Studies on some physico-chemical changes associated with fruit ripening in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.)

The fruits of two tomato varieties were analysed at five stages of maturity, viz. mature green, turning, pink, red and red ripe, for some physico-chemical changes associated with fruit ripening. Fruit weight and size, pericarp thickness, drymatter, ascorbic acid, sugars, protein, N, P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were observed to increase with maturity and reached maximum or near maximum at red stage. The acidity was maximum at turning or pink stage and then decreased to a minimum level at red ripe stage. Varietal differences were present.     

灵芝子实体不同生长阶段多糖与三萜类物质含量的研究

采用分光光度计法研究了灵芝芝蕾、芝柄、分化菌盖及成熟子实体等生长阶段的多糖与三萜类物质含量。结果表明,芝蕾发育阶段多糖含量最高,随着灵芝的生长发育,多糖含量逐渐降低;而三萜类物质含量则相反,芝蕾发育阶段最低,随着灵芝的生长发育逐渐升高,到成熟子实体阶段含量又略有降低。     

水稻离体辐射技术的应用研究

 以 Basmati 370为材料,指出了离体辐射诱变的适宜剂量(0.645～1.290库仑/千克)和时期,结果表明,1)¹³⁷Cs-γ射线对不同发育状况体细胞绿苗分化能力的诱导效果不同,影响力大小依次为愈伤组织>愈伤组织绿点>愈伤组织绿芽>萌动成熟胚>成熟的干种子胚。2)随辐射剂量的增加(0～2.580库仑/千克),带绿芽愈伤组织的再生植株育性明显下降,而再生植株的柱头外露率明显增加。3)离体辐射使早熟效果更加显著增加,出现3.8%的早熟株系(7天以上),其中早熟15天左右的株系占0.5%。4)离体辐射的一些有益的质量性状突变频率显著地高于常规辐射及组织培养,并获得两个柱头外露、矮秆、分蘖力强、优质的籼型雄性不育系。     

印楝果实成熟期调查及不同采收期印楝素含量的变化

印楝果实的成熟期较长,不同成熟期所采样品的百粒重、印楝素含量和印楝素产量也不相同,调查和实验结果显示：印楝果实的成熟期集中在7月初至9月中旬期间;早期样品的百粒重低而印楝素含量高,后期样品百粒重高而印楝素含量低,成熟率约30%时百粒重和印楝素含量基本稳定,印楝素产量在果实成熟后基本稳定;同一时期采摘的样品中,绿色果皮的样品印楝素含量和产量均高于黄色果皮的样品。     

转EPSPS基因大豆植株中蛋白的表达

采用ELISA定量测定法研究了转EPSPs基因大豆不同生长时期不同器官中CP4 EPSPS蛋白含量的变化.结果表明:转EPSPS基因大豆不同器官在不同牛育期CP4 EPSPS蛋白含量表现出较大的差异,R8期籽粒中的CP4EPSPS蛋白含量在所有时期和所有组织中蛋门含世最高;上位叶和下位叶中CP4 EPSPS蛋白除V3～V5期和R8期外的表达趋势一致,茎上部和茎下部中CP4 EPSPS蛋白在不同时期表达动态趋势基本一致,根中CP4 EPSPS蛋白含量存V3～V5期下降,然后逐渐升高,R1～R8期有一个大幅度的下降过程.从V1期至R8期,随着植株的不断生长,各组织中CP4 EPSPS蛋白的含量有明显的变化.     

Chemical constituents in mature green and red fruits of some varieties of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

Fresh red fruits of twelve chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties had higher dry matter, crude protein, ascorbic acid, phosphorous, zinc and copper contents than the corresponding mature green fruits. Varietal variations with respect of these constitutents were also observed.     

