风电增速齿轮箱动力学性能优化方法

建立增速齿轮箱动力学分析有限元模型,利用Lanczos法求得齿轮系统的振动模态;以齿轮副时变啮合刚度激励、齿面综合误差激励和轮齿啮合冲击激励为内部作用激励,采用直接积分法求得箱体表面节点的动态响应。选取箱体上12个主要结构参数作为动力学性能优化的设计变量,齿轮箱体积为状态变量,以齿轮箱表面振动加速度的均方根值最小为动力学性能优化的目标函数,利用零阶与一阶优化算法求得最优设计变量。结果表明：优化前后箱体均不产生共振,且满足静力学条件;优化后目标函数减小37.5%,箱体各计算点的振动响应均有较大幅度的减小,最大减小量为54%。     

Multi-objective dynamic optimization design of high-power wind turbine gearbox

A dynamic model of NGW helical planetary gear transmission for high-power wind turbine gearbox is established by considering these factors as errors of gears and time-varying mesh stiffness by using mass centralized method. Moreover, the random wind velocity is simulated as external seismic excitation making the results more conform to practical condition. And on this basis, this system is optimized for minimum gearbox volume and minimum component torsional acceleration with the restriction of reliability and strength restrain. The result indicates that the optimized parameters make gear transmission lightweight and the dynamic property improved so as to reduing vibration and noised.     

Testing and modal analysis on multi stage planetarygearbox housing of shield tunnelling machine

The finite element model is developed for the multi stage planetary gearbox housing in shield tunnelling machine (STM), and the the eigenvalue problem is solved by using block Lanczos method, and then the low order natural frequencies and corresponding modes are extracted. Based on the theory of experimental modal analysis, the modal testing is made for the gearbox housing by pulse excitation method. The least squares complex frequency domain (LSCF) estimation method is used to analyze the modal data, and the natural characteristics of housing is obtained. According to the modal assurance criterion (MAC), the experimental modal parameters are validated. Modal analysis shows that the experimental data is coincided with analytical results, which indicates the accuracy of the theoretical model and testing method. The coupling sympathetic vibration is disappearing between the gears train and housing, the local vibration is large at the high speed side of gearbox housing, and the torsional mode is outstanding under operating condition. The research results provide theoretical basis and experimental support for the structural optimization of the gearbox of STM.     

Junction stiffness analysis and vibration noise prediction of wind power speed-increase gearbox

In order to study the vibration characteristics and radiation noise of wind power speed-increase gearbox, a torsional vibration model of wind power speed-increase gearbox is established based on the analysis of supporting stiffness of bearing and contact stiffness of gear pairs. By solving the vibration differential equation with the help of Matlab, the frequency and corresponding vibration mode are obtained. With taking stiffness excitation, error exaction and meshing impact exaction into account, the dynamic finite element model of speed-increase gearbox is set up, and the dynamic response simulation is carried out. Regarding vibration displacement of the nodes on gearbox surface as boundary condition, an acoustic boundary element model of speed-increase gearbox is built. The surface acoustic pressure of gearbox and the radiation noise of field points are solved by the direct boundary element method. The results show that there is a great difference between torsion frequency and excitation frequency of wind power speed-increase gearbox, and so the resonance doesn't occur. The maximum structural noise and radiation noise mainly appear near the double octave of the gears meshing frequency of high-speed grade.     

Approaches to enhance power density of gearboxes for wind turbines

Based on pitting strength, some approaches to enhance power density of gearboxes for wind turbines are discussed. The calculation load is greatly reduced by power division. Allowable stress numbers are effectively increased by improving property of quality materials, precision heat treatment or shot peening. Load capacities can be also obviously enhanced by improving the tooth shape of morphology optimization of tooth root, tooth correction or superfinishing of tooth surface. The center distance is effectively decreased by minishing minimum allowable safety factor or enlarging face width. The power density of gearbox can be further improved by means of structure optimization of planet carrier or uniform load of planetary gear transmission.     

ANSYS/PDS风电齿轮箱收缩盘联接可靠性分析

笔者建立了某风电齿轮箱主轴收缩盘联接的轴对称参数化有限元模型,并结合主轴扭矩作用应用ANSYS非线性接触对该模型进行了强度分析。由于材料属性、制造过程、边界条件以及载荷等设计参数的不确定性会影响计算的精确性,应用ANSYS/PDS模块,根据失效模式确定整体功能函数并由此建立结构极限状态方程,采用蒙特卡罗超拉丁采样方法对收缩盘联接进行可靠性分析,得到整体联接的可靠度和失效率,并给出累积概率分布。研究结果表明:收缩盘传扭联接性能和结构件强度均满足设计要求,其联接的可靠度达到94.8%,达到了工程设计要求,对风电齿轮箱收缩盘联接的可靠性设计具有一定的指导意义。     

