Confinement-induced phase transitions in simple liquids

The liquid-to-solid transition of a simple model liquid confined between two surfaces was studied as a function of surface separation. From large surface separations (more than 1000 angstroms) down to a separation corresponding to seven molecular layers, the confined films displayed a liquid-like shear viscosity. When the surface separation was further decreased by a single molecular spacing, the films underwent an abrupt, reversible transition to a solid. At the transition, the rigidity of the confined films (quantified in terms of an "effective viscosity") increased reversibly by at least seven orders of magnitude.     

A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline

A simple theory for the large-scale oceanic circulation is developed, relating pycnocline depth, Northern Hemisphere sinking, and low-latitude upwelling to pycnocline diffusivity and Southern Ocean winds and eddies. The results show that Southern Ocean processes help maintain the global ocean structure and that pycnocline diffusion controls low-latitude upwelling.     

A hybridization model for the plasmon response of complex nanostructures

We present a simple and intuitive picture, an electromagnetic analog of molecular orbital theory, that describes the plasmon response of complex nanostructures of arbitrary shape. Our model can be understood as the interaction or "hybridization" of elementary plasmons supported by nanostructures of elementary geometries. As an example, the approach is applied to the important case of a four-layer concentric nanoshell, where the hybridization of the plasmons of the inner and outer nanoshells determines the resonant frequencies of the multilayer nanostructure.     

A simple model for neutrino cooling of the large magellanic cloud supernova

A simplified analytic model of a cooling hot neutron star, motivated by detailed computer calculations, describes well the neutrinos detected from the recent supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The observations do not require explanations that invoke exotic physics or complicated astrophysics. The parameters in this simple model are not severely constrained: 6.1(-3.6)(+3.5) x 10(52) ergs emitted in electron antineutrinos, a peak temperature of 4.2(-0.8)(+1.2) megaelectron volts, a radius of 27(-15)(+17) kilometers, and a cooling time of 4.5(-2.0)(+1.7) seconds.     

Engineering complex dynamical structures: sequential patterns and desynchronization

We used phase models to describe and tune complex dynamic structures to desired states; weak, nondestructive signals are used to alter interactions among nonlinear rhythmic elements. Experiments on electrochemical reactions on electrode arrays were used to demonstrate the power of mild model-engineered feedback to achieve a desired response. Applications are made to the generation of sequentially visited dynamic cluster patterns similar to reproducible sequences seen in biological systems and to the design of a nonlinear antipacemaker for the destruction of pathological synchronization of a population of interacting oscillators.     

森林资源可持续性的内在动力机制及其模型

森林资源可持续性是森林资源系统对人类满足其需求的约束 ,其内在动力机制在于森林资源系统的内在持续能力和外部支撑调控能力的统一 ,以及各种内部和外部结构、功能和效益的协同 .其实质是人 -森林资源系统协同关系的反映 ,这种协同关系可以用人地协同论原理描述     

A simple kinetic model of polymer adsorption and desorption

A model of the desorption and adsorption of a polymer layer at a planar surface indicates a transition from exponential kinetics at high temperatures to nonexponential kinetics (stretched exponential with index one-half) at lower temperatures where these processes are diffusion-limited. Measurements of polystyrene desorption through polyisoprene overlayers show this predicted transition. Corroborative results are obtained for polystyrene desorption through polymethylmethacrylate overlayers. This identification of two distinct kinetic regimes suggests a unifying perspective from which to analyze polymer and biopolymer mobility at surfaces.     

MRUNet: A two-stage segmentation model for small insect targets in complex environments

Online automated identification of farmland pests is an important auxiliary means of pest control.  In practical applications, the online insect identification system is often unable to locate and identify the target pest accurately due to factors such as small target size, high similarity between species and complex backgrounds.  To facilitate the identification of insect larvae, a two-stage segmentation method, MRUNet was proposed in this study.  Structurally, MRUNet borrows  the practice of object detection before semantic segmentation from Mask R-CNN and then uses an improved lightweight UNet to perform the semantic segmentation.  To reliably evaluate the segmentation results of the models, statistical methods were introduced to measure the stability of the performance of the models among samples in addition to the evaluation indicators commonly used for semantic segmentation.  The experimental results showed that this two-stage image segmentation strategy is effective in dealing with small targets in complex backgrounds.  Compared with existing state-of-the-art semantic segmentation methods, MRUNet shows better stability and detail processing ability under the same conditions.  This study provides a reliable reference for the automated identification of insect larvae.     