小麦早熟新品种K35的阶段发育与灌浆特性

为了给早熟高产小麦新品种的选育及K35优良种质的利用提供理论依据,以中熟品种鲁麦14和济麦21、晚熟品种鲁源301和潍麦8号为对照,对小麦早熟品种K35阶段发育和籽粒灌浆特性进行了研究.结果表明,早熟品种K35成熟期比其它品种提前3～7 d,主要体现在二棱初期至二棱中期、挑旗期至抽穗期和灌浆期持续时间较短;二棱中期至雌雄蕊分化期持续时间与其他品种基本一致.与高千粒重品种潍麦8号、鲁原301相比,K35平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率较低,千粒重也偏低.开花后快增期灌浆速率与小麦千粒重之间存在显著正相关,渐增期灌浆速率与缓增期持续时间呈显著负相关.因而认为,K35幼穗分化期较短,而穗粒数较多,灌浆速率较低,而产量水平较高,并且落黄好,特点突出,作为早熟亲本应用时,应注意选择灌浆速率和千粒重较高的品种与其进行杂交.     

In vitro protein digestibility of developing and mature sorghum grain in relation to α-, β-, and γ-kafirin disulfide crosslinking

Sorghum (P721N, 1992) was harvested at selected days after half-bloom (DAHB) and at maturity, and analyzed for protein and moisture contents, protein digestibility, α-, β-, and γ-kafirin contents, and unextractable disulfide-bound complexes. α-Kafirin synthesis began before 10 DAHB, and β- and γ-kafirin at 20 DAHB. All the kafirins were as abundant at 40 DAHB as at maturity. Protein digestibilities of uncooked flour were about 90%, and dropped to 73% at maturity. Digestibilities of cooked flour dropped markedly at 35 DAHB, 40 DAHB and maturity. A comparison of 1992 and 1987 data indicates that digestibility decreases with moisture content, not days of development. The amount of disulfide “crosslinked” β- and γ-kafirins was insignificant at the earlier stages, though increased as the grain matured. Since kafirin synthesis is complete by 40 DAHB, we suggest that the decrease in digestibility in maturing grain is due to the drying effect and formation of disulfide-bound complexes involving β- and γ-kafirins. Cooking the flour may further promote protein interactions, particularly after kafirin synthesis has ceased.     

Qualitative and quantitative changes in the seed and oil content ofBrassica juncea mutants at different times of harvesting

With increasing maturity, the moisture percentage, a, b, and total chlorophyll and crude fibre content decreased progressively, whereas oil and protein content increased. However, 1000-grain weight and pod yield increased up to stage II. Some significant correlations observed in green pod stage I were absent in the pale yellow stage II and golden yellow stage III of maturity. The positive significant correlations between 1000-grain weight and seed yield existed in both stages I and II, but there was no correlation between these characters at the golden yellow stage III. Thus mustard can be harvested at the pale yellow pod stage without any adverse effect on seed quality and yield.Presented at the 15th Annual Workshop cum Seminar on rapeseed and mustard of the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Rabi oilseed crops held at CSA University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, India, 12–13 September 1979.     

7种菜用甘薯品种（系）多酚类物质含量动态变化分析

多酚类物质是菜用甘薯中一种重要的功能性保健成分,以绿原酸类化合物为主,它们对提升菜用甘薯食用和加工品质起着重要的作用。采用 Folin-Ciocalteu法和高效液相色谱法分析了7份菜用甘薯品种（系）6个不同时期的总多酚以及绿原酸类化合物含量。结果表明,不同品种（系）的菜用甘薯中总多酚以及绿原酸类化合物的含量受采样时间的影响极显著,并呈现动态变化,即栽后45~85 d,各品种（系）的各类物质变化趋势相同,先增加后降低,在65 d达到最大值,在栽后85~140 d变化趋势存在差异。对7份菜用甘薯品种（系）的6个不同时期总多酚以及绿原酸类化合物含量进行变异分析,结果表明5-O-咖啡酰奎尼酸（5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-CQA）、3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸（3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-diCQA）、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸（3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-diCQA）和4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸（4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-diCQA）含量变异幅度大,而总多酚含量变异幅度相对较小,其变异系数范围分别为30.80%~59.88%、45.18%~112.90%、45.19%~114.11%、41.82%~118.62%、19.82%~40.04%。总多酚以及绿原酸类物质含量的影响因素分析表明,总多酚以及绿原酸类化合物含量受采样时间、品种（系）以及两种因素交互作用的影响极显著,且总多酚含量与绿原酸类化合物含量存在极显著正相关。对菜用甘薯多酚类物质含量变化规律的研究,可为菜用甘薯叶的产业化开发利用奠定基础。     

