水葫芦高温堆肥过程中氮素损失及控制技术研究

为减少水葫芦高温堆肥过程中氮素损失,采用静态高温好氧堆肥的方法,分析了水葫芦堆肥过程中氮素转化规律,研究了添加化学保氮剂对减少堆肥中氮素损失的效果。结果表明,水葫芦堆肥过程中总氮及有机氮含量均呈上升趋势,铵态氮与硝态氮含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,总氮损失率为12.84%;水葫芦堆肥过程中氮素损失途径主要为以NH3、N2O等气态形式逸出,其中,堆肥前10d是NH3挥发的高峰期,堆制后第5~9d的N2O排放速率最大;添加化学保氮剂对水葫芦堆肥过程第4~10d的氨挥发具有显著的抑制作用,NH3挥发量可减少23.82%,另外,化学保氮剂处理降低了堆制后第0~5d的N2O排放速率,增加了第9d以后的N2O排放速率;使用化学保氮剂原位控制水葫芦堆肥过程的氮素损失具有较好的效果,与常规对照相比,化学保氮剂对水葫芦堆体的保氮效率为32.70%。     

不同种植方式对烟田氮素径流损失的影响

氮素流失引起的肥料氮利用率低问题长期困扰着广东等南方多雨烟区烤烟种植业的可持续发展。通过在广东南雄烟区的大田小区试验,探讨了不同种植方式对植烟土壤氮素径流损失的影响。结果表明:(1)地膜覆盖处理(T2)平均单次径流量和产流系数分别为44.11mm和48.90%,分别相当于裸地种植处理的109.6%和113%,覆膜明显提高了烟田径流量和产流系数;(2)烤烟生长期间,与不施氮的裸地种植处理比(T0),施氮的裸地种植处理(T1)极显著地提高了烟田氮素流失量(P0.01),供氮起到了加剧烟田氮素流失的明显作用。相同施氮量条件下,覆膜处理(T2)硝态氮径流损失量(28.14kg/hm2)比裸地种植处理低40%(P0.05),显著减少了烟田氮素的径流损失;(3)烤烟集中供基、追氮的中前期,烟田径流硝态氮浓度波动较大,径流硝态氮损失累计量呈近线性上升变化,覆膜处理有显著降低硝态氮径流损失的明显作用(P0.01);烤烟后期径流硝态氮呈持续下降的变化趋势,盖膜处理对降低烟田氮素流失的作用明显减弱。(4)与相同施氮量的裸地种植处理比较,盖膜处理对减少烟田氮素径流损失的作用,起到促进土壤硝态氮积累、提高烤烟氮肥表观利用率的作用效果(P0.05)。     

太湖地区稻季的氮素径流损失研究

采用田间小区试验,连续三年研究了太湖地区稻季的氮素径流损失及影响因素,暴雨导致的田面水高度超过土面7 cm后通过管道流入径流收集池。结果表明:稻田氮素径流损失的主要形态是溶解态氮(DN),DN中的NH4 -N浓度基本低于NO3--N浓度,NH4 -N浓度受施氮水平的影响,而NO3--N浓度不受施氮水平的影响。稻田氮素的径流损失量为N 1.0~17.9 kg hm-2,占稻季施氮量的0.3%~5.8%。氮素径流损失量年际差异很大,在同一个稻季损失量随施氮量的增加而增加。氮素径流损失量与径流发生前田面水中氮浓度间的关系可用方程式y=ax b表示。通过调节施肥与暴雨的间隔时间、控制施氮量以及抬高田埂高度等措施,可以降低稻田氮素的径流损失风险。     

自然降雨条件下农田地表径流氮素流失特征研究

为探讨自然降雨条件下,农田地表径流及氮素的流失特征,以澄江尖山河流域典型坡地为研究对象,采用标准径流小区和微型试验小区的研究方法,对农田地表径流及径流中氮素流失进行了分析研究.结果表明:降雨量和降雨强度是产生地表径流的主要原因,雨季应做好坡地的保护工作;地表径流中氮素流失的最高浓度可达到30.72mg/L;农田地表径流中可溶态氮素的流失形态主要为硝态氮和铵态氮,硝态氮流失浓度约占全氮的4%～28%,而氨态氮流失浓度约占全氮的1%～8%;地表径流中氮素累积流失负荷在0.45～1.18 kg/hm2,而流失系数仅为0.10%～0.12%.     

添加剂在猪粪堆肥过程中的作用研究

添加剂是指为了加快堆肥进程和提高堆肥产品质量,在堆肥物料中加入的微生物、有机或无机物质。本文通过室内培养与室外堆肥试验,研究不同添加剂对猪粪发酵过程中臭味及氮素损失的影响。结果表明,使用本研究中所采用的添加剂与发酵工艺,可以减少猪粪发酵中氨的挥发、氮素损失与猪粪的恶臭。75%含水量的猪粪经过20d的发酵,可达基本腐熟程度。添加剂可以优化堆肥过程的环境条件,提高微生物活性;加快堆肥的腐熟;减少氮素损失,保持养分含量;调节堆肥中各种营养元素的含量,提高堆肥质量。     

