绿僵菌在3种不同培养基上培养时产孢量的影响因素

分析了绿僵菌菌株在3种不同培养基上培养时其产孢量的2个影响因素(初始接种浓度和相对湿度),得出菌株在3种不同培养基上培养时须分别配以适宜的接种浓度和相对湿度,以获取最大产孢量(燕麦培养基:1×107cfu/mL,65%;PPDA培养基:1×106cfu/mL,85%;玉米粉酵母浸膏培养基:1×108cfu/mL,75%)。另外,随继代培养代数增加,菌株在这3种培养基上前五代的产孢量比较稳定,第七代及之后的产孢量明显下降。根据3种培养基不同的功能,在PPDA培养基上培养菌株时要着重注意不同继代培养代数对产孢量的影响,其它2种培养基培养菌株一般不超过五代,产孢量比较稳定。     

防治十字花科作物根肿病的油菜内生细菌分离与鉴定

为探寻对十字花科根肿病有生防作用的菌株,本文从油菜根内组织分离内生细菌,通过根肿菌孢子裂解、盆栽防病试验证明其功能,并经形态学、生理生化和16S RNA基因序列鉴定其分类地位。研究结果表明,从油菜品种KT1004和Y05-84-5-1根部分离出51株内生菌,其中YN201305和YN201310对十字花科根肿病菌有明显裂解和抑制作用。盆栽试验表明,应用浓度107 CFU/mL的菌液,在播种时和播种后间隔5d,浇灌1次,共浇灌4次。45d苗龄调查结果,二者对大白菜品种鸿源83的根肿病防治效果分别达65.12%和77.92%。经鉴定,YN201305为短小芽孢杆菌,YN201310为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

不吸水链霉菌公主岭变种诱导大豆抗病性与根际土壤微环境的变化

不吸水链霉菌公主岭变种(农抗"769")是一株来源于土壤中对多种植物病原真菌具有较强拮抗作用的农用链霉菌,为明确农抗"769"对大豆抗疫霉根腐病的免疫诱抗作用及对大豆生长土壤微环境的影响,对盆栽种植不同大豆品种植株进行下胚轴创伤接种,鉴定大豆幼苗对疫霉根腐病的抗性,接种7 d后测定幼苗叶片PAL、PPO、MDA、SOD、CAT、POD、GLU的活性及Chl的含量。小区试验采取随机区组设计,在大豆播种后以农抗"769"菌液浇灌,采用稀释平板法测定不同生育期土壤中可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌菌群数量,并测定土壤中过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶等生物酶的活性。试验结果表明:农抗"769"菌液浇灌后不同品种的大豆幼苗在抵御疫霉根腐病侵染时发病率均有不同程度的降低。4个品种在农抗"769"诱导下抗性顺序为:Williams 82沈农9号九农21 Jack,分别比对照提高74.74%、68.82%、14.32%和8.30%。农抗"769"诱导可增强大豆幼苗的诱导抗性,且在病原菌侵入时具有更强的系统抗性。在病原菌与农抗"769"的双重诱导下,PAL、PPO、SOD、CAT、GLU表达量分别比对照提高95.22%、34.55%、9.46%,73.01%和10.71%,Chl的含量比对照高18.19%;MDA比对照降低了33.47%,POD活性比对照降低0.69%,差异不显著。农抗"769"菌液浇灌对根际土壤微生物群落结构优化及土壤酶活性升高具有促进作用。农抗"769"菌液浇灌后大豆植株根际土壤中可培养细菌、放线菌菌群数量增加,真菌菌群数量降低,根际土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性与对照相比最高分别提高342.59%、73.98%和150.27%,过氧化氢酶活性变化不显著。农抗"769"诱导可提升大豆对疫霉根腐病的抗性,并对其生长的土壤微环境的改良具有积极的作用。     

臭氧对枇杷果醋的除菌效果及贮藏品质的影响

研究臭氧在枇杷果醋中的溶解特性和稳定性,以及臭氧对枇杷果醋的除菌效果和贮藏品质的影响.结果表明:臭氧在枇杷果醋中的溶解曲线符合逻辑斯蒂模型,该实验条件下其溶解度约为5 mg/L,并随存放时间的延长而逐渐衰减;臭氧处理15 min,枇杷果醋的细菌总数由1.05x106 cfu/mL降到4.43x103 cfu/mL;臭氧处理的枇杷果醋总酯含量比对照的提高了40.4%:常温下贮藏28 d,经过臭氧除菌处理的枇杷果醋细菌总数为1×102cfu/mL,总酸、总酯含量分别为5.6%、6.20 g/L,对照的细菌总数为6.51x103 cfu/mL,总酸、总酯含量分别为5.4%、4.46g/L.     