Molecular Dissection of the Relationships among Tiller Number,Plant Height and Heading Date in Rice

Abstract

Appropriate plant height, tiller number and heading date are important traits for maximizing rice production. In order to understand the genetic basis of the relationships among these three plant traits, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using a recombinant inbred population and detected two-locus interactions for plant height and tiller number at two growth stages and for heading date in two years. There were significant negative correlations between tiller number and plant height, and between tiller number at maturity and heading date. A significant positive correlation was observed between heading date and plant height at maturity. A total of 29 QTLs for the three traits were identified over the two years. Results show that QTLs and majority of two-locus interactions for plant height and tiller numbers at 35 days after transplanting were different from those at maturity, indicating that different genes and interactions control the traits at different developmental stages. A large proportion of QTLs and interactions could only be detected in one year, suggesting that QTLs and two-locus interactions for the traits were dependent on the environment. Results suggest that pleiotropy and/or close linkage of genomic regions and pleiotropy of common two-locus combinations may be the genetic basis for the close correlations among the three traits. A QTL with a large effect for heading date, which was located in RG424-RZ667 on chromosome 6, also showed large effects on tiller number and plant height at maturity.     

不同类型玉米品种间子粒脱水速率相关分析

利用10个黄淮海区域有代表性的玉米品种,进行子粒脱水速率相关性状研究。结果表明,子粒水分含量与散粉天数、生理成熟天数、穗轴水分、苞叶水分、百粒重及小区产量具有显著的正相关,与子粒脱水速率呈显著负相关。不同品种所有子粒脱水性状间均存在显著差异。通径分析结果表明,仅苞叶水分这一性状对子粒含水量具有显著的正向直接效应。依据子粒生理成熟期时的水分含量把其划分为3种不同脱水类型,品种不同类型、同一类型不同品种间均具有完全不同的脱水方式。根据研究结果提出,实现机收子粒应该重点考虑3个重要因素,即生理成熟期、生理成熟后子粒脱水速率和种植密度。     

A comparison of the nutritive values of early and late varieties of timothy

In vitro digestibility, fibre, lignin and protein were determined in 50 varieties of timothy differing markedly in maturity date. The grasses were field-grown as single plants and were sampled at 10% ear emergence, 30% flowering and the mature seed stage and were compared in four groups according to date of ear emergence.
Significant differences were found between maturity groups in digestibility and protein concentration particularly at the earlier growth stages. Considerable variation also occurred within maturity groups. Differences in digestibility, fibre, lignin and protein were significantly correlated with the number of days between 30 April and harvest date.
The results are discussed in the context of an appropriate evaluation scheme for timothy varieties.     

孕穗期渍水对不同小麦品种根系生长和籽粒产量的影响

为给长江中下游地区小麦高产耐渍品种选用提供参考,以小麦品种扬麦25、扬麦24、宁麦13和宁麦9号为材料,分析了孕穗期连续10 d渍水处理对小麦叶面积和光合速率、地上部干物质积累、籽粒产量及其结构和不同土层（0~100 cm）根系干重的影响。结果表明,与对照（正常水分）相比,渍水处理显著降低小麦籽粒产量,降幅12%~31%,穗粒数和千粒重的减少是减产的主要原因。相比其他品种,渍水后扬麦25产量降幅小,产量构成较协调,受渍水影响轻。渍水处理显著减少小麦开花期和成熟期不同土层根系干重,其中对下层根系的影响大于上层根系;渍水也显著降低乳熟期倒三叶面积、倒二叶和倒三叶净光合速率,明显抑制成熟期地上部各器官和花后光合物质积累。在对照条件下,扬麦25的根系干重在开花期与其他品种相近,成熟期的0~20和80~100 cm土层根系干重则较高;在渍水条件下,扬麦25能在花后维持较高的上层根系生物量,成熟期的0~60 cm土层根干重占总根干重比例较高。不同水分处理下,扬麦25均具有面积大的旗叶且高的净光合速率,花后维持较久的上三叶绿色面积和积累更多的光合产物。因此,小麦花后根系生物量保持稳定（尤其是表层根系）,绿叶面积较大且衰减慢（尤其是旗叶）,有助于增强小麦花后光合物质积累能力,促进籽粒灌浆和单穗高产稳产,这可作为高产耐渍品种的筛选依据。     

