alpine tundra vegetation (LA) 中显著地低于其他植被类型(p<0.05);土壤钾浓度在Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation (FA) 和LA中显著地高于其他植被类型,但在每一植被类型中土壤钾浓度随土壤深度没有明显的变化;不同深度土壤硫在MA中显著地高度其他植被类型;对每一植被类型而言,C: N, C: P, C: K 和C: S随土壤深度增加而降低。除了在SA的表层外,表层的土壤C: N高于1020 cm的土层。在长白山高山冻原系统中,随植被类型的变化,土壤碳和养分储量有着显著的空间异质性。参29表3图1。     

露天煤矿废弃地植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质及物种多样性特征

通过对公别拉河流域西岗子露天煤矿废弃地的土壤理化性质测定、物种多样性调查及植被恢复相关问题研究的结果表明：土壤容重和非毛管孔隙度：矸石坝〉农田〉湿地,其他物理性质指标：湿地〉农田〉矸石坝;在矸石坝、农田和湿地土壤中,全钾含量相差0．75～1．4倍,全磷、全氮含量相差5～10倍,有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量至少相差10倍,且矸石坝土壤中未检测出水解氮;有效养分低是矿山废弃地植被恢复的主要限制因素;选择沙棘作为研究区域内植被恢复的最佳灌木,草本则为本土先锋物种;建议在本研究区域内植被恢复采用灌丛为主、草本为辅的模式,并在植被恢复过程中要加强人工抚育和管理措施。     

Vegetation succession process induced by reforestation in erosion areas

Reforestation is one of the most important and efficient measures of water and soil conservation. Based on field investigations in the Shangyang Soil Conservation and Reforestation Station in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China, we studied the variation in vegetation development, vegetation succession processes and soil erosion. The regional vegetation consists mainly of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests (MEBF). The area was deforested and became a denuded hill area with extremely high soil erosion in the 1960s and 1970s. Then, the area was closed in order to allow recovery of the vegetation. Under natural conditions the vegetation development and succession processes were slow during which soil erosion and strong sunshine and evaporation slowed down the development of the vegetation. About 25 years later, the vegetation cover was still merely 35% or so. The dominant vegetation types were heliophilous herbage and shrubs which formed a poorly developed shrub-herbage community and erosion remained high. In contrast, reforestation with selected tree species dramatically speeded up the vegetation succession process. About 12 years after reforestation, vegetation cover of the Acacia auriculiformis plantations in the Shangyang Station was 90% and erosion was under control. After 23 years, understory vegetation, consisting of indigenous species, had developed in the plantations. The planted trees and naturally developing herbage, shrubs, bamboo, local trees and liana formed a complex vegetation community in three layers. It will take 60 years for the vegetation to succeed from bare land to a secondary growth forest under natural conditions. Reforestation may speed up the vegetation succession process. The time may be reduced to 20 years. Reforestation is the most effective measure of vegetation restoration and erosion control in this area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2558–2565 [译自: 生态学报]     

抚仙湖流域磷矿区不同植被类型的土壤磷素径流流失研究

依据区域年降雨量的差异,将抚仙湖磷矿区年降雨量分别为1 200~1 300 mm和1 000~1 100 mm的区域分别划分为东大河流域磷矿区和帽天山磷矿区两个研究单元,通过在两区域的8种植被类型(含矿山废弃地))中设置野外径流观测小区,在自然降雨状态下对小区土壤磷素随其径流的流失量进行了比较研究。结果表明:降雨强度是矿山废弃地土壤磷素流失的关键因子,在大、暴雨状态下矿山废弃地土壤磷素流失量远大于各植被类型,对抚仙湖水质产生不利的影响。各植被类型土壤磷素随径流的流失量主要取决于地表径流量,其流失总量次序与径流总量次序相一致,表现为:灌草丛>地盘松林>云南松混交林>华山松林>竹林>桉树林,除灌草丛外其他各植被类型均能对土壤的磷素起较强的滞留作用。     

基于GIS的土壤侵蚀潜在危险性评价

选取高程、坡度、坡向、植被覆盖度、土地利用类型和土壤类型这6个指标,用于评价帽儿山实验林场的土壤侵蚀潜在的危险性。利用ArcGIS软件对各指标属性值进行处理后获取各指标得分数据,消除因量纲不同所造成的影响,利用层次分析法确定各影响因子的权重,加权计算得到帽儿山实验林场的土壤侵蚀潜在危险性综合得分。研究结果表明：该地区土壤侵蚀潜在危险性较低,无险型、轻险型占主要地位,危险型和强险型面积较少,无极险型存在,整个区域平均属于轻险型的范畴。     

基于植物多样性指数对汶川地震灾区崩塌山体的微生境植被自然恢复力评价

本文将地震灾区的崩塌山体划分为碎石坡面、巨石坡面、碎石地、洼地和沟槽地5种微生境类型.在此基础上,基于植物多样性指数,对崩塌山体不同微生境的植被自然恢复力进行了测定.结果表明,不同微生境的植被自然恢复力不同,其恢复力指数大小为：沟槽地＞洼地＞碎石地＞巨石坡面＞碎石坡面.这客观上反应了地震灾区不同生境的植被天然恢复现状,可为灾区有针对性地采取不同恢复措施提供参考.     