不同供氮水平下幼龄苹果园氮素去向初探

以2年生红富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用田间小区和15N微区相结合,研究了不同供氮水平下幼龄苹果园氮素去向。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加了植株生物量和吸氮量,而氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加显著降低;N75、N150和N225的氮肥利用率分别为31.28%、22.95%和19.38%。土壤残留氮量随施氮量的增加而显著增大,且残留氮素主要分布于060 cm土层,深层渗漏量很小。整个作物土壤体系氮素回收率随施肥量的增加显著降低,损失率显著增高。N75处理的氮素回收率为60.41%,显著高于N150（46.41%）和N225处理（40.88%）;且损失率最低（39.59%）,显著低于其它两个处理。氨挥发损失随施氮量的增加显著升高,N2O损失量各处理间无明显差异;氮素损失中氨挥发和N2O损失所占比例较低,较多的氮素通过反硝化和径流等途径损失。     

脲酶抑制剂NBPT对鸡粪好氧堆肥的保氮效果

利用堆肥反应器, 以鸡粪和蘑菇渣为原料进行好氧堆肥, 在堆肥中添加不同浓度的脲酶抑制剂NBPT, 研究其对堆肥氮素转化的影响及保氮效果。结果表明: 添加不同浓度的脲酶抑制剂NBPT对堆肥进程中温度无显著影响, 在堆肥的高温阶段可有效控制堆料pH的升高, 在堆肥高温前期的0~10 d可有效降低堆肥的脲酶活性, 在堆肥中后期10~25 d明显提高全氮含量。堆肥25 d后, 添加0.04 mL·kg^-1、0.08 mL·kg^-1、0.16 mL·kg^-1脲酶抑制剂NBPT分别比CK减少氮素损失6.61%、4.89%和13.51%。堆肥过程中, 堆料铵态氮含量呈升-降-升-降的双峰趋势, 且大部分时间CK处理的铵态氮含量高于添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理, 且CK处理铵态氮的两次升高速度均高于添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理。在堆肥的升温和高温期硝态氮含量不稳定, 但堆肥结束时, 各添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT处理的硝态氮含量显著高于CK处理。本试验结果表明, 在堆肥过程中添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT可延缓鸡粪中的尿素态氮向铵态氮的转化, 增加堆肥成品中的硝态氮含量。在畜禽粪好氧堆肥中加入脲酶抑制NBPT可起到一定的保氮作用。     

不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥中氮素损失的控制

以氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁为固氮添加剂,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中的保氮效果。结果表明,化学添加剂可以显著降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁的氮素损失分别占初始氮的13.15%、11.50%、10.69%和7.59%,与对照相比,各添加剂处理的固氮率为58.27%~75.90%。磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁处理的氮素损失最少,但堆肥过程中有机物降解受到明显的抑制作用。在堆肥结束时,各添加剂处理的有机物降解率仅为对照处理的58.48%~98.70%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽指数为69.87%~118.24%,表明所有处理在堆置39 d后均达到腐熟。根据模糊评价的结果,该试验中的磷酸二氢钾和氯化镁是堆肥过程中最佳的固氮材料。     

控释氮肥减量施用对春玉米土壤地表径流氮素动态及其损失的影响

在自然降雨条件下的南方丘陵山地典型区域田间径流小区进行定点观测,比较了不施肥处理(T1)、普通尿素处理(T2)、控释氮肥处理(T3~T6)的TN、DN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的流失浓度变化及其损失负荷特征,为有效控制旱地氮素径流损失从施肥管理角度提供借鉴。结果表明,在168~240kg/hm~2施氮水平变化内,施肥量的增加或减少对径流量的影响不显著(P0.05);与施用普通尿素处理(T2)相比,等氮量的控释氮肥处理(T3)的TN、DN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的平均流失浓度及损失负荷变化无显著差异(P0.05),当控释氮肥施氮量减少20%时,TN平均流失浓度降低达极显著水平(P0.01)和损失负荷减少达显著水平(P0.05),DN平均流失浓度降低达显著水平(P0.05),损失负荷却始终差异不显著(P0.05);控释肥处理减氮30%的TN损失较T2、T3分别下降39.86%(P0.01)和32.50%(P0.05),较减氮20%处理的效果更好。旱地春玉米种植控释氮肥的施氮量控制在168~192kg/hm~2能够有效减少氮素径流损失,降低环境污染风险。     

模拟降雨条件下丹江鹦鹉沟小流域坡面径流氮素流失特征

通过野外人工模拟降雨,研究丹江鹦鹉沟小流域不同土地利用类型的坡面地表径流和壤中流中氮素的流失特征,结果表明:径流小区降雨—地表径流过程总氮浓度平均值超过10mg/L,随着降雨历时的增加,全氮流失浓度大体呈现较平稳的状态,总体变化幅度不大。硝态氮浓度输出变化过程和总氮变化表现出良好的相关性,是氮素流失的主要形态;在大雨强条件下,农田小区壤中流氮素流失浓度均小于裸坡,其中农田全氮的流失量是裸地的1/2。在其他2种雨强条件下,农田小区壤中流除全氮外流失浓度均小于裸坡;壤中流中的氮素养分流失量占径流中比例较大,其中NO3--N表现最为明显,壤中流中NO3--N含量为9.09～11.42mg/L,最大比例为61.4%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.