Characterization of Capsaicinoids and Antioxidants in Hot Peppers as Influenced by Hybrid and Harvesting Stage

Studies were conducted to investigate the accumulation pattern of capsaicinoids and antioxidants such as carotenoids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds in three hot pepper hybrids at five different harvesting stages: immature green, mature green, color break, red ripe and dried fruit. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin contents were maximum at mature green stage in both Sky Red (61.30 and 43.76 mg/100 g) and Wonder King (43.93 and 26.16 mg/100 g) hybrids, whereas Maha hybrid reached top values at color break stage (39.13 and 24.20 mg/100 g). The accumulation of total carotenoids showed an 8-fold increase from red ripe (12 mg/100 g) to dried fruit stage (96 mg/100 g), while a noticeable decline by 76 % was observed for ascorbic acid at same harvesting stages (150 vs. 36 mg/100 g, respectively). The three hot pepper hybrids showed great variations in the evolution of total phenolic contents during harvesting stages. Overall, the mature green stage was ideal to acquire maximum pungency due to capsaicinoids, while peppers at red ripe stage were best sources of ascorbic acid and dried fruits contained higher levels of total carotenoids.     

中国主栽甘蔗品种生物学特性研究

本研究以中国5个主栽甘蔗品种‘桂柳05-136’‘桂糖42号’‘云蔗05-51’‘福农41号’‘新台糖22号’为研究材料,分别在新植蔗和宿根蔗的伸长初期、伸长盛期、成熟期,对不同品种甘蔗叶面积指数（LAI）,完全展开绿叶（+1、中部、基部）的叶面积,株高和茎径进行测定。在甘蔗伸长盛期、成熟期对甘蔗叶片总数、绿叶数进行测定,在甘蔗成熟期对产量、蔗糖分、纤维分、干物质含量等品质指标进行测定,并分析甘蔗的表型发育特征与成熟期产量和糖分的相关性。结果表明,伸长初期各品种新植蔗株高生长速度高于宿根蔗,‘云蔗05-51’的生长速度最快;‘福农41号’的新植蔗和宿根蔗茎径高于其他品种;各品种叶片LAI呈先上升后降低的趋势,伸长盛期宿根蔗LAI高于同时期新植蔗;宿根蔗叶面积在伸长初期显著高于新植蔗,新植蔗叶面积呈现先上升后降低的趋势;宿根蔗较新植蔗具有更高的绿叶率,其中‘桂柳05-136’各时期绿叶率均处于最高。成熟期甘蔗产量和品质检测表明：‘云蔗05-51’产量最高,‘桂柳05-136’蔗糖分最高,‘桂糖42号’纤维分和干物质含量最高,新植蔗‘桂糖42号’产糖量最高,宿根蔗‘桂柳05-136’产糖量最高。相关性分析表明,新植蔗蔗糖分与伸长初期株高、茎径、叶面积显著负相关,宿根蔗产量与生长各时期株高呈显著正相关。本研究发现‘桂柳05-136’宿根蔗具有较好的单位面积产糖量,‘桂糖42号’新植蔗单位面积产糖量较高,‘云蔗05-51’具有较高的产量,不同品种具有的生物学特性有所差异,应结合气候条件和栽培模式,因地制宜地选择合适的品种进行种植。     