木薯器官及其腐解物水浸液对橡胶树白根病病菌的化感作用

本文采用菌丝生长速率法研究木薯根、茎、叶及其腐解物水浸液对橡胶树白根病病菌的化感效果。结果表明:(1)根水浸液在处理后2～5 d均呈现出显著的化感促进效果,不同浓度之间的化感效果差异不明显;叶水浸液在处理后2 d和5 d均有显著的化感促进效果,处理后3 d和4 d,仅10和100 mg/mL的叶水浸液呈现显著的化感促进效果;茎水浸液在处理后2～3 d的化感促进效果均不明显,但100 mg/mL的茎水浸液在处理后4 d和1000 mg/mL茎水浸液在处理后5 d呈现显著的化感促进效果。(2)根腐解物水浸液化感抑制效果随处理浓度的增加而增加,浓度增至200 mg/mL时差异达到显著水平;叶腐解物水浸液化感抑制作用随浓度的增加而逐渐下降,当浓度增至200 mg/mL时化感效果不明显;茎腐解物水浸液均有显著的化感抑制作用。     

木薯根系分泌物与土壤浸出液对橡胶树2种致病菌的化感效果

采用平板试验,通过生长速率法分析木薯根系分泌物及其土壤浸出液对橡胶树白根病病菌及棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果,为判断胶园林下种植木薯的可行性提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）木薯根系分泌物对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌均表现为化感促进效果,但在任一处理时间,不同浓度间对白根病病菌的化感效果与对照均未达显著差异,而对棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果呈现明显的剂量效应,浓度达40 mg/mL时,化感促进效果与对照达到显著水平。（2）木薯根系分泌物的任一浓度,对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果,在不同处理天数间均未达到显著水平。（3）木薯土壤浸出液对橡胶树白根病和棒孢霉落叶病病菌均呈现化感促进效果,且存在明显的剂量效应;对橡胶树白根病病菌,处理后2 d,达到显著化感效果所需浸出液浓度至少为40 mg/mL,处理后3 d和处理后4 d,达到显著化感效果所需浸出液浓度至少为8 mg/mL;对棒孢霉落叶病病菌,在任一处理时间达到显著化感效果的浸出液浓度均至少为200 mg/mL。（4）土壤浸出液小于8 mg/mL时,3个处理时间之间的橡胶树白根病病菌化感效果无显著差异,当浓度达到40 mg/mL时,处理后2 d的化感促进效果显著大于处理后3 d和4 d;4种土壤浸出液的任一浓度,对橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病菌的化感效果在不同处理时间之间均未达到显著差异。所以说,幼龄胶园间作木薯会在一定程度上促进橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病和白根病的发生。     

DA—6对甜菊叶片细胞超微结构的影响研究

本试验以3 种不同浓度(20 ×10 - 6g/mL、30×10- 6g/mL和40 ×10- 6g/mL)DA- 6 处理甜菊叶片,不同时间( 处理后7d、14d 和21d) 取材,应用电镜技术观察细胞超微结构,发现处理后多种细胞器发生了不同程度的变化,并呈一定的浓度效应和时间效应。     

真菌寡聚糖对大豆生长及植保素产生的影响

利用热解法从DLl805真菌壁上提取寡聚糖(DLO),用浸种法处理大豆种子,处理时间为4 h,自然条件下播种于盛有灭菌蛭石的塑料筐内,观察DLO对大豆生长的影响.结果显示:用浓度为1、5、50 mg·L-1的寡聚糖处理大豆种子,生长9 d后,处理植株生长普遍好于对照植株,并且随处理浓度的增大诱导生长的效果越好,浓度为50 mg.L-1的效果最为显著,与对照相比,茎粗增加5%以上,株高增加17%以上,鲜重增加15%以上,干重增加5%以上,茎干重增加2.8%以上.DLO能诱导大豆植保素的产生,在5个处理浓度中随浓度的加大诱导效果也逐渐增强,100 mg·L-1的时候OD(A 286)达到1.103.因此,DL1805菌壁降解寡聚糖能较好地诱导大豆的生长,并且还能诱导植保素的产生提高大豆的抗病能力.     