风电齿轮箱传动误差分析及振动噪声预估

针对一级行星两级平行轴风电齿轮传动系统,综合考虑齿轮时变啮合刚度、啮合阻尼、传递误差等因素,建立31个自由度的弯扭轴耦合集中参数动力学模型,采用变步长Runge-Kutta法对系统动力学微分方程进行求解,得出齿轮传动系统各级传动误差;借助软件建立风电齿轮箱刚柔耦合动力学模型,并导入传动误差,采用模态叠加法求得齿轮箱轴承支反力,并将其作为声振耦合模型的边界条件,采用声学有限元法对风电齿轮箱进行振动噪声预估,并与试验结果对比分析,两者吻合良好。     

Topology optimization for constrained layerdamping material in structures using ESO method

Topology optimization for constrained damping material in structures is investigated in order to suppress structural vibration through the optimal placement of constrained damping material in structure. A mathematical model to describe the topology optimization problem is established. In the topology optimization approach, structural modal damping ratio is designed as objection function, while constrained damping material consumption is considered as constraint condition. The sensitivity of modal damping ratio to the place is analyzed. An evolutionary criterion for placement of constrained damping material in a structure is presented. The formula of sensitivity is derived and used to determine the optimized placement of constrained damping material in structure. The topology optimization problem is further solved by evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) method. The numerical examples are given. The results show that a stable and dramatic increase of the modal damping ratio during the course of iterations can be observed. Therefore, an optimal layout of constrained damping material in structure is obtained. The comparison of amplitude frequency characteristics with the optimal and fully covered layout validates the effectiveness of proposed topology optimized approach.     

The importance analysis of tool magazine fault and its reliability improved design

The reliability level of tool magazine is an important indicator to show how advanced a horizontal machining center is. To more effectively promote the reliability level of tool magazine,a new method combining importance and structure optimization is introduced. Taking tool magazine of a horizontal machinging as object, the fault tree of a tool magazine is established based on 35 failure data obtained from a horizontal machining center. Important levels of elementary events are calculated by fault tree analysis,and the order of importance is determined based on importance values. An improved design of structural reliability for elementary events with great importance is made according to failure principles and tool changing process. The feasibility of the improved design is verified by the designer of the tool magazine.     

Parameter Optimization Analysis of Viscous Dampers for Dissipation Structure

The design method of parameter optimization of nonlinear viscous dampers for dissipation structure was analyzed based on response surface methods. The method included experimental design, finite element analysis, fitting the response surface function and parameter optimization. Taking a reinforced concrete frame structure for an instance, the mathematical model of parameter optimization of viscous dampers for dissipation structure was established by taking the minimum all damping force as objective function and taking the interlayer maximum displacement less than limits as constraints, and then the damper parameters were optimized using the method of nonlinear programming optimization. The results show that the method of parameter optimization of viscous dampers based on response surface method can ensure the structural displacement is less than limit and the construction cost can be reduced.     

Mechanical Behaviors of Large Span Space Structures in the Construction Process

Traditional structural design emphasizes checking whether a loaded structure satisfies design requirements without considering the construction process. There is a great difference in structures between the states in construction processes and design, however. To solve the above problems, a method of nonlinear time varying mechanics was adopted to analyze the construction process of a structure. The structural characteristics in each construction stage were analyzed by time varying mechanics and the variations of internal force and displacements obtained. We conclude that designs will not be safe if the time varying effect in the construction process analysis is not considered. We offer advice on the design and construction of large span structures.     

Dynamic optimization design of gear transmission system for wind turbine

The differential equation which governs the behavior of the gear transmission system of 1.5 MW wind turbine is established. The external excitation caused by wind speed fluctuation is discussed and the internal excitation due to time varying mesh stiffness and comprehensive error is also analyzed. The calculating formulations of the harmonic balance method of nonlinear dynamic equations are presented. Then, the multi objective dynamic optimization model is developed to minimize the value of vibration acceleration and the overall volume. The optimization of a practical example using mixed discrete combined programming is performed. The result shows that the proposed method of modeling and optimization design can effectively reduce the wind turbines gearbox vibration levels and weight.     

红壤低丘岗地区优化种养结合模式的能值分析

为了探明红壤丘岗地区优化的种养结合模式在能值流动方面的特征及优势,通过采集种养系统各环节数据,采用能值分析理论和方法,研究了红壤低丘岗地区优化种养结合模式的能值投入和产出,对该模式的资源利用率、环境压力和可持续性发展指标等进行了评估。结果表明：与传统模式相比,优化模式具有较高的能值产出率,产品具有较高的价格优势,较高的能值自给率,较低的环境负载率。通过该研究,可以得知该优化模式在研究区域内具有良好的发展潜力。     

Numerical Simulation Analysis on Ductility Performance of High Strength RC Frame Structure

High-strength concrete has been widely used in civil structures for advantages of higher-strength, earlier curing strength and smaller deformation in applications. However, relatively weak ductility in structures in seismic zones prevented it from further application. The ductility of the structure can be improved by reinforcing reasonably rebars in correct details. A high strength RC frame model with twelve floors and two bays is numerically analyzed by using DRAIN-2DX program. It was shown that this worked fairly well in simulation of the process of structural damage and energy dissipation capacity. It also showed that this kind of frame structure has good ductility and dissipation capacity as well as great seismic performance. The proposed method can be applied in high-strength concrete structures in seismic zone.     

