菜田杂草防除技术

菜田杂草分为两大类：单子叶（尖叶）杂草：常见的有稗草、看麦娘、马唐、香附子、千金子、牛筋草等；双子叶（阔叶）杂草：常见的有马齿苋、灰灰菜、荠菜、繁缕、小藜、车前等。菜田杂草除同蔬菜争肥、争水、争光外，还是很多蔬菜病虫害的寄主和栖身地，所以菜田杂草一定要防除。菜田杂草的防除分芽前防除、芽后防除、     

谷子和杂草对氰氟草酯的敏感性

通过室内生物测定试验和田间小区试验,明确氰氟草酯对谷子的安全性和杂草的敏感性,为氰氟草酯在谷田的应用提供理论依据。室内生物测定试验结果表明,谷田恶性杂草牛筋草和谷莠子对氰氟草酯分别为高度敏感（GR₉₀ 45.02g a.i./hm²）和一般敏感（GR₉₀ 124.13g a.i./hm²）。氰氟草酯对冀谷39和杂草的选择性指数大于2,且为不敏感（GR₁₀ 284.05g a.i./hm²）,对豫谷18和杂草的选择性指数小于1,且为高度敏感（GR₁₀ 13.70g a.i./hm²）。冀谷39的抗药性指数为9.65。田间试验结果进一步表明,氰氟草酯能有效防除抗除草剂谷子品种冀谷39田间的禾本科杂草,对牛筋草和马唐的防效高,氰氟草酯在110g a.i./hm²剂量下对牛筋草和马唐的鲜重防效和株数防效均高于96%;氰氟草酯对谷莠子生长有显著抑制作用,110g a.i./hm²剂量对谷莠子的鲜重防效大于80%,对冀谷39的株高和鲜重没有影响。结果揭示了抗除草剂谷子品种冀谷39对氰氟草酯有较强的耐药性,普通谷子品种豫谷18对氰氟草酯没有耐药性,合理使用氰氟草酯能够有效防除冀谷39田间的多种禾本科杂草。     

50％乙草胺乳油防治玉米田一年生杂草的效果

田间试验结果表明，50％乙草胺乳油杀草谱较广，对玉米田一年生禾本科杂草（狗尾草、稗草和马唐等）和阔叶类杂草（马齿苋等）均有较好的防效。在玉米播后苗前，一年生杂草萌芽期，用50％乙草胺乳油108ml／667m^2,药后28d，对杂草的株防效89．7％，鲜重防效达91．5％，且对玉米安全性好，增产效果显著。     

苯唑草酮除玉米田禾本科草效果好

<正>适用于玉米田除禾本科杂草的药主要有烟嘧磺隆、莠去津、硝磺草酮、苯唑草酮。苯唑草酮杀草谱广,能防除玉米田较多种类的一年生禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草,如稗草、马唐、牛筋草、狗尾草、黍稷、马齿苋、苋、龙葵、茼麻、藜等,在玉米田现有除草剂品种中,该药对禾本科杂草的防效好。     

S^ˇ型细胞质和IBL—IRS染色体对小麦农艺性状的影响

我们曾提出利用Ｓ＾ˇ型细胞质和ＩＢＬ－ＩＲＳ染色体互作引起的雄性不育选育杂交小麦的方案（Ｔｏｒｉｙａｍａ等，１９９３），并用１３个品种选育了雄性不育系及它们的保持系。Ａｅ，ｋｏｔｓｃｈｙｉ的Ｓ＾ˇ型细胞质的供体是农林２６的Ｓ＾ˇ；ＩＢＬ－ＩＲＳ染色体的供体是９１１－Ｂ－８－１０（以下简写为ｓｔ．９１１）。通过（Ｓ＾ˇ）－Ｎｏｒｉｎ２６和ｓｔ．９１１与１３个品种重复回交，获得了这１３个品种的代换系（     