甘蔗二点螟杀虫真菌绿僵菌的筛选与毒力测定

从椰心叶甲僵虫上分离得到10株对甘蔗二点螟具有较好致病性的绿僵菌,其中MC3的致病性最好,校正死亡率为89.16%,且甘蔗二点螟的校正死亡率随着MC3菌株孢子浓度的增加而逐渐提高,当浓度为1.0×107个/mL时,其死亡率为93.02%。MC3菌株在SDAY培养基菌丝生长及产孢效果最好,孢子萌发的最适温度是25～28℃。     

抽真空法和甘油冷冻法保存对高效脱胶菌株CXJZU-120活化性能的比较研究

为了探索一种使高效脱胶菌株能够长期保存且易活化的方法,试验采用抽真空法和甘油冷冻法两种方法对保存了3年或10年的菌株CXJZU-120进行苎麻脱胶,定期测定活化菌液和发酵液中相关活化性能指标。结果表明:甘油冷冻法保存3年的菌株经活化10 h,菌体颜色深浅不一;发酵10.5 h,其活菌数为1.66×10~7cfu/mL,COD值为3.86 g/L,苎麻脱胶失重率为19.53%,只适合短期保存。然而,抽真空法保存3年、10年的两支菌株经活化10 h,活化菌体颜色均较深;发酵10.5 h,其活菌数均可达1.02×10~9cfu/mL,COD值分别为6.02、5.65 g/L,苎麻脱胶失重率均超过27%。因此,抽真空法适合高效脱胶菌株CXJZU-120中、长期保存。     

Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 Against Sheath Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and on Growth and Yield of Rice

Rice sheath blight disease(ShB),caused by Rhizoctonia solani,gives rise to significant grain yield losses.The present study evaluated the efficacy of Integral?,the commercial liquid formulation of Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600,against rice ShB and for plant growth promotion.In greenhouse studies,four log concentrations of Integral(from 2.2×106 to 2.2×109 cfu/mL) were used as seed treatment(ST).After 25 d,seedlings were dipped(SD) into Integral prior to transplanting.At 30 d after transplanting(DAT),leaf sheaths were inoculated with immature sclerotia of the pathogen.At 45 DAT,a foliar spray(FS) with Integral was applied to some treatments.The fungicide control was 50% carbendazim at 1.0 g/L,and a nontreated control was also included.Overall,there were 10 treatments,each with five replications.ShB severity was rated at 52 DAT,and seedling height and number of tillers per plant were rated at 60 DAT.In 2009,two field trials evaluated Integral at 2.2×108 and 2.2×109 cfu/mL.Integral was applied as ST,and seedlings were produced in a nursery bed.After 32 d,seedlings were treated with Integral as SD and transplanted into 10 m2 blocks.Foliar sprays were given at 45 and 60 DAT.There were seven treatments,each with eight replications arranged as a factorial randomized complete block design.At 20 DAT,the plots were broadcast inoculated with R.solani produced on rice grains.Seedling height before transplanting,ShB severity at 90 DAT,and grain yield at harvest were recorded.Integral at 2.2×109 cfu/mL provided significant increase of seedling heights over other treatments under greenhouse conditions.The Integral treatments of ST + SD + FS at 2.2×109 cfu/mL significantly suppressed ShB over other treatments.In field studies,Integral provided significant increase of seedling height in nursery,and number of tillers per plant,compared with the control.ShB severity was significantly suppressed with higher concentrations of Integral compared to lower concentrations.Grain yield were the highest at an Integral concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL.Overall,Integral significantly reduced ShB severity,enhanced seedling growth,number of tillers per plant and grain yield as ST + SD + FS at the concentration of 2.2×109 cfu/mL under the conditions evaluated.     

芽胞杆菌对玉米幼苗生长及土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

以解淀粉芽胞杆菌NECC10723(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NECC10723,Bam723)和阿耶波多氏芽胞杆菌NECC10295(Bacillus aryabhattai NECC10295,Bar295)为试验材料,通过盆栽试验,探究接种不同芽胞杆菌对于玉米幼苗的生长指标、土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,盐碱胁迫下接种不同芽胞杆菌均对玉米幼苗起到不同程度的促生作用,Bam723和Bar295均在1×10⁷cfu/mL浓度下促生效果最为显著,提高盐碱胁迫下玉米幼苗的株高、茎粗、地上部及地下部干重和根冠比。土壤中施加Bam723可显著提升盐碱胁迫下玉米幼苗种植土壤中的酶活和土壤养分含量,与对照处理相比,土壤中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性分别提高19.31%、31.77%和45.78%;土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高137.54%、295.49%和3.19%,增加幅度均大于Bar295处理。     

Bacterial ring rot disease development in resistant and susceptible cultivars

In two greenhouse tests, we compared cell populations ofCorynebacterium sepedonicum in inoculated cultivars which had failed to show symptoms in field inoculation tests against cultivars that produce well-defined symptoms. Both population studies showed that cell numbers as high as 1 × 10⁹ colony-forming units per gm of fresh weight (cfu gm^-1) were reached in some cultivars prior to symptom development. In one of these tests, conducted when day length averaged 14 1/2 hrs, some cultivars failed to show symptoms 11 wks after inoculation but were found to have cell populations as high as 3.2 × 10⁸ cfu gm^-1 7 wks after inoculation. In another study, root and seed piece inoculations were compared in susceptible and resistant cultivars and only minor differences in symptom expression due to mode of entry of the pathogen were found.     

Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri as a silage inoculant and as a probiotic on feed intake,apparent digestibility and ruminal fermentation and microbiology in wethers fed low‐dry‐matter whole‐crop maize silage

Lactobacillus buchneri was investigated as a silage inoculant and as a probiotic on feed intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal fermentation and microbiology in wethers fed low‐dry‐matter (DM) whole‐crop maize silage. Maize forage (279 g/kg DM) was ensiled without inoculant (untreated) and with L. buchneri CNCM I‐4323 at 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g fresh forage (inoculated). Six cannulated wethers were arranged in a double 3 × 3 Latin square and assigned to one of three diets: (i) untreated maize silage (untreated), (ii) inoculated maize silage (inoculated), and (iii) untreated maize silage with a daily dose of L. buchneri (1 × 10⁷ cfu/g supplied silage) injected directly into the rumen (LB‐probiotic). Wethers fed the inoculated diet had a higher (p = .050) DM intake (1.30% body weight [BW]) than wethers fed untreated and LB‐probiotic diets (1.17% and 1.18% BW respectively). The relative proportion of Ruminococcus flavefaciens (proportion of total estimated rumen bacterial 16S rDNA) in the rumen of wethers fed inoculated and LB‐probiotic diets (both 0.42%) tended (p = .098) to be lower than in the untreated diet (0.83%). Lactobacillus buchneri as a silage inoculant or as a probiotic had little effect on the variables measured in wethers.     

Mycoflora and Mycotoxicological Quality of Four Freshly Harvested Paddy Rice Cultivars and Relation with Harvest to Industry Reception Timing

Grain quality and safety of four freshly harvested paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Epagri 109,SCS 114 Andosan,Tio Taka 113 and Epagri 115 CL) grown under irrigation system in the north of Santa Catarina State,Brazil were studied.The quality parameters evaluated were mycoflora,mycotoxins (aflatoxins,ochratoxin A and zearalenone),water distribution (moisture content and water activity) apart from environmental conditions (relative humidity and temperature) and the relation between harvest and the industry reception timing.All cultivars presented an average waiting time of 8.6 h (ranged from 0.3 to 24.9 h),a total fungi load of 8.6×104 cfu/mL (ranged from 1.8×103 to 9.4×105 cfu/mL) with a rather high humidity condition of 19.0% moisture content (varied from 14.9% to 24.5%) and 0.92 water activity (varied from 0.78 to 0.99) under the average environmental conditions of 87.3% relative humidity (varied from 80.0% to 96.8%) and 25.4 ℃ (varied from 22.5 to 27.5 ℃),respectively.The conditions to which the samples were submitted allowed fungal growth,but no mycotoxins were detected.Regarding the rice cultivars fungal genera isolated,Aspergillus and Penicillium were the most often isolated among all the cultivars and variation on fungi distribution among them was not observed.Moreover,it was not found a correlation of the grain loading & unloading time with the humidity conditions and the total fungi load.Furthermore,all results and the importance of monitoring the rice mycotoxicological quality and safety were discussed.     

EM包衣对玉米苗期防治丝黑穗病效果研究

采用砂培试验研究了有效微生物菌群(EM)包衣处理对玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响及对不同温湿度处理的EM包衣和未包衣的玉米种子在大田生产环境下的发病率进行比较。结果表明：EM包衣能明显提高玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数,减少了玉米种子在土壤中的感病率。在有病菌存在的条件下,包衣处理的玉米幼苗的苗高、根长、叶面积、苗干重均明显高于未包衣的玉米幼苗,促进了幼苗根系生长和地上部分的生长。在病菌环境下,经EM包衣处理的玉米种子,其抗坏血酸含量、可溶性总糖含量及丙二醛含量均低于未包衣的玉米种子;而超氧化物歧化酶活性明显高于未包衣的玉米种子。说明EM包衣处理可增强玉米种子的抗病性,提高对玉米丝黑穗病的防治效果。     

