造林密度对杨树生长的影响

该文对欧美杨107、雄性毛白杨1319、窄冠白杨3个无性系密度试验林连续6a的定位观测资料进行了分析研究。结果表明:3个无性系6a生时在树高生长、胸径生长、单株材积生长上存在显著差异。密度对3个无性系的胸径生长、单株材积生长影响极为显著。6a生时,单位面积上的林分蓄积量为2m×3m(1667株/hm2)2m×4m(1250株/hm2)4m×6m(417株/hm2)。通过对3个无性系在3个不同密度的生长进程、连年生长量分析,提出了初次间伐的合理年限。     

尾叶桉及其杂交种无性系早期生长变异分析

本文对9个尾叶桉、巨尾桉、尾巨桉无性系0.5~2.5年生试验林生长率、差异性及林分直径结构分析,发现林龄0.5~1.5 a是无性系树高生长高峰期,此时树高生长率达79.20%~96.27%,是林龄1.5~2.5 a树高生长率的3~4倍;林龄1.5~2.5 a时,各无性系林分胸径、树高、单株材积生长率分别为19.66%~25.67%、18.58%~27.96%、52.57%~62.54%,生长率最大的是E7号无性系(胸径、单株材积)和E6号无性系(树高);秩次相关分析表明：各无性系胸径、单株材积生长量在不同林龄时排序变动不大,而无性系树高生长量排序在不同林龄时变动较大;差异性分析表明：无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积生长差异显著,但随林龄增加有差异减小趋势;林龄2.5年生时,E5号无性系胸径、单株材积生长量最大,分别达11.39 cm、0.0736 m3;各无性系林分树木径阶范围为6~14 cm或8~14 cm,以10 cm或12 cm径阶树木占最大比例,除E8号无性系外,其余8个无性系树木径阶分布总体上近似正态分布。     

江西省优质速生杉木无性系选育研究

在种源、林分和个体选择的基础上,选育出一批杉木无性系,通过13 a的测定表明,各无性系间胸径、树高、单株材积、无性系木材基本密度和纤维长度差异极显著,且具有较大的广义遗传力.根据杉木无性系培育目标,选择出一批生长、材性兼优的杉木无性系以供生产上应用.12年生入选杉木无性系平均胸径、树高和单株材积、木材基本密度和纤维长分别为16.8 cm、11.0 m、0.133 1 m3、0.319 3 g·cm-3和331 7 μm,遗传增益分别为27.99%、8.09%、94.29%、6.72%和4.53%.     

楸树无性系早期生长变异和优选

[目的]为评价和选育优良楸树(Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey)无性系。[方法]本研究利用32个楸树无性系7年的生长测定数据,以分析其生长规律及早期生长过程。对各无性系的单株材积生长进行Logistic拟合回归分析。在此基础上,分析不同指标间的相关性并对32个无性系进行聚类分析。[结果]楸树无性系在不同年份(1 a除外)胸径、树高、单株材积差异极显著,说明楸树无性系间变异丰富。楸树单株材积变异系数最大(7.84%～35.56%),胸径次之(11.89%～17.29%),树高最低(6.91%～10.87%),无性系单株材积改良潜力较大。同时生长后期单株材积(0.75)和胸径(0.82)保持较高的重复力,意味楸树单株材积受遗传控制较强。利用无性系单株材积生长平均值,拟合了楸树无性系单株材积生长曲线的Logistic模型,估算的生长参数在无性系间具有较大差异。楸树无性系7年生单株材积平均年生长量呈"S"型曲线生长趋势,而连年生长量先上升后下降,在第5年达到高峰,截止到本次调查时还未达到数量成熟。相关性分析显示:楸树无性系单株材积生长量与最大生长速率(MGR)、线性生长速率(LGR)、线性生长量(LGI)极显著正相关。聚类分析结果表明:供试的32个楸树无性系分为4大类,其中第I类的楸树单株材积生长总量较大,且具有较强的后期生长潜力。[结论]不同楸树无性系的遗传变异丰富, 1-1、22-07、19-01、16-05、16-01、16-07等6个无性系生长潜力较高,可作为楸树的优良无性系进行推广。     

