超级杂交稻育种的创新思维与实践

超级杂交稻育种的创新思维提出了超级杂交稻育种三步法设想,即超级亲本选育——超级杂交组合选育——超级杂交制种,并详细阐述了各步骤的标准和实现其目标的技术路线;提出了水稻光温敏不育机理新设想:即水稻光温敏核不育系育性转换是主效不育基因与其位置相近的发育感光基因或(和)发育感温基因相互作用的结果,不育基因位点(微效不育基因)可影响两用核不育系的不育起点温度的高低.按照超级杂交稻育种三步法的技术路线,成功选育了父本996和两用核不育系C815S两个超级杂交稻亲本,利用前者选育出适合长江中下游稻区作双季早稻种植的超级杂交早稻组合陆两优996,用后者选配出C两优87和C两优396等增产幅度大、极有应用前景的超级稻新组合.遵循水稻光温敏不育系选育的技术路线,育成C815S,P88S和9771S等实用的水稻两用核不育系.     

南方稻区超级杂交中稻育种研究进展

南方稻区的杂交中稻生产是中国水稻生产的重要组成部分,由于育种技术路线正确,中国率先在超级杂交中稻育种上取得了突破性进展。对中国在超级杂交中稻亲本选育、新组合配制、育种技术体系的建立和推广应用上所取得的进展进行了回顾,指出了在广适性组合较少、推广力度不够,影响超级杂交稻的快速发展,以及高产、优质和高抗有机结合的组合少等方面存在的问题,要从拓宽水稻遗传基础,选育广适性组合、发掘特异种质资源,选育综合性状优良的超高产组合、建立轻型化配套栽培技术体系,加强推广力度3个方面去解决存在的问题,并讨论了中国在超级杂交中稻育种中应加快已有研究成果的转化,选育具有广适性、综合性状优良的超级杂交中稻组合,加强第三期超级杂交稻的研究等方面的研究重点。     

广西杂交稻产量、米质及抗性综述

以2000～2005年通过广西区农作物品种审定的部分杂交稻组合为依据,从产量、米质、抗性等方面分析了广西杂交稻选育的概况,指出当前广西杂交水稻在产量、抗性、米质等方面还不能完全适应现实的需要。提出野生稻优异种质是今后杂交水稻突破性育种的必需种质,应加强对超级杂交稻的选育工作,并充分利用广西野生稻种质资源,选育适合广西生态条件的超级杂交稻组合,以丰富广西杂交稻类型,进一步提高杂交水稻的单产、品质和抗性。     

“广适型超级杂交稻新组合选育与示范”区域专项启动

为了加大杂交水稻重大科技成果的进一步推广,确保我国粮食安全,2008年3月17日,国家科技支撑计划“广适型超级杂交稻新组合选育与示范”区域专项在湖南长沙正式启动。专项采取三系、二系法并举,形态改良、亚种间杂交优势利用和分子育种技术结合和集成创新,创制超级杂交稻骨干亲本的技术路线,重点培育广适型超级杂交稻新组合,研制广适型超级杂交稻亲本繁殖和组合制种的超高产技术体系规范,创建广适型超级杂交稻“种三(亩)产四(亩)”的标准化栽培技术体系。专家认为,专项启动后,将极大提升超级杂交稻在南方稻区的广泛生态适应性,实施标准化栽培技术体系规范,促进我国水稻产业的升级和超级杂交稻的稳步发展。近年来,我国在超级杂交水稻研究和应用方面取得了重大进展,但是在培育和推广超级杂交水稻组合方面尚有不足。早稻和晚稻组合偏少;高肥栽培条件下高产,反之产量一般;生态适应性不强等。该项目由袁隆平院士任技术总顾问、国家杂交水稻工程技术中心、中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所等15家单位联合攻关。项目研究重点是培育“广适型”超级杂交稻,这种水稻的基本特性是对不同的土壤、生态气候、耕作制度都有好的适应性,特别是耐(抗)异常气候条件的能力不低于区试中的对照...     