刈割对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

2016年以郑单958和先玉335为研究对象,研究不同叶龄期刈割对玉米生长发育及产量的响应。2017年以相对耐密品种郑单958为研究对象,研究增密刈割的产量效应。结果表明,不同叶龄期刈割影响玉米生长发育,随刈割时间的延后对玉米影响越大,表现为抽雄、吐丝时间推迟,郑单958抽雄时间推迟2～8 d,吐丝期推迟3～6 d;先玉335抽雄时间推迟2～8 d,吐丝期推迟4～8 d。株高和穗位高降低,穗位高系数和茎秆长粗比降低。绿叶数目减少,叶面积下降。两个品种单穗重较对照分别降低4.6%～21.7%和1.4%～24.5%,穗粒数3叶龄期刈割最高,其他处理穗粒数较对照降低。产量降低,以3叶期刈割减产幅度最小,5叶期在1叶位刈割基本全部死亡,6叶以后刈割叶位提高至4叶以上但减产幅度较大,且较对照产量差异达显著水平。随着刈割密度的增加,产量性状呈下降趋势,产量较对照先降低后增加,密度达到1.08万株/hm~2时,产量与对照相当;密度达到1.2万株/hm~2时,产量较对照提高7.3%,增加密度可弥补刈割对产量的影响。     

Seed variation among annual ryegrass cultivars in south-eastern USA and the relationship with seedling vigour and forage production

Abstract Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is grown on more than one million ha in the south‐eastern USA each year. Recommended and actual seeding rates vary substantially within the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate variation in seed weight, germination, seedling vigour and seasonal yield performance among annual ryegrass cultivars. During 1997, 1998 and 1999, seed from fourteen commercial cultivars was weighed and germinated to determine numbers of pure live seed (PLS) m^?2 before yield evaluation at four locations. Seed from ten cultivars was planted at 0·7 and 2·0 cm depth in a greenhouse study to evaluate relative seedling vigour. Cultivar mean single‐seed weight ranged from 2·4 to 4·8 mg in 1997, 1·8 to 4·5 mg in 1998, and 2·6 to 4·6 mg in 1999. Seed germination ranged from 78·8% to 98·0% in 1997, 82·3 to 98·3% in 1998 and 77·8 to 98·3% in 1999. Seed number, PLS m^?2, ranged from 675 to 1289 in 1997, 710 to 1550 in 1998, and 717 to 1179 in 1999. Among the ten cultivars evaluated for seedling vigour, seedling weight differed between planting depths and a significant cultivar by year interaction was observed. Seedling weight was highly correlated with seed weight at each seeding depth. The effect of increasing number of PLS m^?2 on subsequent yield performance, although small, was consistently negative. These results indicate that target plant populations may be obtained more economically by adjusting seeding rates for seed size differences among cultivars and seed lots of annual ryegrass.     

植物生长调节剂拌种对扬麦13茎秆生长及籽粒产量的影响

为给高产小麦合理选用生长调节剂提供科学依据,以弱筋小麦扬麦13为试验材料,研究了不同生长调节剂(矮壮素、拌种剂、种衣剂、多效唑)拌种对不同群体小麦茎秆生长及籽粒产量的调节效应。结果表明,拌种处理均能有效降低扬麦13的株高、重心高度及基部节间长度,对茎秆粗度、茎壁厚度、茎秆干重的调节效应因生长调节剂种类不同而存在差异,其中,低密度条件下拌种剂处理的小麦茎壁厚度增加显著,而高密度条件下多效唑处理小麦的茎壁厚度增加显著。生长调节剂拌种处理提高了扬麦13的抗倒伏能力,其作用效果表现为多效唑种衣剂拌种剂矮壮素。相关分析表明,降低植株株高、基部第一节间长度,增加基部第一、二节间壁厚有利于提高植株抗倒性能。拌种处理下小麦产量均高于对照,300×104株·hm-2群体的产量高于150×104株·hm-2群体,均以种衣剂拌种处理增产最明显,平均增幅达11.68%,在倒伏年拌种处理增产效果更显著。     

Method and quantity of liquid formulation of phosphobacteria required for seed inoculation

The survival of vegetative and sporulated cells of the Bacillus cultures on the seeds of the crop plants was tried in different combinations. One milliliter inoculum with 1 mL adhesive combination or sterile water showed better results followed by 1.5 mL inoculum with 0.5 mL adhesive or sterile water. The population of 5.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on black gram, 10.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on soybean and 6.5x10(5) cfu seed(-1) on maize were observed after 12 h of incubation in 1 mL sporulated inoculum mixed with 1 mL of rice gruel. The sporulated inoculum along with rice gruel favoured the adherence of the regenerated cells as rice gruel is rich in nutrient content.