尾巨桉无性系生长与形质性状变异研究

以尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grangdis)无性系为研究对象,对其生长及材性相关性状进行研究,结果表明:在参试的25个无性系中,单株材积大于总体平均值的无性系有11个,其中生长表现最好的是无性系DH33-27,15年生时的胸径、树高、单株材积、枝下高分别为25.0 cm、32.8 m、0.7722 m3、20.1 m;形质性状最好的是无性系DH32-28;外部木材密度指标值最小的无性系是DH15-3,纤维纹理倾角最小的无性系是DH33-20.单株材积与胸径、树高呈高度正相关.     

泡桐优良无性系苏桐3号的选育应用

用南京毛泡桐♀×浙江白花泡桐 选育出泡桐优良无性系苏桐 3号 ,10年时 6m× 6m密度林分平均树高 18 5m、胸径 2 9 0cm、单株材积 0 4885m3 、蓄积量 135 5 6m3 /hm2 ,分别比对照苏桐 70、豫杂 1号和兰考泡桐增加37 2 %、49 8%和 172 0 %。材积遗传增益达 30 3%、40 5 %和 140 0 % ,具有显著经济效益和推广应用价值。     

桉树优良无性系人工林生长比较

对广东省西江林业局6年生的9个桉树优良无性系进行生长调查,结果表明:单株材积、胸径、树高等生长性状在无性系间的差异均达到极显著水平。共有6个无性系单株材积生长优于对照,达到显著差异水平。表现最好的无性系为广林4号,其次为DH3327,其平均单株材积分别为对照的325.4%,323.6%,是总体均值的153.0%,152.2%。运用标准差法进行优良无性系选择,广林4号和DH3327两个无性系入选,入选率为22.2%。     

杉木无性系测定林分析及速生无性系选择

对福建省洋口国有林场1994年营建的杉木无性系测定林的生长性状进行调查分析,结果表明:无性系16年生时平均树高、胸径、单株材积分别为13.19 m、14.59 cm、0.1339 m3;无性系树高、胸径、材积重复力达0.6873以上,生长性状受到中等强度的遗传控制。以16年生时材积为指标选出4个速生无性系,平均树高、胸径、单株立木材积分别为14.30 m、16.30 cm、0.17696 m3,遗传增益均值分别为13.03%、12.26%、33.26%。     

马尾松种子园建园亲本性状遗传变异及优质速生无性系选育

通过对11年生马尾松种子园无性系木材基本密度测定和11年生种子园自由授粉子代生长性状测定,结果表明:无性系间木材基本密度的差异,家系间树高、胸径、单株材积生长量的差异均达到极显著水平,具有较高的重复力(遗传力)。所评选出10个优质速生无性系的木材基本密度、子代的平均树高、胸径、单株材积分别为0.5443 g.cm-3、11.80 m、14.93cm、0.1011 m3,与群体平均值相比的遗传增益分别为8.7%、1.8%、3.6%、8.4%,在生产上具有良好的推广应用前景。     

桉树多树种无性系在川南地区生长比较

为选择出适合在川南地区造林的桉树无性系,对17个桉树新无性系在川南地区的宜宾市进行了造林对比试验。结果表明：以 SC-GU2、SC-GU1和 GR-6三个无性系生长表现好,4年生的胸径、树高、单株材积和蓄积均高于对照 DH32-29,其中单株材积分别比 DH32-29高出9.51%、4.53%和4.94%;其次是 G5,在川南地区也生长较好,生长量仅次于 DH32-29。4个桉树无性系 SC-GU2、SC-GU1、GR-6、G5的胸径、树高、单株材积和蓄积均均极显著高于5个赤桉无性系(H1,、H2,、H3、 H4和 H10),年均胸径、树高、蓄积分别达3 cm、4 m、31.72 m3·hm-2以上,表现了速生丰产的特性,可作为下一批优良桉树无性系在川南地区推广造林。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.