戒台寺和潭柘寺古树衰老的几个生理特征研究

通过对戒台寺和潭柘寺的卧龙松、自在松、抱塔松、活动松等油松及九龙松 (白皮松 )、娑罗树 (七叶树东西 2棵 )等古树的树体温度、叶绿素含量、叶及土壤矿物质含量等生理参数进行测定 ,与 40a生的油松、白皮松、七叶树进行对比 ,得出如下结论 :1 )树木的衰弱程度与其树体温度有一定相关性 ,即越衰老的树木树体温度越高 ;2 )老树的叶绿素含量一般均比对照低 ;3)衰老古树呈现明显的缺素症状。     

何谓古树名木

何谓古树名木夏民安古树，我国环保部门规定，一般树只要生长百年以上，都叫“古树”。北京市规定：柏树类、白皮松类、胸径６０厘米以上的七叶树，胸径７０厘米以上的油松，胸径１００厘米以上的榆树、楸树、国槐、银杏等，树龄一般为３００年，为“一级古树”；柏树类、...     

怎样界定古树名木

怎样界定古树名木报刊上常见“古树名木”一词，不少同志也问：“古树名木”有没有具体解释？（１）古树。我国环保部门规定，一般树只要生长百年以上，都叫“古树”。北京市规定：柏树类、白皮松类、胸径６０厘米以上的七叶树、胸径７０厘米以上的油松、胸径１００厘米以...     

何为古树名木

据我国环保等部门规定,一般树龄在百年以上的大树即为古树;而那些树种稀有、名贵或具有历史价值、纪念意义的树木则称为名木。 一级古树 目前,不少地方规定,柏树类、白皮松、七叶树胸径(距地面1.2米)在60厘米以上,油松胸径在70厘米以上,银杏、国槐、楸树、榆树等胸径在100厘米以上的古树,且树龄在3004E以上的,定为一级古树。     

要保护银杏树

在风景旅游胜地，我们经常可以看到一些树上钉有“古树”、“名木”的小牌子。那么，哪些树可称为古树名木呢？据我国环保等部门规定，一般树龄在百年以上的大树即为古树；而那些树种稀有、名贵或具有历史价值、纪念意义的树木则称为名木。一级古树目前，不少地方规定，柏树类、白皮松、七叶树胸径（距地面１．２米）在６０厘米以上，油松胸径在７０厘米以上，银杏、国槐、楸树、榆树等胸径在１００厘米以上的古树，且树龄在３００年以上的，定为一级古树。二级古树柏树类、白皮松、七叶树胸径在３０厘米以上，油松胸径在４０厘米以上的，银…     

何谓古树名木

在风景旅游胜地，我们经常可以看到一些树上钉有“古树”、“名木”的小牌子。那么，哪些树可以称为古树名木呢？据我国环保等部门规定，一般树龄在百年以上的大树即为古树；而那些树种稀有、名贵或具有历史价值、纪念意义的树木则称为名木。一级古树目前，不少地方规定，柏树类、白皮松、七叶树胸径（距地面１．２米）在６０厘米以上，油松胸径在７０厘米以上，银杏、国槐、楸树、榆树等胸径在１００厘米以上的古树，且树龄在３００年以上的，定为一级古树。二级古树柏树类、白皮松、七叶树胸径在３０厘米以上，油松胸径在４０厘米以上的，…     

油松针叶光谱特征及光合生理间关系研究

采取光合生理特性分析与光谱特性分析相结合的手段,以建立光合参数、叶绿素含量与反射光谱指数间的相互关系,从而为高效、快捷地监测古树生长状况提供依据。本文以泰山有代表性油松古树姊妹松、一亩松、一品大夫、增幅松为研究对象,测定了当年生针叶的光合特性(净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、胞间CO2浓度)、叶绿素含量以及反射光谱特征(植被归一化指数NDVI、叶绿素归一化指数chlNDI、红边位置λre、水分指数WI及植物衰老指数PSRI)。结果表明:随着树势衰弱,叶绿素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs均降低,CI升高,并且呈现出显著差异(P0.05),非气孔限制因素致使油松光合能力降低;油松古树的反射光谱指数chlNDI、λre、WI降低,呈现出与叶绿素含量、Pn相同的变化规律,健壮油松PSRI较小,一亩松、一品大夫等衰弱古树PSRI值较大,NDVI值变化不明显。表明采用光谱分析技术能在古树生长状况监测中发挥作用。     