Numerical simulation of dynamic response and radiation noise of gearbox

Considering the internal dynamic excitation produced by stiffness excitation, error excitation and mesh impact excitation, a dynamic finite element model of transmission system and structure system of gearbox is established. The normal mode and the dynamic responses of gearbox under the internal dynamic excitation are calculated by using the numerical simulation software ANSYS. Based on the result of dynamic responses, the boundary excitation condition is determined, and then the acoustic boundary element model is built. With the software of SYSNOISE, the surface acoustic pressure of gearbox and the radiation noise of field points are solved by the direct boundary element method. The test of airborne noise is carried out. The computational results obtained are in a good agreement with the data of experimental test.     

基于区间分析的框架结构不确定性损伤识别方法

考虑实际结构易受荷载、环境温度和测试噪声等不确定性因素的影响,笔者基于区间分析原理提出框架结构不确定性损伤识别方法。利用测试的结构加速度响应数据,建立向量自回归模型,并采用其系数矩阵主对角线的马氏距离作为损伤特征指标。基于粒子群算法建立区间优化求解方法,并与传统的区间组合法和区间叠加法对比。通过提出的区间重叠率指标和区间名义值分别实现损伤定位和损伤程度的识别。数值模拟和实验室框架结构试验结果表明,区间分析能在测试数据较少时实现损伤识别,为损伤识别在实际结构中的应用提供了理论基础和技术手段。     

Structual Dynamic Characteristics Analysis and Improvement for Two-way Branch Exhaust Pipe Shield

The two-way branch exhaust pipe shield is the main source of surface radiate noise of a vehicle's engine.(Using) the finite element analysis software ANSYS,a finite element model of the shield is established,and then the(modal) analysis is done theoretically with this model,the result is consistent with the experiment.The result shows that this finite element model can be used for the next structual dynamic characteristics analysis.With this model,the relationship of structural parameter,structural style of the shield and the corresponding vibrative modal is analyzed.The(optimal) improved measures are adopted which is based on the practical structure of the shield.The analysis of the(improved) structure shows that the increase of natural vibration frequency is visible,the vibration noise of the shield is suppressed distinctly.     

复合土钉支护转角有利影响范围

基坑复合土钉墙转角处有明显的空间效应,受力变形较小,对支护结构有利,但不清楚转角定量的有利影响范围,目前设计中仍按照与基坑中部一样保守设计,为在此范围内降低土钉用量,避免保守设计,对水泥土搅拌桩复合土钉支护结构建立了全尺寸整体三维有限元模型,这种模型包含基坑的转角,能考虑基坑的空间效应,通过建立接触面单元,能考虑土体和搅拌桩、土体和土钉的相互作用,量化分析了基坑转角对支护结构受力和变形的有利影响范围,计算结果表明,基坑转角对开挖面水平位移、地表沉降、坑底隆起、土钉轴力的有利影响范围分别约为1.3、1、1、1.2倍的开挖深度。经与实际工程现场实测值对比,验证了该模型分析结果的可靠性,同时分析结果优于平面二维和局部三维有限元模型,结论为复合土钉支护结构的优化设计和安全施工提供了理论依据和研究方法。     

卧式青核桃脱皮机链板输送机构的设计与有限元分析

为了分析卧式青核桃脱皮机中刀片及刀片安装板等核心关键部件的结构强度和力学性能,通过设计和计算确定了刀片及刀片安装板的结构参数,采用UG三维模型软件,创建了刀片及刀片安装板的分析模型,并通过ANSYS有限元分析软件对刀片及刀片安装板进行了静力学分析和模态分析。结果表明：刀片及刀片安装板既可以实现对青核桃的输送功能,又可以实现刀片对青皮的切割作用;刀刃边缘位置的变形最大,最大值为0.509 mm;刀片折弯位置的应力和应变值最大,最大值出现在0°刀片的折弯位置,最大值为114.7 MPa;在工作过程中最大等效应力远小于材料的屈服强度,刀片及刀片安装板的模态分析前三阶固有频率分别为466.99、1 206.8、2 199.7 Hz,而机构的工作频率远小于所分析零部件的固有频率,刀片及刀片安装板的结构能够满足强度和刚度要求,且工作过程中不会出现共振问题,这为研制卧式青核桃脱皮机链板输送机构提供了理论依据。     

Multi-dimensional Life Cycle Economic Cost Assessment for Super Tall Building Structures

Super-tall building structures have the features of complex structural systems, diverse structural functions, long service life, massive investment and fixed owners. The life-cycle cost of super-tall building structures mainly contains initial cost, maintenance cost, failure cost caused by hazard and demolition cost. In order to achieve the minimization of the life-cycle cost of the super-tall building structure, a multi-dimensional life cycle economic cost assessment method is proposed in this study. The proposed method considers alternative design schemes, structural components and cost items. The overall cost management and optimization will be done at the initial phase of the structural project if this method can be employed. The proposed method is applied to a super tall building to illustrate its effectiveness and applicability.