玉米田耐抗性杂草的防治策略

正根据常年杂草普查结果,玉米田杂草有22科、38属、43种,其中主要杂草有马唐、稗草、狗尾草、牛筋草、反枝苋、马齿苋、铁苋菜等。而有些杂草如马唐、刺儿菜、鸭跖草、苘麻、田旋花、扁蓄、苍耳、水花生等用常规药剂则难以防治。下面介绍一下这些杂草及其防治策略。1.鸭跖草药剂防治鸭跖草,要掌握在鸭跖草二叶期到三叶期(分枝前),用药时间越早,防治效果越好,从而减少分枝期和     

广州市叶菜田杂草群落组成及其年动态变化

于2008年利用倒置“W”九点取样法对广州市叶菜田杂草群落年动态变化进行了调查。调查共计发现60种杂草,属23科,45属。春季杂草群落为马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)+繁缕(stellaria media)+腋花蓼（Echinochloa colonum）为主;夏季以马齿苋+碎米莎草（Cyperus iria）+凹头苋（Amaranthus lividus）为主;秋季以马齿苋+凹头苋+光头稗（Echinochloa colonum）为主;冬季以腋花蓼+繁缕+酸模叶蓼（Polygonum lapathifolium）为主。通过计算杂草的优势度得出全年危害最严重的杂草为马齿苋、繁缕、腋花蓼、酸模叶蓼、凹头苋、碎米莎草、马唐（Digitaria sanguinalis）、牛筋草（Eleusine indica）、光头稗、小藜（Cardamine hirsuta）等10种。其中,马齿苋、凹头苋、碎米莎草在春夏秋季为优势杂草;马唐在夏秋冬为优势杂草;光头稗、牛筋草为春秋季优势杂草;繁缕、腋花蓼、酸模叶蓼、小藜为冬春季优势杂草。     

玉米田化学除草技术试验研究

在鲁西南地区夏玉米生长季节,高温多雨,杂草种类较多,主要有牛筋草、三棱草、马唐、稗草、马齿苋、铁苋菜、黎、刺儿菜、苍耳、龙葵等多科杂草.这些杂草生命力强、繁殖快,严重影响着夏玉米的生长和产量形成.为了进一步探讨夏玉米田的化学除草技术,1998～1999年在疃里镇前贾村进行有关试验研究.     

花生田杂草危害及化学防控技术

1花生田杂草的种类 花生田杂草以禾本科杂草为主,其次为菊科、苋科、茄科、莎草科、十字花科、藜科、马齿苋科等。 禾本科杂草主要有马唐（叉子草、线草）、牛筋草（蟋蟀草、蹲倒驴）、野燕麦、狗牙根、画眉草（蚊子草、星星草）、白茅、狗尾草（谷莠子）、稗草等;     

果尔防除稻田杂草的效果初探

果尔（ＧＯＡＬ）对稻田杂草的防除试验结果表明：果尔对稗草、鸭舌草、牛毛毡、异型莎草、小茨藻、矮慈菇等杂草有较好的防效，以对稗草类禾本科杂草的防效最佳；该除草剂持效期４０天左右，其最佳用量为１５ｍｌ／亩，用量为５￣２０ｍｌ／亩的处理比ｃｋ增产２９．４％￣３７．３％，以用量为１５ｍｌ／亩处理的产量最高达７００ｋｇ／亩，比ｃｋ增产达极显著水平。     

山东省菏泽市棉田杂草发生规律研究

棉田杂草因其与棉花争水、争肥、争光照,甚至助长病虫害的发生,严重影响棉花的优质、高效生产。为明确山东省菏泽市棉田杂草发生、危害情况,于2013年对菏泽地区棉田杂草种类、出土规律及其群落自然消长动态进行了调查。结果表明：山东省菏泽市棉田共发现杂草24种,分属于14个科,其中禾本科、菊科杂草的发生种类较多;牛筋草、反枝苋、马唐的发生数量最为显著,其次为马齿苋、狗尾草、铁苋菜、香附子、藜,这几种杂草在田间发生数量、密度均较大,是菏泽棉田的主要危害杂草;田间共有3个杂草出土高峰,分别集中在5月下旬、7月初和8月中旬,第一个出土高峰中杂草的出土量较大;自然混生杂草群落内的总杂草数量在6月底达到峰值且在棉花整个生长季节内呈单峰变化。     