外生菌根菌促进白皮松和桧柏古树生长的应用

松柏类树种为菌根树种,为延缓松柏古树的衰老,对松柏古树进行接种彩色豆马勃、美味牛肝菌和丝膜菌试验。结果表明:接种后古树的生长量、叶绿素含量、根系活力和根系侵染率均有增加,尤其是根系活力增加。白皮松接种彩色豆马勃效果优于丝膜菌,桧柏接种丝膜菌效果最优。接种菌根菌后,能降低土壤的p H值,提高土壤有机质,对土壤中的速效氮、有效磷也起到较好的调节作用。     

两种浓度林木梳理剂对上海古松流胶控制作用的探讨

为有效控制雪松(Cedrus deodara)、五针松(Pinus parviflora)、白皮松(Pinus bungeana)等古松树的截口与创伤以及白皮松的树干流胶现象,采用两种不同浓度的林木梳理剂涂刷古雪松、古五针松、古白皮松的截口、创伤处以及古白皮松的树干。结果表明:浓度为50%和80%的林木梳理剂均能有效控制雪松、五针松古树的截口与创伤流胶,两种配比浓度无差异;控制古白皮松的伤口、截口或树干流胶,两种配比浓度有差异,配制浓度为80%的效果优于配制浓度为50%的效果。     

济南千佛山风景名胜区唐槐复壮技术研究

古树名木是中华民族悠久历史与文化的象征,有着重要的科研价值,当前古树名木面临树龄较高、树势衰老、生理机能下降等问题。随着城市园林绿化事业的发展及市民爱绿护绿意识的增强,对于古树名木保护工作的要求也越来越高。济南千佛山风景名胜区内分布着345株古树名木,其中部分树木长势较弱,景区在研究了树木生长衰弱的原因并借鉴了国内先进的古树名木复壮经验后,对景区内的唐槐实施了复壮措施,复壮的主要内容是树体修补、消除虫害及改善树木生长环境。景区寄希望此次复壮工作能为今后的古树名木保护探保护工作索道路。     

樟子松大树移植对光合特性的影响

文章通过使用Li-6400对移植成活一年、二年、三年后的15a生樟子松大树的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、叶片水势以及叶绿素含量的测定,进行了不同移植成活时间对樟子松大树光合特性影响的研究。结果表明:①蒸腾速率、光合速率、气孔导度以及胞间CO2浓度均先减小后增加;②移植成活二年时,水分利用效率最高;③叶片水势不断下降;④叶绿素含量先降低,后升高,基本维持在的7mg.g-1的水平。由于移植成活二年时最易受到干旱胁迫的影响,所以,有必要在樟子松大树移植后的两年内采取有效的措施促进其成活及树势恢复。     

古油松衰弱衰老诊断的生理指标

选取颐和园不同树龄油松及其衰弱株的一年生针叶为试材,测量不同季节的针叶单位质量的长度、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性等指标。结果表明:与健康油松比较,衰弱油松树冠不完整,一年生针叶柔弱细长,针叶单位质量的长度值大;衰弱油松叶绿素含量低、光合能力弱,叶绿素a/b值低,光能利用效率低。在一年的生长季节中,油松MDA含量随针叶的发育逐渐升高;与健康油松比较,衰弱油松针叶MDA含量远高于健康油松,而针叶SOD总活性和SOD比活力均低于健康油松,其抗氧化能力弱。这些结果说明:针叶单位质量的长度、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD活性等可以作为古油松衰弱衰老的诊断指标。     

The effects of long‐term exposure to simulated acid rain on the development of pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

To elucidate the synergetic effects of acid rain on the development of pine wilt disease, we measured the sap flow rate in the stems and the chlorophyll content in the needles of 10‐year‐old Japanese black pine trees, Pinus thunbergii and 12‐year‐old Japanese red pine trees, Pinus densiflora, after exposure to simulated acid rain (SAR, pH 3) or tap water (TW, pH 6.3) as a control. The heat pulse method was used for the estimation of the sap flow rate. No apparent difference was found in the sap flow rate between the trees exposed to SAR and TW, but the chlorophyll content of needles at the end of the treatment was significantly higher in the trees exposed to SAR than in those exposed to TW. When the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, was inoculated onto the Japanese black pines that had been exposed to SAR repeatedly for 1 year, the period to death was shortened. Japanese red pines that had been exposed to SAR for 2 years, however, did not show any development of symptoms after the nematode inoculation, suggesting that acid rain only affects pine wilt disease slightly, if at all.     