Characteristics of soil seed bank in plantation forest in the rocky mountain region of Beijing, China

We investigated characteristics (scales and composition) of soil seed banks at eight study sites in the rocky mountain region of Beijing by seed identification and germination monitoring. We also surveyed the vegetation communities at the eight study sites to explore the role of soil seed banks in vegetation restoration. The storage capacity of soil seed banks at the eight sites ranked from 766.26 to 2461.92 seeds·m -2 . A total of 23 plant species were found in soil seed banks, of which 63 80% of seeds were herbs in various soil layers and 60% of seeds were located in the soil layer at 0 5cm depth. Biodiversity indices indicated clear differences in species diversity of soil seed banks among different plant communities. The species composition of aboveground vegetation showed low similarity with that based on soil seed banks. In the above- ground plant community, the afforestation tree species showed high importance values. The plant species originating from soil seed banks represented natural regeneration, which also showed relatively high importance values. This study suggests that in the rocky mountain region of Beijing the soil seed banks played a key role in the transformation from pure plantation forest to near-natural forest, promoting natural ecological processes, and the role of the seed banks in vegetation restoration was important to the improvement of ecological restoration methods.     

干热河谷阴坡和阳坡土壤水分动态研究

采用对比法,分析了干热河谷阴坡和阳坡土壤水分动态特征.结果表明：旱季干旱指数大、持续时间长是干旱河谷土壤水分严重亏损及植被恢复困难的直接原因;旱季阳坡水面蒸发总量较阴坡高18.04%;地表30cm土层的水分变化最剧烈,变异系数超过0.6,该层次的土壤水分含量阳坡和阴坡差异不明显;但随土层厚度的增加,两者差异逐渐增大,至60 cm土层达3.84%;在70 cm土层内,阳坡无水分调节层,而阴坡水分调节层厚度达30 cm.     

彰武沙区不良气候条件对人工造林的影响

彰武县沙区造林成活率低,受风吹沙打、降水量少、土壤干旱等不利因素影响较大。调查发现：0～100cm土层土壤含水率对杨树当年生长非常重要,0～100cm土层土壤含水率大于2％,草本植物才能生长正常。应慎重选择造林品种,以乡土树种为主。从沙地生态保育角度考虑,彰武应以封山（沙）育林、封山（沙）育草、禁山禁牧为主,造林为辅。     

运用GIS对山丘区小流域土地合理利用分析——以密云县土门西沟为例

小流域内土地的合理利用不仅关系到当地生产的发展,也关系到水土保持、植被恢复等环境的建设.通过对北京市土门西沟小流域内各树种生长状况和流域内自然条件的调查和研究分析,找出影响林种生长的限制因子,然后利用GIS作辅助手段,将坡向和坡度分别与经济林进行叠加计算,分析流域土地利用的合理性.研究结果表明:在北京市山区小流域内,坡向和坡度是影响各林种生长的主要限制因子;运用GIS叠加计算后的结果划分出土地利用合理性的程度和数量,为小流域内林种、树种的改造和土地合理利用提供决策依据.     

次生阔叶林改建为食用菌原料林后的群落恢复和林分生长

选择林相较好的12年生天然次生阔叶林，通过择伐更新和皆伐人促更新两种经营方式定向培育食用菌原料林。结果表明：择伐经营的经济效益较高，且有利于群落的快速恢复，经过7a的封育，林分蓄积量已达到择伐前当年的水平。皆伐人促更新获得的食用菌材虽较择伐利用高出40％左右，但因经营强度过大，保留的幼树受损严重而不利于伐后林木的生长与恢复，封育期内蓄积增长量分别为择伐更新和对照未经营区的64．7％和73．4％。动态监测结果显示，采用择伐和皆伐人促更新措施后，群落恢复较快。疏伐后因透光度的急剧增加，阳性和中性树种大量侵入，地面芽植物和1年生植物的比例增高。到第7年时，高位芽植物的比例已接近未经营区的状态，乔、灌、草各层的物种多样性指数高于未经营的天然阔叶林，物种均匀度则与其相近。研究还发现，两种更新经营方式对土壤养分的损失较小，经过7a的恢复，林地土壤肥力已基本达到原有天然林水平。     

内蒙古流动沙丘恢复疏林草地植被治理技术研究

在科尔沁沙地的天然植被中 ,疏林草地是最稳定 ,也是分布面积比较大的植被类型。因此 ,流动沙丘恢复为疏林草地植被 ,是适应自然规律 ,投入少见效快的治理方式。试验表明 ,在 350mm左右降水量地区 ,对沙丘首先进行围封 ,促进自然植被恢复 ,借助风力 ,削平沙丘顶部 ,降低沙丘高度。同时 ,进行人工喷播灌木和人工栽植乔灌木树种。经过 4～ 5年 ,人工栽植的乔木树种覆盖度达到 1 0 % ,天然更新的小叶杨、家榆等的覆盖率也达 1 0 % ,人工喷播的灌木达到 2 0 % ,天然草本植物的覆盖度由 1 5% ,增加到 60 %。流动沙丘基本稳定 ,并且恢复为疏林草地植被类型     

不同植被恢复方式对九寨沟震后土壤碳氮化学计量特征的影响

通过比较自然恢复、人为恢复及与自然植被的土壤碳氮化学计量特征,以期为九寨沟地震受损滑坡体快速恢复提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)与未受损植被的土壤相比,受损植被滑坡体的土壤有机碳、总氮、可利用氮含量均更低,但pH值和碳氮比均更高。(2)人为恢复下的植被总盖度、土壤有机碳、总氮、可利用氮含量均高于自然恢复。(3)土壤有机碳含量与总氮或可利用氮含量呈现正相关、而与pH值或碳氮比呈显著负相关。短期的结果表明人为恢复措施比自然恢复更有利于九寨沟震损坡体植被的快速恢复。此外,建议在未来植被恢复中注意栽植固氮植物。