福建安溪县新老茶园主要危害性杂草密度调查分析

为了有效控制茶园杂草,于2012—2014年调查了福建省安溪县主要产茶区新、老茶园的杂草密度与种类及其生活型。杂草密度调查结果表明:新茶园的杂草主要有27种,老茶园33种;种类分析结果表明:新、老茶园中的杂草以菊科、大戟科、禾本科占比最高,分别为新茶园中菊科杂草占22.22%、大戟科11.11%、禾本科25.93%;老茶园中菊科杂草占12.12%、大戟科12.12%、禾本科18.18%;生活型分析结果表明:新、老茶园中均以一年生杂草为主,新茶园中一年生杂草占77.78%,老茶园占69.70%。调查结果表明,新茶园的杂草主要组成为狼尾草+狗尾草+马唐,老茶园则为狼尾草+牛筋草+马唐,新、老茶园杂草以禾本科、一年生杂草为主。研究结果为该地茶园杂草多样性分析提供基础数据,为今后茶园杂草的综合防治提供研究基础。     

90%乙草胺乳油防治花生田杂草药效试验初报

为了明确90%乙草胺乳油在华南地区花生田的应用效果,采用大田药效试验的方法,对90%乙草胺乳油防除春秋两季花生田杂草的效果、安全性及最佳使用剂量进行研究。结果表明：该药剂在花生播前苗后进行土壤处理,推荐使用剂量1080~1350 g(a.i.)/hm2,药后45天对牛筋草、马唐、稗草等一年生杂草的防效在80%以上,在春花生田使用发现,对小藜、繁缕防效较差,建议后期再次用药。在推荐使用剂量内对花生安全,高浓度会产生一定药害。从而,为90%乙草胺乳油在华南地区花生田的应用提供试验依据。     

拉萨市青稞田杂草发生情况调查

采集拉萨市4个县13个乡的青稞田土样，通过室内诱萌方法，研究青稞田杂草的发生情况。结果表明：拉萨市青稞田常见杂草分属于12个科，26个种，多为一年生杂草。主要危害杂草为禾本科杂草，有早熟禾、狗尾草、无芒稗等；从土壤分层培养结果来看，表现为：0~10 cm土层杂草出苗量要高于10~20 cm土层杂草出苗量。该研究将为拉萨市青稞田的杂草有效防治提供科学依据。     

乙草胺和嗪草酮水基性制剂的研制及其应用

改变传统的将乙嗪合剂加工成乳油或可湿性粉剂的惯例,研制出一种新型的水基性除草剂—２８％乙嗪悬乳剂。温室盆栽试验表明,乙草胺与嗪草酮混用对防除某些杂草有互补作用。采用孙云沛法测定表明,两者混用对牛筋草和苘麻有增效作用,对马唐和反枝苋有相加作用。对杂草马唐、藜和反枝苋使用后测定,２８％乙嗪悬乳剂对玉米、大豆、花生的选择性指数分别为２．５７,２．２８和２．１４,２．１７。经１９９６～１９９８年田间试验表     

Effects of contrasting seasonal growth patterns on composition and persistence of mixed grass‐legume pastures over 5 years in a semi‐arid Australian cropping environment

Perennial grass‐based pastures are uncommon in phased cropping rotations in south‐eastern Australia, where rainfall often limits production and persistence. The high reliance on pure legume‐based pastures limits overall pasture productivity and has adverse effects on environmental parameters such as weed incursion and ground cover. A field experiment was monitored over 5 years to examine the relative productivity of the temperate perennial grasses, phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and determine whether contrasting seasonal activity enhances their persistence when grown in mixtures with lucerne (Medicago sativa) and annual legumes. Phalaris swards were shown to increase cumulative aboveground biomass by up to 96% and 32%, and in year 5 reduce annual grass emergence by between sevenfold and threefold compared to annual legume and lucerne/annual legume mixed swards, respectively. Only swards that included phalaris maintained ground cover above 70% in each autumn of the experimental period. Swards based on the highly summer dormant cocksfoot cultivar, Kasbah, were generally less productive over all, despite the cocksfoot showing a high level of persistence and good recovery following drought. Grass‐based swards that included lucerne were observed to produce ~35% greater legume biomass than a sward sown only to annual legumes. Cumulative legume biomass was greatest in lucerne swards in the absence of perennial grasses. The experiment was unable to demonstrate a consistent benefit in production and persistence associated with contrasting seasonal growth patterns. However, mixtures containing a range of functional types were consistently shown to enhance productivity over the duration of the experiment compared to less diverse swards. The potential to substantially increase forage productivity and ground cover, while reducing incursion by annual grass weeds, by including well‐adapted perennial grasses in mixtures with lucerne and annual legumes should be utilized.     