我国超级稻育种理论与选育技术继续保持国际领先

由国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心承担的国家863计划课题——“优质超级两系杂交水稻新组合的选育”取得了突破进展，这标志着在国家863计划的支持下，由袁隆平院士领衔的我国超级杂交稻育种水平再上一个新台阶，使得我国超级稻育种理论及新品种选育技术继续保持国际领先地位。课题组所取得的标志性成果之一，两系法超级杂交稻两优培九的育成与应用技术体系，在两系法利用亚种间杂种优势选育超级杂交稻的育种理论和技术、提高安全性的制种技术和种子纯度保障技术、将亚种间杂种优势与理想株型及强光合生理功能相结合等方面有重大发明创新。     

三系两系杂交水稻比较研究

三系两系杂交水稻是提高水稻产量最有效的技术。比较三系两系不育系遗传、选育,恢复系选育以及杂交水稻组合选育,对于正确认识三系两系杂种优势具有重要意义。本文综述了三系两系不育系遗传和选育、三系两系恢复系选育、三系两系杂交水稻组合的选育理论与实践等方面进展,并比较了中国水稻数据中心三系两系杂交水稻新组合产量差异。笔者认为三系两系杂交水稻育种技术不同,但两系三系杂交水稻不存在优劣之分。讨论了存在的问题,包括杂交水稻杂种优势机理、三系两系杂交水稻材料创新与育种技术等问题。针对以上问题,建议进一步研究杂交水稻杂种优势机理;加强三系两系亲本改良,聚合更多的优良基因,有更强的配合力;采用常规育种技术结合分子育种,提高三系两系亲本育种效率。     

论杂交水稻产业发展中的三大体系建设

作者认为中国杂交水稻的育种技术体系需在解决五大实际问题的基础上加以完善,包括实用不育系选育、双季稻区超级杂交稻组合选育、杂交水稻优质化、杂交水稻的抗逆性和适应性育种、以及长江流域杂交早稻育种。健全杂交水稻种子管理体系,需要规范品种管理,推进国际合作和国际商贸。杂交水稻技术推广体系建设的工作重点是强化配套栽培技术的研究和推广应用。     

高产还是优质?--浅谈当前杂交水稻育种的主攻目标

杂交水稻是继矮化育种之后我国水稻育种史上的第二次革命,杂交水稻的单产一般比常规品种增产20%以上.近年来,我国杂交水稻年种植面积占水稻种面积的50%左右,而产量约占水稻总产的60%,为我国粮食生产作出了巨大贡献.近几年,我国粮食压库问题越来越严重,不仅江西、湖南、湖北等产粮大省稻谷严重积压,缺粮省份广西竟也积压早籼稻谷.市场要求优质米的呼声越来越高.但是,继"863"计划"两系法亚种间杂交水稻选育"项目实施之后,1999年中国"超级杂交稻选育"项目正式启动,该项目的产量指标从前者的增产20%提高到30%.与"863"计划一样,"超级杂交稻选育"项目也配有巨额经费.一时间,"超级稻"、"超高产育种"成为了热门,每个育种单位都希望能跻身于此项目行列中.看来,育种家们的目标与市场的要求存在较大差别,那么,究竟目前杂交水稻育种的重点是高产还是优质呢?     

华南感光型杂交稻选育回顾与展望

回顾了华南地区感光型杂交水稻育种历程和取得的成就,分析其研究现状及育种工作中存在的问题,提出拓宽亲本遗传差异、加强抗性及品质育种改良、促进现代技术与常规育种手段相结合、创建高效水稻育种新体系、整体提高华南感光型杂交稻选育水平的对策.     

我国超级稻育种理论与选育技术继续保持国际领先

由国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心承担的国家863计划课题——“优质超级两系杂交水稻新组合的选育”取得了突破进展．这标志着在国家863计划的支持下．由袁隆平院士领衔的我国超级杂交稻育种水平再上一个新台阶．使得我国超级稻育种理论及新品种选育技术继续保持国际领先地位。     

Relationship Between Grain Yield and Yield Components in Super Hybrid Rice

Chinese super hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties with great yield potential.It is controversial which yield component should be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.The present study was conducted to compare super hybrid rice with common hybrid and super inbred rice and analyze contributions of yield components to grain yield of super hybrid rice under experimental conditions,and evaluate relationships between grain yield and yield components of super hybrid rice in farmer's paddy fields.Field experiments were done in Changsha,Guidong,and Nanxian,Hunan Province,China,from 2007 to 2009.Eight super hybrid varieties,one common hybrid variety,and one super inbred variety were grown in each location and year.Rice production investigation was undertaken in high-yielding (Guidong),moderate-yielding (Nanxian),and low-yielding (Ningxiang) regions of Hunan Province,China,in 2009.Grain yield and yield components were measured in both the field experiments and rice production investigation.Super hybrid rice varieties outyielded common hybrid and super inbred varieties across three locations and years.Yield potential has been increased by 11.4％ in super hybrid rice varieties compared with common and super inbred varieties.The higher yield of super hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in panicle size.Panicles per m2 had the highest positive contribution to grain yield with the exception under yield level of 10.0 to 12.0 t ha-1,and was positively related to grain yield in farmer's field at all of the high-,moderate-,and low-yielding regions.Our study suggests that panicle per m2 ought to be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.     