多环境下粳稻株高动态QTL分析

 为阐明粳稻株高动态发育遗传基础,在南京和泗洪3个环境下种植粳稻品种秀水79和C堡及其杂交衍生的254个重组自交家系,利用混合线性模型和最佳线性无偏预测方法对3个环境下不同时期株高变异的各效应值进行估计,进而利用非条件和条件QTL定位的方法对控制株高性状的静态位点和动态位点进行了检测。结果表明,3个环境中RIL群体各期株高均呈正态分布并出现双向超亲分离。株高受环境的影响随发育进程而不断减小。成熟期检测到5个QTL,其中qPH8.3仅在该时期检测到。采用非条件定位的方法共检测到15个非条件加性QTL。不同时期检测到的同一加性位点,增效等位基因来自于同一亲本,加性效应的大小随着发育进程而增大。条件定位的方法共检测到16个条件加性QTL和16个互作位点对,6个加性QTL在不同的两个时间段检测到,其余位点（位点对）均在单个时期检测到。从播种至移栽后42 d、移栽后56 d至70 d以及移栽后98 d至112 d这3个时间段,株高性状以加性遗传效应为主;移栽后42 d至56 d以及移栽后70 d至84 d这两个时间段受加性效应和上位性效应共同控制;而移栽后84 d至98 d则以上位性遗传效应为主。G×E互作遗传效应在整个调查时期均很小。多环境条件下两种定位方法的结合有助于更全面地了解株高在不同发育时期的遗传基础。     

Silicon fertilization modulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content,yield formation and grain quality of aromatic rice

Present study aimed to assess silicon (Si) mediated yield, grain quality and regulations in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline accumulation (2-AP) in aromatic rice. Four different levels of Si at 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg kg⁻¹ were applied to two aromatic rice cultivars i.e., Nongxiang 18 and Meixiangzhan 2, while pots without Si were served as control (CK). Results revealed that Si fertilization improved 2-AP, Si and proline contents in leaves and grains as well as activities of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) and net photosynthetic rates (Pn) (in leaves) while interfered with total N contents in leaves and grains. Moreover, leaves N and proline contents, and net photosynthetic rates (Pn) were decreased with plant age i.e., tillering > flowering > maturity while PRODH activities and Si contents were highest at flowering and maturity stages, respectively and minimum at tillering stage. Furthermore, growth, yield and quality components were also improved by Si application but results were not consistent regarding grain quality for both rice cultivars. Further, Si contents in leaves have significant positive relations (r = 0.3974, P < 0.05) with grain 2-AP contents at flowering stage. Hence, Si proved better for both rice cultivars whereas 2-AP contents were higher for Meixiangzhan 2 than Nongxiang 18.     

株行距配置对玉米根系性状及产量的影响

以郑单958为材料, 采用田间试验方法, 在50 025株/hm²、67 500株/hm²、100 050株/hm²密度下分别设两种株行距配置, 探讨增密条件下调控株行距配置对玉米根系性状及产量影响。结果表明, 3个种植密度下总体表现为小行距种植方式在0～60 cm土层内的根重密度、根长密度及根表面积密度均高于大行距处理。50 025株/hm²下吐丝期时0～60 cm土层内的根重密度和根长密度在两个株行距配置间差异显著(P<0.05), 两个株行距配置的根表面积密度在10叶展、吐丝期和吐丝后25 d差异显著(P<0.05);67 500株/hm²下不同时期两个株行距配置根重密度差异显著(P<0.05), 根长密度和根表面积密度在10叶展和吐丝后25 d差异显著(P<0.05);100 050株/hm²下, 两个株行距配置间根重密度和根长密度在10叶展和吐丝后25 d差异显著(P<0.05), 不同时期根表面积密度差异显著(P< 0.05)。同一密度下缩行增株后单株木质部伤流液体积增大, 根系供应能力增强, 产量增加, 50 025株/hm²、67 500株/hm²下产量分别提高了6.76%和4.89%。不同时期0～60 cm土层内根重密度、根长密度和根表面积密度与产量呈正相关, 其中10叶展时各根系性状均与产量呈显著正相关。     

春大豆播期光温效应的研究

将来自中国北纬22.7°～50.2°不同地点的19个春播大豆品种在2 a中分4个时期(4月21日、5月15日、6月11日、7月1日)进行播种,建立了春播大豆的生育进程、形态性状、产量相关性状的光温效应模型,通过模型参数分析了生态性状的光温效应,探讨了不同生态类型的特征.结果表明:在出苗至初花阶段,光温效应总体表现为缩短...