Selective Postemergence Herbicides for Grass Control in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Selective postemergence herbicides to control grass weeds in broadleaf crops have become available in recent years. However, the efficacy of these new herbicides in controlling grasses in sunflower has not been extensively evaluated. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate five selective herbicides for their efficacy on crabgrass ( Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop) and barnyard grass ( Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beav.) control in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) in 1983 and 1984. Commercial sunflower varieties, Interstate 7775 and Stauffer 3101 were planted on Calloway silt loam and Portland clay in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Herbicides were applied when sunflower was 10 cm tall, at 4- to 5-leaf stage, and target grass weeds at the 3- to 4-leaf stage. All herbicides, sethoxydim, xylofop-ethyl, haloxyfop, fluazifop butyl, and CGA 82725, gave good to excellent control of the target weeds. Herbicide injury to sunflower ranged from very minor to none. None of the herbicides greatly affected yield, test weight, seed weight, head diameter or plant height of sunflower. Difference in soil types tended to influence the effectiveness of herbicides.     

不同耕作方式对杂草控制及燕麦产量的影响

摘要：试验在内蒙古阴山北麓武川县旱作农田进行,以传统耕作为对照,研究免耕、年年深松、年年浅松、浅旋与隔年深松6种耕作方式对杂草控制以及燕麦产量的影响。结果表明：①农田中单子叶杂草所占比例大,主要有狗尾草、野燕麦等,都为禾本科杂草,占全部杂草的81.7%;其它为双子叶杂草,主要有猪毛菜、藜、黄花蒿等8种,占全部杂草的18.3%。②免耕、年年深松、隔年深松杂草发生频率较大,浅松、浅旋对杂草控制相对较好,免耕杂草密度比浅松、传统高42.4%、22.1%。③不同耕作方式结合除草剂株防效和鲜重防效均以草甘膦最高,分别达到76.3%～82.1%与79.3%～93.2%。④除浅旋外,其余耕作方式的单产均明显高于传统耕作。     

Playing quality,growth rate,thatch accumulation and tolerance to moss and annual bluegrass invasion as influenced by irrigation strategies on red fescue putting greens

Conversion from annual bluegrass or bentgrasses to red fescue could be an efficient way to minimise water use on golf greens. Our objective was to investigate the influences of four irrigation strategies on red fescue water use efficiency, turf quality, growth rate and resistance to annual bluegrass and moss invasion. The trial was carried out from August 2013 to August 2015 on a green established according to USGA recommendations under a rainout shelter at Landvik, Norway (58 °N). On average for 2 years, irrigation to field capacity once per week (FC 1) and deficit irrigation to 60% of FC three times per week (DEF 3) reduced the water consumption by 49% and 72% relative to irrigation to FC three times per week (FC 3). Both DEF 3 and FC 1 retained acceptable turf quality and reduced annual bluegrass in the second year by about one‐third. Better control of annual bluegrass was obtained with deficit irrigation to 60% of FC once per week (DEF 1), but this treatment did not produce acceptable turf quality. Compared with FC 3, DEF 3, FC 1 and DEF 1 gave harder surfaces and reduced the moss invasion in the second year by 66%, 90% and 93%, respectively. Irrigation effects on root development and thatch organic matter after 2 years were not significant, although the thatch layer depth was 3–4 mm greater in FC 1 than in the other treatments. In conclusion, DEF 3 and FC 1 are both effective irrigation strategies for managing red fescue greens with less water use.