管道式连续化制备生物柴油节能及经济性评估

对年产1000t管道式反应过程进行了节能分析,利用中试相关数据,讨论了管道式连续化制备生物柴油能耗状况.结果表明,与传统釜式酯交换反应相比,管道式反应由于采用了共溶剂技术,使油脂酯交换反应时间由2h缩短到20 min,大大缩短了反应周期,提高了生产工段安全性,使生物柴油产品综合能耗由釜式反应的28.669 kg/t(以...     

超声波辅助光皮树油酯交换制备生物柴油的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取光皮树油脂,研究了超声波辅助条件下光皮树油脂酯交换反应制备生物柴油,考察了不同因素对酯交换率的影响.结果表明光皮树油脂酯交换制备生物柴油的最佳工艺参数为:光皮树油45.9 g,超声波频率50 Hz,超声波功率180 W,醇油物质的量比6∶1,催化剂质量分数1.1%,反应温度60℃,反应时间80 mi...     

高酸价酸化油制备生物柴油研究

以酸化油为原料两步法制备生物柴油,以对甲苯磺酸作为催化剂,采用分段反应的预酯化工艺先将酸化油脂中的脂肪酸转变为脂肪酸甲酯(FAME),然后再碱催化酯交换反应得到生物柴油.考察了甲醇与脂肪酸物质的量之比(醇酸比)等不同条件对预酯化反应的影响.通过正交试验得到最佳的预酯化反应条件并研究了油脂酸价对碱催化酯交换的影响.试验结果表明,各因素对酯化反应影响大小依次为反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸比和反应时间,预酯化最优化的工艺条件为:醇酸比10∶1,催化剂用量3%,反应时间150min,反应温度70℃,通过分段反应的预酯化工艺,反应时间缩短了1h,催化剂回收率达到90%以上.进行碱催化酯交换的油脂要求酸价不能大于4mg/g.     

萃取-酯交换耦合法制备生物柴油过程催化剂应用研究进展

传统的生物柴油生产过程通常包括油脂提取、提纯精炼、酯化/酯交换等步骤,需要消耗大量的能源与化学品。萃取-酯交换耦合技术是近年来开发的一种简单有效、具有较大应用潜力的生物柴油制备方法,该方法直接以含油固体为原料,以短链醇等作为萃取溶剂和酯交换反应试剂,油脂萃取与酯化/酯交换反应同时进行,提高了生产效率,降低了生产成本,减少了环境污染。萃取-酯交换耦合法中催化剂的选择是反应能否实现高效转化的关键。酯交换反应的催化剂种类繁多,但大多数针对的原料是浸提过的液体油脂,较少用来催化固体原料原位酯交换反应。笔者综述了近年来萃取-酯交换耦合技术制备生物柴油的研究进展,包括酸催化法、碱催化法、离子液体催化法、超临界法和生物酶法,探讨了各种方法的优缺点,同时提出了萃取-酯交换耦合法制备生物柴油过程中催化剂制备与应用方面需要解决的主要问题及今后的发展方向。     

促溶剂法制备光皮树油生物柴油研究

以光皮树油和甲醇为原料制备生物柴油,以丁酮作促溶剂,KOH做催化剂,考察反应时间、温度、催化剂、甲醇与油脂摩尔比对光皮树油转化为生物柴油得率的影响。得到光皮树油制备生物柴油的工艺条件:醇油摩尔比为6,温度65℃,催化剂为油脂质量的0.8%,反应时间为8 min,精制生物柴油得率为96%。     

油茶籽残饼油制备生物柴油研究及工艺优化

研究了油茶籽残饼油制备生物柴油碱催化酯交换反应动力学过程,探索了反应动力学因素醇油物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对生物柴油得率的影响.正交试验结果表明,油茶籽残饼油酯交换反应的理想条件为:反应温度70℃,醇油物质的量比为6:1,催化剂用量为油质量的0.6%,反应时间90 min;此条件下生物柴油得率为94.43%.经权威机构检测,所制得生物柴油主要性能指标完全符合国家标准GB/T 20828-2007,具有广阔的应用前景.     

全细胞生物催化制备生物柴油研究——全细胞生物催化剂催化豆油甲酯化反应

研究了全细胞生物催化剂催化大豆油甲酯化反应制备生物柴油的反应条件.结果表明,水是适宜的反应溶剂,且含水量占大豆油质量5%～20%时,全细胞催化剂有很高的催化活性.在甲醇分批添加(每12h加入1批),催化剂用量4%,甲醇与大豆油物质的量之比(醇油比)5∶1时,甲酯得率最高可达94%.全细胞生物催化剂在反应4次后甲酯得率仍可保持在82%,显示出良好的重复催化性能.     

富酸油脂无催化快速酯化降酸工艺研究

对富酸油脂进行了甘油无催化酯化降酸的研究,通过实验优化得到了最佳反应条件：甘油与脂肪酸的物质的量比为1.2∶1,反应温度为240℃,反应2 h,酸值即可降至1.66 mg/g以下。优化工艺实现了富酸油脂2 h内快速降酸的目的,且所得产品可直接通过酯交换反应制备生物柴油,FT-IR分析确认了羧酸的消失和甘油酯的形成。GPC分析结果表明了降酸后油脂的组成为甘油三酯21.93%、甘油双酯37.93%和甘油单酯40.14%,所得生物柴油组成仅为脂肪酸甲酯。此外,该工艺的完善还直接补全了“不同酸值油脂制备生物柴油的工艺路线图”,对生物柴油行业发展具有一定的借鉴价值。     

质量法——一种计算油脂甲酯化转化率的新方法研究

以油脂的酯交换反应体系的质量变化和油脂的平均相对分子质量计算油脂甲酯化转化率,并以大豆油甲酯化为例加以论证.在油脂、甲醇、催化剂的质量比为100∶30∶0.8,温度65℃,反应时间1.5 h的条件下转化率为96.5%,与其他方法比较,误差在0.5%以内.实验和计算结果表明该法具有可行性,为一种简便、准确的转化率计算方法...     

固体碱催化沉香籽油制备生物柴油的研究

沉香籽在南方资源量大,内含油脂丰富,其中C18组分高达80.4%,在我国能源短缺的大背景下具有重要的开发意义。本研究自制负载型固体碱催化剂KF/CaO用于催化沉香籽油进行酯交换反应制备脂肪酸甲酯类生物柴油。通过表征发现催化剂KF/CaO微观呈多层片状结构,比表面积为107±0.5 m2/g,碱强度H_=15.0~18.4。通过酯交换反应发现KF/Ca O催化剂具有较好的催化效果,酯交换转化率达到98.7%,能够保持高转化率重复使用3次。生物柴油产品主要指标符合GB/T 20828-2014的要求,红外谱图显示符合脂肪酸甲酯官能团的特征。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.