不同间伐强度对思茅松人工林的生长效应研究

通过对景谷试验示范林场12年生的思茅松人工林开展不同间伐强度的试验,结果表明：（1）通过抚育间伐,能促进思茅松树高、胸径的生长,随着间伐强度的增加,林分平均胸径、平均树高也随之增大;（2）思茅松人工林中龄林采用30％的间伐强度,保留木为1428株／hm2较为适宜。     

白皮松种质资源鉴定与评价

采集白皮松3个新变异类型(盆仙白皮松、瑞王白皮松、9号树)、北京良种基地母树、北京市挂牌古树等共48个样品,应用SSR技术,对上述样品分别进行鉴定和多样性评价。结果表明:同一个变异类型的无性系与其原变异枝之间在所有位点上均不存在差异,说明其无性系及其原变异枝属于相同的基因型,"瑞王白皮松"和其母株(古树152)非变异枝间在SSR—Y5位点上存在差异,"瑞王白皮松"与"盆仙白皮松"在SSR—Y2位点上存在差异。"9号树"在Y2、Y5 2个位点上与"盆仙白皮松"、"瑞王白皮松"不同,而与其母树群体莽山良种基地的母树相同。可以通过上述位点的检测来鉴定3个不同的变异类型。"盆仙白皮松"、"瑞王白皮松"和"9号树"、古树群组、莽山群组间的遗传距离分别为0.021 1、0.011 4、0.081 3、0.063 8。"瑞王白皮松"与"盆仙白皮松"间、"瑞王白皮松"与古树间存在遗传上的差异。参试样品的有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s多样性指数(Nei’s)的平均值分别为1.230、0.302、0.221、0.189、0.197。多样性水平略高于白皮松人工群体而与白皮松天然群体接近,说明参试样品具有较高的遗传多样性水平,具有选择利用的遗传基础较好。     

长白山林区次生阔叶林冠下红松人工更新与培育技术

通过对长白山林区林隙环境、林隙对红松生长的影响及肛伐强度对阔叶树生长、红松更新的研究,为科学地确定上红松更佳的最佳上层郁闭度,提高林分生长量,确定红松采伐年龄,促进天然林保护工程的发展提供科学的依据和技术。     

Fire Injury Severity in an Eastern Sierra Nevada Mixed Conifer Stand: Variability and Influencing Factors

Variability of postfire injury and stand and individual tree factors that affected survival responses of eastern Sierra Nevada conifers to wildfire were examined. Prefire measurements served as a basis of comparison for postfire conditions in a mixed conifer stand located in the eastern portion of the Lake Tahoe Basin and provided insight into predisposing influences on survival. Species composition consisted primarily of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) and California white fir (Abies concolor var. lowiana [Gord.] Lemm.) along with a minor component of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.). Postfire survival was higher in Jeffrey pine than white fir but was highest overall in sugar pine. Catastrophic crown loss occurred less frequently in Jeffrey pine than in the fir but was least common in sugar pine. Survival generally increased with tree size, but this relationship did not extend to the largest trees in the stand. Among an array of regression models used to evaluate selected variables for their predictive capacity regarding postfire survival, prefire stand density was found to negatively influence that of Jeffrey and sugar pine, and survival of Jeffrey pine and white fir was negatively correlated with bole char. These results provide natural resource managers guidance in the selection of viable trees for retention during the salvage harvesting operations that often follow wildfire events.     

The spreading of the S type of Heterobasidion annosum from Norway spruce stumps to the subsequent tree stand

The occurrence of Heterobasidion annosum in stumps and growing trees was investigated on 15 forest sites in southern Finland where the previous tree stand had been Norway spruce (Picea abies) infected by H. annosum, and the present stand was either Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Siberian larch (Larix siberica), silver birch (Betula pendula) or Norway spruce 8–53 years old. Out of 712 spruce stumps investigated of the previous tree stand, 26.3% were infected by the S group and 0.3% by the P group of H. annosum. The fungus was alive and the fruit bodies were active even in stumps cut 46 years ago. In the subsequent stand, the proportion of trees with root rot increased in spruce stands and decreased in stands of other tree species. On average, one S type genet spreading from an old spruce stump had infected 3.0 trees in the following spruce stand, 0.5 trees in lodgepole pine, 0.3 trees in Siberian larch, 0.05 trees in Scots pine and 0.03 trees in silver birch stand. Although silver birch generally was highly resistant to the S type of H. annosum, infected trees were found on one site that was planted with birch of a very northern provenance.