Advances and prospects of super rice breeding in China

Super rice breeding in China has been very successful over the past 3 decades, and the Chinese government has made great efforts to support breeding and cultivation of both conventional and hybrid super rice. In this review, we focus on the progress in and potential of super rice breeding. After the establishment of the breeding theory and strategy of "generating an ideotype with strong heterosis through inter-subspecies hybridization, by using gene pyramiding to combine elite traits through composite-crossing to breed super rice varieties with both ideotype and strong hybrid vigor", a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in both conventional and super hybrid rice breeding. A number of new genetic materials with ideotype have been created successfully, and the Ministry of Agriculture of China has approved 156 novel super rice varieties and combinations for commercialization. During the Developing the Super Rice Varieties Program, great attention has also been paid to the integration and demonstration of the rice production technology. Collaboration between industry and university researchers has led to technological innovations and initiation of a demonstration system for super hybrid rice. With widespread cultivation of super rice with higher quality and yield, as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic or biotic stresses, the yield of rice production per unit has reached a new level. In addition to increased quality and yield, hybrid rice breeding has also led to improvements in many other agronomic traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases, resistance to lodging, and optimized light distribution in population. Achievements in super rice breeding and innovation in rice production have made major contributions to the progress in rice sciences and worldwide food security.     

我国超级杂交稻育种研究进展及展望

回顾了国内外超级稻育种历史,介绍了我国超级稻育种研究进展,指出我国超级稻育种在籼粳亚种优势利用及株型育种中取得了重大突破,超级稻在我国已处于大面积推广阶段。针对我国超级稻品种（组合）普遍存在适应性不广、结实率偏低、抗性及米质较差、双季超级稻品种（组合）较少及育种理论和技术还有待完善等问题,提出未来超级稻育种的策略。     

超级杂交稻光合特性与适应性研究进展

综述了超级杂交稻光合作用特性和生态适应性等方面的研究动态,介绍了中国超级稻在该研究方面所取得的重要进展,指出超级杂交稻在耐光氧化等特性上具有一定的生理优势,但适应性研究仍然是超级杂交稻选育和应用所面临的重要课题。     

Breeding strategies for increasing yield potential in super hybrid rice

Super hybrid rice breeding is a new breeding method combining semi-dwarf breeding and heterosis breeding using germplasm and gene-environment interactions. This paper reviews the breeding strategies of super hybrid rice breeding in China, focusing on the utilization of heterosis of indica and japonica subspecies, construction of ideal plant architecture and pyramiding of disease resistant genes in restorer lines. To develop super hybrid rice, considerable effort should be made to explore genes related with high yield, good quality, resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to stresses. Molecular breeding methods in combination with crossing techniques should be adopted in super hybrid rice breeding.     

辽宁省水稻生产发展与育种研究

阐述了辽宁省水稻生产发展的概况,分析了辽宁省水稻生产取得的突破性进展,其总体趋势是面积显著增加,单产成倍增长,总产量不断提高。同时,从籼粳稻杂交、理想株型育种、超高产育种、杂种优势利用等理论研究方面介绍了水稻育种概况。     

大穗型超级杂交粳稻辽优3072生理生化特性研究

为了研究北方大穗型杂交粳稻超高产的生理基础,为选育大穗型的北方杂交粳稻提供育种理论。对北方大穗型超级杂交粳稻辽优3072进行了产量结构和生理特性的研究。结果表明:与大穗型恢复系C52和小穗稳产型推广品种辽粳294相比,辽优3072灌浆中后期,叶片与根系的SOD、CAT、POD活性高、Vc、脯氨酸、叶绿素与可溶性糖含量较高,根系MDA含量较低,从而使辽优3072叶片同化产物生产旺盛,根系不早衰,有利于抵抗衰老和逆境,这是大穗型杂交稻辽优3072获得超高产的生理生化基础。同时也探讨了辽优3072各生理生化指标与亲本之间的关系。辽优3072的叶片SOD和CAT含量与父本显著相关,总叶绿素含量与母本显著相关,根系中SOD含量与父本显著相关。