Multiple glassy states in a simple model system

Experiments, theory, and simulation were used to study glass formation in a simple model system composed of hard spheres with short-range attraction ("sticky hard spheres"). The experiments, using well-characterized colloids, revealed a reentrant glass transition line. Mode-coupling theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the reentrance is due to the existence of two qualitatively different glassy states: one dominated by repulsion (with structural arrest due to caging) and the other by attraction (with structural arrest due to bonding). This picture is consistent with a study of the particle dynamics in the colloid using dynamic light scattering.     

A functional model for O-O bond formation by the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II

The formation of molecular oxygen from water in photosynthesis is catalyzed by photosystem II at an active site containing four manganese ions that are arranged in di-mu-oxo dimanganese units (where mu is a bridging mode). The complex [H2O(terpy)Mn(O)2Mn(terpy)OH2](NO3)3 (terpy is 2,2':6', 2"-terpyridine), which was synthesized and structurally characterized, contains a di-mu-oxo manganese dimer and catalyzes the conversion of sodium hypochlorite to molecular oxygen. Oxygen-18 isotope labeling showed that water is the source of the oxygen atoms in the molecular oxygen evolved, and so this system is a functional model for photosynthetic water oxidation.     

A dynamical instability of spark-ignited engines

A simple model for spark-ignited engines is proposed in which the residual exhaust gases of a combustion event affect ignition of the subsequent charge. The model is an example of a one-dimensional, discrete, nonlinear mapping of an interval. Laminar flame correlations incorporated within models for ignition exhibit Arrhenius kinetics. Small variations of the ignition time with respect to the expansion cycle alter the work produced by each cycle, thereby altering the exhaust-gas temperature. It is shown that the mixing of hot residual gases with a fresh charge is a sufficient mechanism to produce an instability of the ignition process, resulting in oscillatory behavior. When this instability is compounded with the effects of mixture turbulence, one obtains a novel picture of the well-known phenomenon of "cyclic dispersion" exhibited by such engines.     

Network motifs: simple building blocks of complex networks

Complex networks are studied across many fields of science. To uncover their structural design principles, we defined "network motifs," patterns of interconnections occurring in complex networks at numbers that are significantly higher than those in randomized networks. We found such motifs in networks from biochemistry, neurobiology, ecology, and engineering. The motifs shared by ecological food webs were distinct from the motifs shared by the genetic networks of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae or from those found in the World Wide Web. Similar motifs were found in networks that perform information processing, even though they describe elements as different as biomolecules within a cell and synaptic connections between neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. Motifs may thus define universal classes of networks. This approach may uncover the basic building blocks of most networks.     

一种适于甜菜RAPD分析的DNA快速提取方法

实验用CTAB法、SDS法Ⅰ及SDS法Ⅱ提取甜菜叶片DNA.利用紫外分光光度计、琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测所得DNA的浓度和纯度.实验表明,CTAB法所提取甜菜总DNA的纯度高,能满足RAPD扩增,条带清晰、稳定.CTAB法是作为甜菜RAPD分子标记研究的最佳DNA提取方案.     

径流含沙量测定方法研究

目的径流含沙量是水文测验和水土流失监测中必须测定的重要参数,更是衡量水土流失程度的重要指标,简单便捷的径流含沙量测定方法是目前水土保持监测中需要解决的关键问题之一,这对于实现水土流失量的自动监测和预警,及时准确地把握水土流失强度,进而选择合理的水土保持措施,开展水土流失治理均具有重要意义。方法本文通过采集国内不同省份的土壤样品,利用室内实验,构建了称重法测定径流含沙量的基本原理,提出了计算含沙量的经验模型,探讨了称重法测定径流含沙量精度的主要因素（泥沙比重、泥水样体积、水温）。结果称重法测量径流含沙量的模型精度较高,能满足水土保持监测中径流含沙量测定的精度要求,径流含沙量在5.00 ~ 20.00 g/L时,平均相对误差 < 20.00%;径流含沙量在20.00 ~ 200.00 g/L时,平均相对误差 < 5.00%。泥沙比重对泥沙含量测定结果的影响不显著,可采用水土流失地区表层土壤平均比重（变化范围基本在2.50 ~ 2.70之间）,利用称重法模型计算出径流含沙量。泥水样体积的测定误差是影响称重法测量泥沙含量精度的关键,研制以称重法为基本原理的径流泥沙含量自动监测仪器时,准确测量泥水样的体积最为关键。温度对称重法测量径流含沙量的精度影响很小（P > 0.05）。结论称重法操作简单,精度高,在水土流失自动监测领域具有良好的应用前景。